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Year 2021, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 151 - 167, 31.03.2021

Abstract

References

  • Benford, R. D. & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611-639.
  • Blackpast (2016). Racial violence in the United States since 1660. https://www.blackpast.org/special-features/racial-violence-united-states-1660/ (Access: 19.11.2020).
  • Buchanan, L., Bui, Q., & Patel, K. J. (2020). Black Lives Matter may be the largest movement in U.S. history. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html (Access: 02.08.2020).
  • Carney, N. (2016). All lives matter, but so does race: Black Lives Matter and the evolving role of social media. Humanity & Society, 40(2), 180-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597616643868
  • Carson, E. A. (2020). Prisoners in 2018. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p18.pdf (Access: 30.07.2020).
  • Castells, M. (2010). The power of identity. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Cohan, D. J. (2017). Rage and activism: The promise of Black Lives Matter. In. S. E. Weissinger, D. A. Mack & E. Watson (Eds.). Violence against black bodies: An intersectional analysis of how black lives continue to matter (pp. 38-52). New York: Routledge.
  • Cox, J. M. (2017). The source of a movement: Making the case for social media as an informational source using Black Lives Matter. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1847-1854. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1334935.
  • Dennis, R. & Dennis, K. (2020). Confrontational politics: The Black Lives Matter movement. In. J. Stone, R. Dennis, P. Rizova & Xiaoshuo Hou (Eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism (pp. 11-27). New Jersey: Jon Wiley and Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119430452.ch1
  • Department of Justice (2015). Attorney General Holder delivers update on investigations in Ferguson, Missouri. https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-holder-delivers-update-investigations-ferguson-missouri (Access: 30.07.2020).
  • Donduran, C. (2020). The ‘Trumpist’ foreign policy and the American tradition. In. M. K. Öke & H. Yazıcı (Eds.). Ultra-nationalist Policies of Trump and Reflections in the World (pp. 169-178). Berlin: Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/b16947
  • Douglass, F. (1866). Reconstruction. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1866/12/reconstruction/304561/ (Access: 21.11.2020).
  • Drakulich, K., Wozniak, K. H., Hagan, J. & Johnson, D. (2020). Race and policing in the 2016 presidential election: Black Lives Matter, the police, and dog whistle politics. Criminology, 58(2), 370-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12239.
  • Edwards, G. (2014). Social movements and protest. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gabrielson, R., Sagara, E. & Jones R. G. (2014). Deadly force, in black and white. Propublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/deadly-force-in-black-and-white (Access: 03.08.2020).
  • Gamson, W. (1990). The strategy of social protest. Second Edition. Homewood, Ill: Dorsey.
  • Greenberg, D. (2016). An intellectual history of Trumpism. Politico Magazine. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/trumpism-intellectual-history-populism-paleoconservatives-214518 (Access: 04.08.2020).
  • Gürcan, E. C. (2019a). Bir ‘siyasal süreç’ olarak Fransız sarı yelekliler hareketi’nin ortaya çıkışı. Mülkiye Dergisi, 43(2), 435-458.
  • Gürcan, E. C. (2019b). Küresel kapitalizmin krizi, sınıflar ve ‘yeni’ toplumsal hareketler. Praksis Dergisi, 50(2), 71-94.
  • Hartz, L. (1955). The liberal tradition in America: An interpretation of American political thought since the Revolution. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
  • History. (2010). Riots erupt in Los Angeles after police officers are acquitted in Rodney King trial. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/riots-erupt-in-los-angeles (Access: 03.08.2020).
  • Holt, L. F. & Sweitzer M. D. (2020). More than a black and white issue: Ethnic identity, social dominance orientation, and support for the black lives matter movement. Self and Identity, 19(1), 16-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1524788
  • Horowitz, J. M., Brown, A. & Cox, K. (2019). Race in America 2019. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/04/09/race-in-america-2019/ (Access: 02.08.2020).
  • Ince, J., Rojas, F. & Davis, C. A. (2017). The social media response to Black Lives Matter: How Twitter users interact with Black Lives Matter through hashtag use. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1814-1830. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1334931.
  • Inclán, M. (2018). Latin America, a Continent in Movement but Where To? A Review of Social Movements' Studies in the Region. Annual Review of Sociology, 44(1), 535-55194.
  • Jackson, K. C. (2020). The double standard of the American riot. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2020/06/riots-are-american-way-george-floyd-protests/612466/ (Access: 23.07.2020).
  • Jenkins, C. J., Jacobs, D. & Angone, J. (2003). Political opportunities and African-American protest, 1948–1997. American Journal of Sociology, 109(2), 277-303. 10.1086/378340
  • Kajstura, A. (2019). Women’s mass incarceration: The whole pie 2019. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2019women.html (Access: 01.08.2020).
  • Kendi, I. X. (2020). The American nightmare. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/06/american-nightmare/612457/ (Access: 01.08.2020).
  • Kim, R. M. (2012). Violence and trauma as constitutive elements in Korean American racial identity formation: The 1992 L.A. riots/insurrection/saigu. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(11), 1999-2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.602090.
  • King, M. L. (1968). The other America. Grosse Point Historical Society. https://www.gphistorical.org/mlk/mlkspeech/ (Access: 26.07. 2020)
  • Kochhnar, R., & Cilluffo, A. (2018). Income inequality in the U.S. is rising most rapidly among Asians. Pew Research Center. URL: https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/07/12/income-inequality-in-the-u-s-is-rising-most-rapidly-among-asians/ (Access: 17.08.2020).
  • Kousis, M. (2016). Theoretical perspectives on European environmental movements: Transnational and technological challenges in the twenty-first century. In. O. Fillieule & G. Accornero (Eds.). Social movement studies in Europe: The state of the art (pp. 133-155). New York: Berghahn.
  • Kundt, M., Ross, K, & Burnett, C. M. (2018). Scaling social movements through social media: The case of Black Lives Matter. Social Media + Society, 4(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118807911
  • Laclau, E. & Mouffe C. (2014). Hegemony and socialist strategy: Towards a radical democratic politics (Radical Thinkers). London: Verso.
  • Liptak, K. & Westwood S. (2020). Trump threatens military force if violence in states isn't stopped. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/01/politics/donald-trump-national-address-race/index.html (Access: 27.07.2020).
  • Mapping Police Violence (2020). https://mappingpoliceviolence.org (Access: 15.07.2020).
  • McAdam, D. (1999). Political process and the development of black insurgency, 1930-1970. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • McArdle, T. (2018). How three violent days gripped a black Miami neighborhood as Nixon was nominated in 1968. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/08/07/how-three-violent-days-gripped-a-black-miami-neighborhood-as-nixon-was-nominated-in-1968/ (Access: 25.01.2020).
  • McNabb, D. E. (2020). Research methods for political science: quantitative, qualitative and mixed method approaches. New York: Routledge.
  • Melucci, A. (1996). Challenging codes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Muhammad, K. R. (2017). Blood at the root: The false equivalency of external and internal violence against blacks in Obama’s America. In. S. E. Weissinger, D. A. Mack & E. Watson (Eds.). Violence against black bodies: An intersectional analysis of how black lives continue to matter (pp. 240-258). New York: Routledge.
  • Noakes, J. & Johnston, H. (2005). Frames of protest: A road map to a perspective. In. H. Johnston & J. A. Noakes (Eds.). Frames of protest: Social movements and the framing perspective (pp. 1-32). Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Obama, B. (2014). Remarks by the President after announcement of the decision by the Grand Jury in Ferguson, Missouri. The White House Office of the Press Secretary. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/24/remarks-president-after-announcement-decision-grand-jury-ferguson-missou (Access: 02.08.2020).
  • Otero, G. (1999). Farewell to the Peasantry? Political Class Formation in Rural Mexico. Boulder, CO and Oxford: Westview Press.
  • Parker, K., Horowitz, J. M. & Anderson, M. (2020). Amid protests, majorities across racial and ethnic groups express support for the Black Lives Matter movement. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/06/12/amid-protests-majorities-across-racial-and-ethnic-groups-express-support-for-the-black-lives-matter-movement/ (Access: 28.07.2020).
  • Radhakrishnan, V., Sen, S. & Singaravelu N. (2020). How badly are African-Americans affected by police brutality in the U.S.? The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-how-badly-are-african-americans-affected-by-police-brutality-in-the-us/article31734968.ece (Access: 02.08.2020).
  • Ransby, B. (2018). Making all black lives matter: Reimagining freedom in the twenty-first century. Oakland: University of California Press.
  • Ransby, B. (2018). Making all black lives matter: Reimagining freedom in the twenty-first century. California: University of California Press.
  • Sastry, A. & Bates, K. G. (2017). When LA erupted in Anger: A look back at the Rodney King riots. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots (Access: 31.07.2020).
  • Simms, B., & Laderman C. (2017). Donald Trump: The making of a world view. New York: I. B. Tauris.
  • Szetela, A. (2020). Black Lives Matter at five: Limits and possibilities, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 43(8), 1358-1383 https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1638955.
  • Tarrow S (2009). Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • The COVID Tracking Project (2020). Racial data dashboard. https://covidtracking.com/race/dashboard (Access: 17.08.2020).
  • The Economist (2020). A brief history of protest symbols, from cockades to raised fists. https://www.economist.com/prospero/2020/06/17/a-brief-history-of-protest-symbols-from-cockades-to-raised-fists (Access: 14.08.2020).
  • The Economist (2020). No justice, no peace: America’s protests turn jubilant. https://www.economist.com/united-states/2020/06/11/americas-protests-turn-jubilant?fsrc=scn/tw/te/bl/ed/nojusticenopeaceamericasproteststurnjubilantunitedstates (Access: 28.07.2020).
  • Tilly C. & Tarrow, S. (2015). Contentious politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Touraine, A. (1988). Return of the actor: Social theory in postindustrial society. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
  • Vennesson, P. (2008). Case studies and process tracing: Theories and practices. In. D. Della Porta & M. Keating (Eds.). Approaches and methodologies in the social sciences: A pluralist perspective (pp. 223-239). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Weissinger, S. E., Mack, D. A. & Watson, E. (2017). Introduction. In. S. E. Weissinger, D. A. Mack & E. Watson (Eds.). Violence against black bodies: An intersectional analysis of how black lives continue to matter (pp. 1-10). New York: Routledge.
  • Yates, C. (2016). Black Lives Matter groups release demands. The Undefeated. https://theundefeated.com/whhw/black-lives-matter-groups-release-demands/ (Access: 15.08.2020).

The Formation and Development of the Black Lives Matter Movement: A Political Process Perspective

Year 2021, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 151 - 167, 31.03.2021

Abstract

The “Black Lives Matter” (BLM) movement is believed to be the largest social movement in American history. Making sense of such a historically significant social movement will certainly enable a fuller understanding of contemporary American politics and society. The significance of BLM also makes this movement a benchmark case that provides a testbed for social movement theories. Within the framework provided by political process theory and the process tracing method, this article seeks to explain the political and socioeconomic dynamics underlying the development of BLM. One important factor that stands out in the case of BLM is the presence of an enabling political-economic environment characterized by rising ethno-racial inequalities, police brutality, and racism under the socially polarizing effects of the 2008 economic crisis. A second set of factors to be considered is BLM’s adoption of a decentralized organizational structure, which facilitates the rallying and mobilization of large segments of society based on loose coalition strategies enacted through social media. Third, the rise and development of BLM greatly owe to the deployment of strongly motivating slogans, symbols, and modes of collective action that carry symbolic value, appeal to mass emotions, and address the political opportunities in place.

References

  • Benford, R. D. & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611-639.
  • Blackpast (2016). Racial violence in the United States since 1660. https://www.blackpast.org/special-features/racial-violence-united-states-1660/ (Access: 19.11.2020).
  • Buchanan, L., Bui, Q., & Patel, K. J. (2020). Black Lives Matter may be the largest movement in U.S. history. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html (Access: 02.08.2020).
  • Carney, N. (2016). All lives matter, but so does race: Black Lives Matter and the evolving role of social media. Humanity & Society, 40(2), 180-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597616643868
  • Carson, E. A. (2020). Prisoners in 2018. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p18.pdf (Access: 30.07.2020).
  • Castells, M. (2010). The power of identity. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Cohan, D. J. (2017). Rage and activism: The promise of Black Lives Matter. In. S. E. Weissinger, D. A. Mack & E. Watson (Eds.). Violence against black bodies: An intersectional analysis of how black lives continue to matter (pp. 38-52). New York: Routledge.
  • Cox, J. M. (2017). The source of a movement: Making the case for social media as an informational source using Black Lives Matter. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1847-1854. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1334935.
  • Dennis, R. & Dennis, K. (2020). Confrontational politics: The Black Lives Matter movement. In. J. Stone, R. Dennis, P. Rizova & Xiaoshuo Hou (Eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism (pp. 11-27). New Jersey: Jon Wiley and Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119430452.ch1
  • Department of Justice (2015). Attorney General Holder delivers update on investigations in Ferguson, Missouri. https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-holder-delivers-update-investigations-ferguson-missouri (Access: 30.07.2020).
  • Donduran, C. (2020). The ‘Trumpist’ foreign policy and the American tradition. In. M. K. Öke & H. Yazıcı (Eds.). Ultra-nationalist Policies of Trump and Reflections in the World (pp. 169-178). Berlin: Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/b16947
  • Douglass, F. (1866). Reconstruction. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1866/12/reconstruction/304561/ (Access: 21.11.2020).
  • Drakulich, K., Wozniak, K. H., Hagan, J. & Johnson, D. (2020). Race and policing in the 2016 presidential election: Black Lives Matter, the police, and dog whistle politics. Criminology, 58(2), 370-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12239.
  • Edwards, G. (2014). Social movements and protest. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gabrielson, R., Sagara, E. & Jones R. G. (2014). Deadly force, in black and white. Propublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/deadly-force-in-black-and-white (Access: 03.08.2020).
  • Gamson, W. (1990). The strategy of social protest. Second Edition. Homewood, Ill: Dorsey.
  • Greenberg, D. (2016). An intellectual history of Trumpism. Politico Magazine. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/trumpism-intellectual-history-populism-paleoconservatives-214518 (Access: 04.08.2020).
  • Gürcan, E. C. (2019a). Bir ‘siyasal süreç’ olarak Fransız sarı yelekliler hareketi’nin ortaya çıkışı. Mülkiye Dergisi, 43(2), 435-458.
  • Gürcan, E. C. (2019b). Küresel kapitalizmin krizi, sınıflar ve ‘yeni’ toplumsal hareketler. Praksis Dergisi, 50(2), 71-94.
  • Hartz, L. (1955). The liberal tradition in America: An interpretation of American political thought since the Revolution. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
  • History. (2010). Riots erupt in Los Angeles after police officers are acquitted in Rodney King trial. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/riots-erupt-in-los-angeles (Access: 03.08.2020).
  • Holt, L. F. & Sweitzer M. D. (2020). More than a black and white issue: Ethnic identity, social dominance orientation, and support for the black lives matter movement. Self and Identity, 19(1), 16-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1524788
  • Horowitz, J. M., Brown, A. & Cox, K. (2019). Race in America 2019. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/04/09/race-in-america-2019/ (Access: 02.08.2020).
  • Ince, J., Rojas, F. & Davis, C. A. (2017). The social media response to Black Lives Matter: How Twitter users interact with Black Lives Matter through hashtag use. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1814-1830. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1334931.
  • Inclán, M. (2018). Latin America, a Continent in Movement but Where To? A Review of Social Movements' Studies in the Region. Annual Review of Sociology, 44(1), 535-55194.
  • Jackson, K. C. (2020). The double standard of the American riot. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2020/06/riots-are-american-way-george-floyd-protests/612466/ (Access: 23.07.2020).
  • Jenkins, C. J., Jacobs, D. & Angone, J. (2003). Political opportunities and African-American protest, 1948–1997. American Journal of Sociology, 109(2), 277-303. 10.1086/378340
  • Kajstura, A. (2019). Women’s mass incarceration: The whole pie 2019. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2019women.html (Access: 01.08.2020).
  • Kendi, I. X. (2020). The American nightmare. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/06/american-nightmare/612457/ (Access: 01.08.2020).
  • Kim, R. M. (2012). Violence and trauma as constitutive elements in Korean American racial identity formation: The 1992 L.A. riots/insurrection/saigu. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(11), 1999-2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.602090.
  • King, M. L. (1968). The other America. Grosse Point Historical Society. https://www.gphistorical.org/mlk/mlkspeech/ (Access: 26.07. 2020)
  • Kochhnar, R., & Cilluffo, A. (2018). Income inequality in the U.S. is rising most rapidly among Asians. Pew Research Center. URL: https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/07/12/income-inequality-in-the-u-s-is-rising-most-rapidly-among-asians/ (Access: 17.08.2020).
  • Kousis, M. (2016). Theoretical perspectives on European environmental movements: Transnational and technological challenges in the twenty-first century. In. O. Fillieule & G. Accornero (Eds.). Social movement studies in Europe: The state of the art (pp. 133-155). New York: Berghahn.
  • Kundt, M., Ross, K, & Burnett, C. M. (2018). Scaling social movements through social media: The case of Black Lives Matter. Social Media + Society, 4(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118807911
  • Laclau, E. & Mouffe C. (2014). Hegemony and socialist strategy: Towards a radical democratic politics (Radical Thinkers). London: Verso.
  • Liptak, K. & Westwood S. (2020). Trump threatens military force if violence in states isn't stopped. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/01/politics/donald-trump-national-address-race/index.html (Access: 27.07.2020).
  • Mapping Police Violence (2020). https://mappingpoliceviolence.org (Access: 15.07.2020).
  • McAdam, D. (1999). Political process and the development of black insurgency, 1930-1970. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • McArdle, T. (2018). How three violent days gripped a black Miami neighborhood as Nixon was nominated in 1968. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/08/07/how-three-violent-days-gripped-a-black-miami-neighborhood-as-nixon-was-nominated-in-1968/ (Access: 25.01.2020).
  • McNabb, D. E. (2020). Research methods for political science: quantitative, qualitative and mixed method approaches. New York: Routledge.
  • Melucci, A. (1996). Challenging codes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Muhammad, K. R. (2017). Blood at the root: The false equivalency of external and internal violence against blacks in Obama’s America. In. S. E. Weissinger, D. A. Mack & E. Watson (Eds.). Violence against black bodies: An intersectional analysis of how black lives continue to matter (pp. 240-258). New York: Routledge.
  • Noakes, J. & Johnston, H. (2005). Frames of protest: A road map to a perspective. In. H. Johnston & J. A. Noakes (Eds.). Frames of protest: Social movements and the framing perspective (pp. 1-32). Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Obama, B. (2014). Remarks by the President after announcement of the decision by the Grand Jury in Ferguson, Missouri. The White House Office of the Press Secretary. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/24/remarks-president-after-announcement-decision-grand-jury-ferguson-missou (Access: 02.08.2020).
  • Otero, G. (1999). Farewell to the Peasantry? Political Class Formation in Rural Mexico. Boulder, CO and Oxford: Westview Press.
  • Parker, K., Horowitz, J. M. & Anderson, M. (2020). Amid protests, majorities across racial and ethnic groups express support for the Black Lives Matter movement. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/06/12/amid-protests-majorities-across-racial-and-ethnic-groups-express-support-for-the-black-lives-matter-movement/ (Access: 28.07.2020).
  • Radhakrishnan, V., Sen, S. & Singaravelu N. (2020). How badly are African-Americans affected by police brutality in the U.S.? The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-how-badly-are-african-americans-affected-by-police-brutality-in-the-us/article31734968.ece (Access: 02.08.2020).
  • Ransby, B. (2018). Making all black lives matter: Reimagining freedom in the twenty-first century. Oakland: University of California Press.
  • Ransby, B. (2018). Making all black lives matter: Reimagining freedom in the twenty-first century. California: University of California Press.
  • Sastry, A. & Bates, K. G. (2017). When LA erupted in Anger: A look back at the Rodney King riots. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots (Access: 31.07.2020).
  • Simms, B., & Laderman C. (2017). Donald Trump: The making of a world view. New York: I. B. Tauris.
  • Szetela, A. (2020). Black Lives Matter at five: Limits and possibilities, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 43(8), 1358-1383 https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1638955.
  • Tarrow S (2009). Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • The COVID Tracking Project (2020). Racial data dashboard. https://covidtracking.com/race/dashboard (Access: 17.08.2020).
  • The Economist (2020). A brief history of protest symbols, from cockades to raised fists. https://www.economist.com/prospero/2020/06/17/a-brief-history-of-protest-symbols-from-cockades-to-raised-fists (Access: 14.08.2020).
  • The Economist (2020). No justice, no peace: America’s protests turn jubilant. https://www.economist.com/united-states/2020/06/11/americas-protests-turn-jubilant?fsrc=scn/tw/te/bl/ed/nojusticenopeaceamericasproteststurnjubilantunitedstates (Access: 28.07.2020).
  • Tilly C. & Tarrow, S. (2015). Contentious politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Touraine, A. (1988). Return of the actor: Social theory in postindustrial society. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
  • Vennesson, P. (2008). Case studies and process tracing: Theories and practices. In. D. Della Porta & M. Keating (Eds.). Approaches and methodologies in the social sciences: A pluralist perspective (pp. 223-239). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Weissinger, S. E., Mack, D. A. & Watson, E. (2017). Introduction. In. S. E. Weissinger, D. A. Mack & E. Watson (Eds.). Violence against black bodies: An intersectional analysis of how black lives continue to matter (pp. 1-10). New York: Routledge.
  • Yates, C. (2016). Black Lives Matter groups release demands. The Undefeated. https://theundefeated.com/whhw/black-lives-matter-groups-release-demands/ (Access: 15.08.2020).
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Efe Can Gürcan 0000-0002-5415-3163

Can Donduran 0000-0003-2737-1410

Publication Date March 31, 2021
Submission Date January 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 30 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gürcan, E. C., & Donduran, C. (2021). The Formation and Development of the Black Lives Matter Movement: A Political Process Perspective. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 30(1), 151-167.