Formation, Crisis, and Dissolution of the Corporatist State in Mexico

Year 2021, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 129 - 149, 31.03.2021

Ertan Erol

Abstract

One can claim the possibility that the corporatist state structure was a concrete consequence of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) because it positioned Mexico differently in the Latin American region in terms of political stability. The Mexican Revolution derived its legitimacy from the still vigilant 1917 Constitution, which represents the political character of the revolution and was institutionalized through an official state party. Moreover, it enabled 71 years of uninterrupted one-party rule that enjoyed ultimate dominance on state apparatus, forms of political participation, and economic structure. The study aims to evaluate the sui generis character of socioeconomic conditions, from which a new power bloc emerged in Mexico. Analysis was conducted on the institutionalization of the Mexican Revolution in the form of the Mexican corporatist state, consecutive crisis, and dissolution of the political structure in the 1980s. In this vein, the study emphasized that addressing the main structural conditions that transformed the Mexican corporatist socioeconomic form and identifying the contradictions created with its final dissolution are important to understand the impact of the sui generis social form on the contemporary crisis of neoliberalism in Mexico.

Keywords

Mexican Revolution, corporatism, passive revolution

Meksika’da Korporatist Devletin İnşası, Krizi ve Çözülüşü

Abstract

Meksika Devriminin (1910-1920) en somut ürünlerinden birinin, ülkeyi Latin Amerika ülkeleri arasında siyasi istikrar açısından farklı bir konuma yerleştirecek olan korporatist devlet yapısı olduğu söylenebilir. Devrimin politik karakterini yansıtan ve halen yürürlükte bulunan 1917 Anayasası ile meşru bir zemine oturan, resmi devlet partisi ile kurumsallaşan Meksika Devrimi, tek bir partinin aralıksız bir biçimde 71 yıl iktidarda kalarak devlet aygıtının, siyasi katılım biçimlerinin ve ekonomik yapının tamamına hâkim olmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çalışma, Meksika Devriminin kurumsallaşarak korporatist bir siyasi yapı oluşturmasını, bu yapının 1980’lerde girdiği krizi ve nihai olarak çözülmesini incelemektedir. Korporatist siyasi yapıların kendi tarihsel koşulları içerisinde değerlendirilmesi, bu yapıların neoliberal rejimin krize girdiği dönemlerde tekrar yükselip yükselmeyeceği tartışmalarına katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, Meksika’da korporatist sosyoekonomik formun geçirdiği dönüşümün temel yapısal koşullarını anlamak, bu yapının karşılaştığı sorunlar ile nihai olarak çözülmesiyle ürettiği ve derinleştirdiği çelişkileri tanımlamak, neoliberal rejimin günümüzde girdiği bunalıma ne şekilde etki ettiğini tahlil etmek için önemli olduğu vurgusu yapılmaktadır.

Keywords

Meksika devrimi, korporatizm, pasif devrim

Supporting Institution

Yazar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadığını beyan etmiştir.

References

• Aidi, H. D. (2009). Redeploying the State, Corporatism, Neoliberalism, and Coalition Politics, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Arguedas, L. (1977). El movimiento de liberación nacional: Una experiencia de la izquierda mexicana en los sesentas. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 39(1), 229-249.
• Blacker-Hanson, O. (2012). The Intellectual Roots of Guerrero’s Cold War Rebellion. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research, 18(2), 101-117.
• Bortz, J. ve M. Aguila. (2006). Earning a Living: A History of Real Wage Studies in Twentieth-Century Mexico. Latin American Research Review, 41(2), 112-138.
• Brachet-Márquez, V. (1996). El Pacto de Dominación: Estado, clase y reforma social en México (1910-1995), México: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológicos.
• Brambila, Aurora L. (1975). El marco socio-económico de la crisis política de 1958-1959 en México. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 37(2), 349-362.
• Cadena-Roa, J. (2003). State pacts, élites, and social movements in Mexico’s transition to democracy. States, Parties, and Social Movements, (Ed. J. A. Goldstone). Cambridge University Press.
• Calderón, J. M. (1972). Génesis del Presidencialismo en México, México: D.F.: El Caballito.
• Calva, J. L. (2004). La economìa mexicana en perspectiva. Economía UNAM, 63-85.
• Carr, B. (1986). The Mexican Economic Debacle and the Labor Movement: A New Era or More of the Same?. Modern Mexico: State, Economy and Social Conflict, Latin American Perspectives Reaaders Vol. 1, (Ed. Hamilton N. ve T. F. Harding), Sage Publications.
• Collier, R. B., ve Collier, D. (1979). Inducements versus constraints: disaggregating" Corporatism. The American Political Science Review, 967-986.
• Collier, R. B., ve Collier, D. (2002). Shaping the political arena: Critical junctures, the labor movement, and regime dynamics in Latin America, University of Notre Dame Press.
• Davis, B. (2000). Las polícas de ajuste de los ejidatarios frente a la reforma neoliberal en México. Revista de CEPAL, 72, 99-119.
• Diaz-Cayeros, A. ve Magaloni, B. (2003). The politics of public spending – Part II. The Programa Nacional de Solidaridad (PRONASOL) in Mexico. Background Paper for the World Bank World Development Report 2004.
• Diaz-Cayeros, A., Estévez, F. ve Magaloni, B. (2016). The political Logic of Poverty Relief: Electoral Strategies and Social Policy in Mexico, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Delarbe, R. T. (1976). The Mexican Labour Movement. Latin American Perspectives, 3(1), 133-153.
• Dussel P. E. (1996). From Export-Oriented to Import-Oriented Industrialization: Changes in Mexico’s Manufacturing Sector, 1988-1994. Neo-liberalism Revisited: Economic Restructuring and Mexico’s Political Future, (Ed. Gerardo Otero). Colorado: Westview Press.
• Erol, E. (2020). Tanrıya Uzak Merkeze Yakın: Meksika ve Türkiye’de Çevre Kapitalizminin Tarihsel Sosyolojisi, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
• Figueroa-Ibarra, C. ve L. Martínez-Zavala (2013). The Ejército Popular Revolucionario’ Occupying the Cracks in Mexico’s Hegemonic State. Latin American Perspectives, (Çev. M. O. Breña), 40, 153-164.
• Fujii, G. (2000). El comercio exterior manufacturero y los límites al crecimiento económico de México. Comercio Exterior, 2000, 1008-1014.
• Garrido, L. J. (2005). El Partido de la Revolución Institucionalizada. Medio siglo de poder político en México; La formación del Nueva Estado (1928-1946), México, D.F.: Siglo XXI Editores.
• Gereffi, G. (1996). Mexico’s “Old” and “New” Maquiladora Industries: Contrasting Approaches to North American Integration. Neo-liberalism Revisited: Economic Restructuring and Mexico’s Political Future, (Ed. G. Otero). Colorado: Westview Press.
• Gil, J., S. Schmidt ve J. Castro (1993). La red de poder mexicana. El caso de Miguel Alemán. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 55(3), 103-117.
• Gilly, A. (1982). La Revolución Interrumpida’: México, 1910-1920 una guerra campesina por la tierra y el poder, México, D.F.: Ediciones “El Caballito”.
• Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks, (Ed. Hoare Q. ve G. N. Smith). London: Lawrance and Wishart.
• Guadarrama, R. (1975). “1959: Crisis y Reestructuración Capitalista, Crónica de una Derrota Obrera.”, Estudios Políticos, 2(3), pp. 56-69.
• Hamilton, N. (1985). “The Limits of State Autonomy”, Modern Mexico: State, Economy and Social Conflict, (Ed. Hamilton N. ve T. F. Harding). Sage Publications.
• Knight, A. (1991). “The rise and fall of Cardenismo, c. 1930-1946”, Mexico since Independence, (Ed. Bethell L.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Kuri, A. R. (2003). “Los primeros días. Una explicación de los orígenes inmediatos del movimiento estudiantil de 1968”, Historia Mexicana, 53,(1), 179-228.
• Kaufman R.R ve Trejo G. (1997). Regionalism, Regime Transformation, and PRONASOL: The Politics of the National Solidarity Programme in Four Mexican States, Journal of Latin American Studies , Oct., Vol. 29, No. 3 (Oct., 1997), 717-745.
• Lapeyre, M. B. (1988). La petrolización de la economía mexicana. Momento Económico’.6-8.
• Laurell, Asa Cristina, (1994). Pronasol o la pobreza de los programas contra la pobreza’. Nueva Sociedad, No:131, Mayo-Junio, 156-170.
• Leal, J. F. (1986). “The Mexican State, 1915-1973: A historical Interpratation”, Modern Mexico: State, Economy and Social Conflict, Latin American Perspectives Reaaders Vol. 1, (Ed. Hamilton N. ve T. F. Harding). Sage Publications, 21-42.
• Loaeza, S. (1989). México 1968: los orígenes de la transición. Foro Internacional, 30(1), 66-92.
• Loaeza, S. (2003). Acción Nacional en la antesala del poder: 1994-2000. Foro Internacional, 43(1), 71-102.
• Martínez, G. B. (2010). Políticas de bienestar social del Estado posrevolucionario: IMSS, 1941-1958. Política y Cultura, 33, 61-82.
• Martínez G. V. H. (2005). El Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD) y su dirigencia fraccionada. Revisata Sociedead y Economía, 8, 9-28.
• Medin, T. (1997). El sexenio alemanista: ideología y praxis política de Miguel Alemán, México D.F.: Ediciones Era.
• Medin, T. (2015). La mexicanidad política y filosófica en el sexenio de Miguel Alemán. 1946-1952, http://www7.tau.ac.il/ojs/index.php/eial/article/view/1308/1334, (05.02.2019).
• Méndez, G. P. (1991). Los sectores del PRI en los elecciones de 1988. Estudios Mexicanos, 7(2), 253-282.
• Meyer, J. (2010). La Revolución Mexicana, México, D.F.: Editores Tusquets, 2010.
• Michaels, A. L. (1970). The Crisis of Cardenismo. Journal of Latin American Studies, 1(I), 51-79.
• Mizrahi, Y. (1994). Las Elecciones en Chihuahua. Elecciones y partidos políticos en México, 1994, 133-139.
• Molinar, J. ve J. Weldon (1990). Elecciones de 1988 en México: crisis del autoritarismo. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 52(4), Procesos Electorales en América Latina, 229-262.
• Morton, A. D. (2007). Unravelling Gramsci: Hegemony and Passive Revolution in the global economy, London: Pluto Press.
• Morton, A. D. (2011). Revolution and State in Modern Mexico: The Political Economy of Uneven Development, Rowman & Littlefield.
• Murillo, M. V. (2003). Labour Unions, Partisan Coalitions, and Market Reforms in Latin America, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• New York Times, (2004). ‘Opinion: About That Close Election’, https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/opinion/about-that-close-election.html, (15.09.2020).
• Otero, G. (2004). “Mexico’s double movement: neoliberal globalism, the state and civil society”, Mexico in transition: neoliberal globalism, the state and civil society, (Ed. Gerardo Otero). Zed Publishers.
• Pastor, M. ve W. Carol. (1997). State Policy, Distribution and Neoliberal Reform in Mexico. Journal of Latin American Studies, 29, 419-456.
• Pivron, A. (1999). Anatomía de un partido de oposición mexicano: la estructura del juego político en el Partido de la Revolución Democrática (1989-1997). Estudios Sociológicos, XVII: 49, 239-272.
• Proceso, (1991). https://www.proceso.com.mx/156793/cuando-lombardo-hizo-a-aleman-el-cachorro-de-la-revolucion, (04.06.2019).
• Ramírez, M. D. (1986). Mexico’s Development Experience, 1950-85: Lessons and Future Prospects. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs’, 28(2), Summer, 39-65.
• Ramírez, M. D. (1993). Stabilisation and Trade Reform in Mexico. Journal of Developing Areas, 27(2), 173-190.
• Revueltas, A. (1993). Las reformas del Estado en México: del Estado benefactor al Estado neoliberal. Política y Cultura, 3, 215-229.
• Sandoval, I. E. (2007). Economía Política del Neoliberalismo: ideas, intereses y reversibilidad. Argumentos (México, DF), 20(54), 127-149.
• Smith, P. H. (1991). Mexico since 1946: Dynamics of an authoritarian regime. Mexico since Independence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (Ed. Bethell L.). 321-396.
• Solano, V. O. (2007). El Estado mexicano frente a los levantamientos armados en Guerrero. El caso del Plan Telaraña. Tzintzun, Revista de Estudios Históricos, 45, 65-82.
• Tagle, S. G. (1989). La dificultad de perder: el partido oficial en la coyuntura de 1988. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 51(4), 239-260.
• Tamayo, J. (1988). Las Entidades Paraestatales en México”, en México: 75 años de Revolución I, Desarrollo Económico II, México D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
• Teichman, J. (1996). Economic Restructuring, State-Labor Relations and the Transformation of Mexican Corporatism. Neo-liberalism Revisited: Economic Restructuring and Mexico’s Political Future, (Ed. Otero G.), Westview Press.
• Thompson, G. (2004). ‘Ex President in Mexico Casts New Light on Rigged 1988 Election’, https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/09/world/ex-president-in-mexico-casts-new-light-on-rigged-1988-election.html, (15.09.2020).
• Toledo, E. D. G. (2004). Manufacturing neoliberalism: industrial relations, trade union corporatism and politics. Mexico in transition: neoliberal globalism, the state and civil society, (Ed. Gerardo Otero). London: Zed Publishers.
• Villareal, R. (1976). El desequilibro externo en la industrialización de México (1929- 1975): Un enfoque estructuralista, México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.