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The Making of ‘Hesitant Peace’ in Northern Ireland

Year 2020, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 69 - 88, 30.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2020.29.1.0099

Abstract

This article examines the early stage of the Northern Ireland conflict from the beginning of the ethno-nationalist conflict called the Troubles of 1969 to the beginning of the ‘peace process’ through the Downing Street Declaration of 1993 by focusing on a process of political, non-violent resolution efforts of political agents, which affected the route of the conflict. It utilises conflict resolution approaches to determine the variables with regards to the perceptions, positions, and decisions of conflicting parties, which provide an understanding of their role in peacemaking during the highintensity conflict. Particularly, it offers three major aspects for analysis: inter-party collaboration, popular support, and interchangeability between armed and political struggle. It uses rich data from archival documents to analyse the influence of early peace efforts to de-escalate the conflict and establish foundations for peace prior to official negotiations. It argues that peace efforts do not consist of official negotiations in the 1990s. The article finds that they had been initiated long before multilateral negotiations through political conferences, direct and indirect dialogues between major political parties in Northern Ireland, and the British and Irish governments. However, the reluctance of political agents towards peace prevented making progress towards peace.

Supporting Institution

The author declared that this study has received no financial support.

References

  • Babbitt, E., & Hampson, F. O. (2011). Conflict Resolution as a Field of Inquiry: Practice Informing Theory. International Studies Review, 13, 46–57.
  • Burton, J. W. (1972). World society. London: Cambridge University Press. Burton, J. W. (1990a). Conflict: Human needs theory. London: Springer.
  • Burton, J. W. (1990b). Conflict: Resolution and Provention. London: MacMillan. Craig, T. (2012). From Backdoors and Back Lanes to Backchannels: Reappraising British Talks with the Provisional IRA, 1970-1974. Contemporary British History, 26(1), 97–117.
  • Curran, D., Sebenius, J. K., & Watkins, M. (2004). Two paths to peace: Contrasting George Mitchell in Northern Ireland with Richard Holbrooke in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Negotiation Journal, 20(4), 513–537.
  • Dixon, P. (2006). Performing the Northern Ireland peace process on the world stage. Political Science Quarterly, 121(1), 61–91.
  • Dixon, P. (2008). Northern Ireland: The politics of war and peace (2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dunning, T. (2011). Fighting and voting: Violent conflict and electoral politics. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(3), 327-339.
  • English, R. (2003). Armed struggle: The history of the IRA. Oxford: Oxford University Pres.
  • Fisher, R. J. (1983). Third party consultation as a method of intergroup conflict resolution. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27(2), 301–334.
  • Hancock, L. E. (2008). The Northern Irish Peace Process: From top to bottom. International Studies Review, 10, 203–238.
  • Hewitt, C. (1981). Catholic Grievances, Catholic nationalist and violence in Northern Ireland during the Civil Rights Period. The British Journal of Sociology, 32(3), 362–380.
  • Hoffman, B. (1998). Inside terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press. Irish Times. (1998, 17 April). Trimble Survival Depends on Support for Deal. Retrieved from https://www. irishtimes.com/news/trimble-survival-depends-on-support-for-deal-1.142891
  • Kelman, H. C. (1996). The Interactive Problem-Solving Approach. In C. A. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict (pp. 500-520). Washington: Institute of Peace Press.
  • Kremenyuk, V. A. (2002). International negotiation: analysis, approaches, issues. California: Jossey-Bass.
  • Lederach, J. P. (1997). Building peace: sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Little, D. (2006). Peacemakers in action: profiles of religion in conflict resolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • McDaid, S. (2013). Template for peace, Northern Ireland, 1972-75. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Melaugh, M. (2002). Sutton Index of Deaths. Retrieved from http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/index.html
  • Melaugh, M. (2015). Political Party Support in Northern Ireland, 1969 to 2015. Retrieved from http://www.cain. ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/election/electsum.htm
  • Murray, G., & Tonge, J. (2005). Sinn Fein and the SDLP: From Alienation to Participation. London: C. Hurst.
  • New Ireland Forum. (1984). Final Report. Belfast: Stationery Office, Northern Ireland.
  • Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T., & Miall, H. (2011). Contemporary Conflict Resolution (Vol. 3). Cambridge: Polity.
  • Sutton, M. (1994). Bear in Mind These Dead: An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland, 1969-93. Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications.
  • TNA-CAB/128/44. (1969a). Cabinet Conclusions. 22/05/1969
  • TNA-CAB/128/44. (1969b). Secret: The Home Secretary Reported to the Cabinet on the Situation of Northern Ireland. 24/04/1969
  • TNA-CAB/128/46. (1969a). Note by the Home Secretary. 19/08/1969
  • TNA-CAB/128/46. (1969b). Top Secret: Confidential Annex. 05/09/1969
  • TNA-CAB/128/48. (1972a). Cabinet Conclusions. 13/04/1972
  • TNA-CAB/128/48. (1972b). Confidential Annex. 07/03/1972
  • TNA-CAB/128/51/10. (1973). Cabinet Conclusions. 22/02/1973
  • TNA-CAB/128/51/20. (1973). Note by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. 29/03/1973
  • TNA-CAB/128/52/13. (1973). Note by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. 05/07/1973
  • TNA-CAB/128/55/24. (1974). Note by the Home Secretary. 25/11/1974
  • TNA-CAB/128/76/38. (1983). Note by the Prime Minister. 22/12/1983
  • TNA-CAB/128/80. (1984). Most Confidential Record. 28/06/1984
  • TNA-CAB/128/83/1. (1986). Note by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. 09/01/1986
  • TNA-CAB/129/165/8. (1972). Note by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. 13/10/1972
  • TNA-CJ/4/136. (1972). The Conference: Letter from J.F. Halliday to Mr Smith. 21/08/1972
  • TNA-CJ/4/4173. (1982). Secretary of State’s BIA Speech. 29/11/1982
  • TNA-DEFE/24/1825. (1969). Civil Rights Campaign 1969. 23/01/1969
  • TNA-PREM/19/79. (1979). From the Private Secretary: The Taoiseach’s Call on the Prime Minister. 10/05/1979
  • TNA-PREM/19/80. (1979). Speech by PSF Vice-President Gerry Adams, Dodenstown Speech. 17/06/1979
  • TNA-PREM/19/83. (1979a). Brief for the PM’s Meeting with Mr Molyneaux and Dr Paisley. 13/11/1979
  • TNA-PREM/19/83. (1979b). Harrington’s Letter to Sanders on Dr Paisley’s Request. 01/11/1979
  • TNA-PREM/19/83. (1979c). Ulster Democratic Unionist Party’s Proposal. 26/10/1979
  • TNA-PREM/19/83. (1979d). A Working Paper for Ireland Conference 09/11/1979
  • TNA-PREM/19/279. (1980). Note of a Meeting Held in the Northern Ireland Office on Friday. 22/02/1980
  • TNA-PREM/19/280. (1980a). Interview with Mr Haughey. 10/04/1980
  • TNA-PREM/19/280. (1980b). Secret:Record of A Discussion Between the Prime Minister and Mr John Hume. 13/05/1980
  • TNA-PREM/19/280. (1980c). Speaking Note on Northern Ireland Conference 25/03/1980
  • TNA-PREM/19/503. (1981a). Mr S.J.Pike’s Note to Mr Alexander. 18/04/1981
  • TNA-PREM/19/503. (1981b). Telegram on the Text of a Letter from Gerry Adams, see Guardian, 14/04/1981 for details of Adams’s talk. 14/04/1981
  • Wallensteen, P. (2007). Understanding conflict resolution (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
  • Zartman, I. W. (1989). Ripe for resolution: Conflict and intervention in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Zartman, I. W. (2003). The Timing of Peace Initiatives: Hurting Stalemates and Ripe Moments. In J. Darby & R. MacGinty (Eds.), Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Violence and Peace Processes (pp. 19-29). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Zartman, I.W. (1989). Ripe for resolution: Conflict and intervention in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Zartman, I.W. (2003). The Timing of Peace Initiatives: Hurting Stalemates and Ripe Moments. In J. Darby & R. MacGinty (Eds.), Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Violence and Peace Processes (pp.19-29). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Kuzey İrlanda’da ‘Gönülsüz Barış’ın İnşası

Year 2020, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 69 - 88, 30.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2020.29.1.0099

Abstract

Bu makale Kuzey İrlanda sorununu etno-milliyetçi çatışmanın başladığı andan, yani 1969’daki Büyük Sıkıntı’dan barış sürecinin başladığı yani 1993’de imzalanan Downing Street Deklerasyonu’na kadar geçen zamana kadar, politika yapıcılarının çatışmanın seyrini değiştiren siyasi, şiddet içermeyen çözüm çabaları bağlamında analiz etmektedir. Bu çalışma, yüksekyoğunluklu çatışma sürerken çatışan tarafların barış yapımına ilişkin algılarını ölçebilmek için, çatışma çözümü teorisinin rakip algısı, siyasi yönelimler ve çatışan tarafların kararlarını belirleyen temel faktörlerinden faydalanmaktadır. Bunu yaparken literatüre üçlü bir analiz yöntemi sunmaktadır: partiler arası işbirliği, popüler destek, ve silahlı çatışma ve siyasi mücadelenin birbiri yerine kullanılması. Bu analizi gerçekleştirebilmek için çatışmanın başladığı ilk dönemdeki barış çalışmalarının şiddeti azaltmadaki ve resmi görüşmeler başlamadan önce barışı inşa etmedeki rolüne ilişkin zengin bir arşiv analizinden faydalanılmaktadır. Bu makalenin iddiası; literatürde iddia edildiğinin aksine, barış çalışmalarının 1990’lardaki resmi görüşmelerden ibaret olmadığıdır. Çalışmanın bulgusu; siyasi konferanslar, ve doğrudan ve dolaylı görüşmeler yoluyla Kuzey İrlanda siyasi partilerinin, ve İngiliz ve İrlanda Hükümetleri’nin çok yönlü görüşmelerden çok önce barış çalışmalarını başlattığı yönündedir. Ancak, siyasi parti ve aktörlerin isteksiz tavırları bu dönemde çözümü engellemiştir.

References

  • Babbitt, E., & Hampson, F. O. (2011). Conflict Resolution as a Field of Inquiry: Practice Informing Theory. International Studies Review, 13, 46–57.
  • Burton, J. W. (1972). World society. London: Cambridge University Press. Burton, J. W. (1990a). Conflict: Human needs theory. London: Springer.
  • Burton, J. W. (1990b). Conflict: Resolution and Provention. London: MacMillan. Craig, T. (2012). From Backdoors and Back Lanes to Backchannels: Reappraising British Talks with the Provisional IRA, 1970-1974. Contemporary British History, 26(1), 97–117.
  • Curran, D., Sebenius, J. K., & Watkins, M. (2004). Two paths to peace: Contrasting George Mitchell in Northern Ireland with Richard Holbrooke in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Negotiation Journal, 20(4), 513–537.
  • Dixon, P. (2006). Performing the Northern Ireland peace process on the world stage. Political Science Quarterly, 121(1), 61–91.
  • Dixon, P. (2008). Northern Ireland: The politics of war and peace (2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dunning, T. (2011). Fighting and voting: Violent conflict and electoral politics. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(3), 327-339.
  • English, R. (2003). Armed struggle: The history of the IRA. Oxford: Oxford University Pres.
  • Fisher, R. J. (1983). Third party consultation as a method of intergroup conflict resolution. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27(2), 301–334.
  • Hancock, L. E. (2008). The Northern Irish Peace Process: From top to bottom. International Studies Review, 10, 203–238.
  • Hewitt, C. (1981). Catholic Grievances, Catholic nationalist and violence in Northern Ireland during the Civil Rights Period. The British Journal of Sociology, 32(3), 362–380.
  • Hoffman, B. (1998). Inside terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press. Irish Times. (1998, 17 April). Trimble Survival Depends on Support for Deal. Retrieved from https://www. irishtimes.com/news/trimble-survival-depends-on-support-for-deal-1.142891
  • Kelman, H. C. (1996). The Interactive Problem-Solving Approach. In C. A. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict (pp. 500-520). Washington: Institute of Peace Press.
  • Kremenyuk, V. A. (2002). International negotiation: analysis, approaches, issues. California: Jossey-Bass.
  • Lederach, J. P. (1997). Building peace: sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Little, D. (2006). Peacemakers in action: profiles of religion in conflict resolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • McDaid, S. (2013). Template for peace, Northern Ireland, 1972-75. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Melaugh, M. (2002). Sutton Index of Deaths. Retrieved from http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/index.html
  • Melaugh, M. (2015). Political Party Support in Northern Ireland, 1969 to 2015. Retrieved from http://www.cain. ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/election/electsum.htm
  • Murray, G., & Tonge, J. (2005). Sinn Fein and the SDLP: From Alienation to Participation. London: C. Hurst.
  • New Ireland Forum. (1984). Final Report. Belfast: Stationery Office, Northern Ireland.
  • Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T., & Miall, H. (2011). Contemporary Conflict Resolution (Vol. 3). Cambridge: Polity.
  • Sutton, M. (1994). Bear in Mind These Dead: An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland, 1969-93. Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications.
  • TNA-CAB/128/44. (1969a). Cabinet Conclusions. 22/05/1969
  • TNA-CAB/128/44. (1969b). Secret: The Home Secretary Reported to the Cabinet on the Situation of Northern Ireland. 24/04/1969
  • TNA-CAB/128/46. (1969a). Note by the Home Secretary. 19/08/1969
  • TNA-CAB/128/46. (1969b). Top Secret: Confidential Annex. 05/09/1969
  • TNA-CAB/128/48. (1972a). Cabinet Conclusions. 13/04/1972
  • TNA-CAB/128/48. (1972b). Confidential Annex. 07/03/1972
  • TNA-CAB/128/51/10. (1973). Cabinet Conclusions. 22/02/1973
  • TNA-CAB/128/51/20. (1973). Note by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. 29/03/1973
  • TNA-CAB/128/52/13. (1973). Note by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. 05/07/1973
  • TNA-CAB/128/55/24. (1974). Note by the Home Secretary. 25/11/1974
  • TNA-CAB/128/76/38. (1983). Note by the Prime Minister. 22/12/1983
  • TNA-CAB/128/80. (1984). Most Confidential Record. 28/06/1984
  • TNA-CAB/128/83/1. (1986). Note by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. 09/01/1986
  • TNA-CAB/129/165/8. (1972). Note by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. 13/10/1972
  • TNA-CJ/4/136. (1972). The Conference: Letter from J.F. Halliday to Mr Smith. 21/08/1972
  • TNA-CJ/4/4173. (1982). Secretary of State’s BIA Speech. 29/11/1982
  • TNA-DEFE/24/1825. (1969). Civil Rights Campaign 1969. 23/01/1969
  • TNA-PREM/19/79. (1979). From the Private Secretary: The Taoiseach’s Call on the Prime Minister. 10/05/1979
  • TNA-PREM/19/80. (1979). Speech by PSF Vice-President Gerry Adams, Dodenstown Speech. 17/06/1979
  • TNA-PREM/19/83. (1979a). Brief for the PM’s Meeting with Mr Molyneaux and Dr Paisley. 13/11/1979
  • TNA-PREM/19/83. (1979b). Harrington’s Letter to Sanders on Dr Paisley’s Request. 01/11/1979
  • TNA-PREM/19/83. (1979c). Ulster Democratic Unionist Party’s Proposal. 26/10/1979
  • TNA-PREM/19/83. (1979d). A Working Paper for Ireland Conference 09/11/1979
  • TNA-PREM/19/279. (1980). Note of a Meeting Held in the Northern Ireland Office on Friday. 22/02/1980
  • TNA-PREM/19/280. (1980a). Interview with Mr Haughey. 10/04/1980
  • TNA-PREM/19/280. (1980b). Secret:Record of A Discussion Between the Prime Minister and Mr John Hume. 13/05/1980
  • TNA-PREM/19/280. (1980c). Speaking Note on Northern Ireland Conference 25/03/1980
  • TNA-PREM/19/503. (1981a). Mr S.J.Pike’s Note to Mr Alexander. 18/04/1981
  • TNA-PREM/19/503. (1981b). Telegram on the Text of a Letter from Gerry Adams, see Guardian, 14/04/1981 for details of Adams’s talk. 14/04/1981
  • Wallensteen, P. (2007). Understanding conflict resolution (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
  • Zartman, I. W. (1989). Ripe for resolution: Conflict and intervention in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Zartman, I. W. (2003). The Timing of Peace Initiatives: Hurting Stalemates and Ripe Moments. In J. Darby & R. MacGinty (Eds.), Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Violence and Peace Processes (pp. 19-29). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Zartman, I.W. (1989). Ripe for resolution: Conflict and intervention in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Zartman, I.W. (2003). The Timing of Peace Initiatives: Hurting Stalemates and Ripe Moments. In J. Darby & R. MacGinty (Eds.), Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Violence and Peace Processes (pp.19-29). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İ. Aytaç Kadıoğlu This is me 0000-0001-7957-0900

Publication Date March 30, 2020
Submission Date April 29, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 29 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kadıoğlu, İ. A. (2020). The Making of ‘Hesitant Peace’ in Northern Ireland. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 29(1), 69-88. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2020.29.1.0099