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Information Vulnerability Amid The COVID-19 Pandemic: Syrian Refugees In Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 369 - 383, 08.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1110721

Abstract

States were caught unprepared by the COVID-19 pandemic. This caused a hitch in briefing the public with true and sufficient information. Refugees may be exposed to these drawbacks more due to the language barrier and social isolation. They are an especially vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic due to their adverse life conditions and difficulty in accessing social services and information. In this paper, we study the Syrians who fled to Turkey during the Syrian civil war. We examine the Syrians’ information vulnerability and sources of information using original online survey data and archives of official institutions in charge of the refugee response and the management of the pandemic. It is concluded that Syrians are less knowledgeable than the host community regarding COVID-19 precautions and administrative measures. It is also found that the Syrians’ level of information on administrative measures is likely to increase when institutional announcements are followed. Additionally, naturalized Syrians are more likely to acquire true information on administrative measures than the Syrians under temporary protection. We argue that official institutions play a crucial role in building refugees’ information resilience, yet their briefing is unsystematic and uncomprehensive. 

Thanks

We would like to thank Musallam Abedtalas, Sedef Turper-Alışık, Ayşegül Komsuoğlu-Çıtıpıtıoğlu and Raycene Nevils Karakeçi for their valuable feedback, Dawoud Almohammad for his support in the dissemination of the survey and outreach efforts.

References

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  • Budak, F., & Bostan, S. (2020). The Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Case of Kilis. Social Work in Public Health, 35(7, SI), 579–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2020.1806984
  • Dekker, R., Engbersen, G., Klaver, J., & Vonk, H. (2018). Smart Refugees: How Syrian Asylum Migrants Use Social Media Information in Migration Decision-Making. Social Media and Society, 4(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118764439
  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2018). Suriyeliler Barometresi: Suriyelilerle Uyum İçinde Yaşamın Çerçevesi (1st ed.). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2020). Suriyeliler Barometresi 2019: Suriyelilerle Uyum İçinde Yaşamın Çerçevesi. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi.
  • Executive Order. Mültecilerin Hukukî Durumuna dair Protokol. , Pub. L. No. 6/10266 (1968).
  • Falkenhain, M., Flick, U., Hirseland, A., Naji, S., & Verlage, T. (2021). Setback in labour market integration due to the Covid-19 crisis ? An explorative insight on forced migrants ’ vulnerability in Germany. European Societies, 448–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1828976
  • Fouad, F. M., Mccall, S. J., Ayoub, H., Abu-raddad, L. J., & Mumtaz, G. R. (2021). Vulnerability of Syrian refugees in Lebanon to COVID-19 : quantitative insights. 1–6.
  • Güneş Aslan, G., & Güngör, F. (2019). Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Türkiye’ye Göç Sonrası Yaşadığı Sorunlar: İstanbul Örneği. Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(18), 1602–1632. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.558512
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  • İçduygu, A., & Şimşek, D. (2016). Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Towards Integration Policies. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 15(3), 59–69.
  • Ilgit, A., & Memisoglu, F. (2017). Contesting Refugees in Turkey: Political Parties and the Syrian Refugees. In D. E. Utku, K. O. Unutulmaz, & İ. Sirkeci (Eds.), Turkey’s Syrians: Today and Tomorrow (pp. 81–99). London: Transnational Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2016.1189479
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  • Júnior, J. G., de Sales, J. P., Moreira, M. M., Pinheiro, W. R., Lima, C. K. T., & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). A crisis within the crisis: The mental health situation of refugees in the world during the 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 288(April), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113000
  • Kananian, S., Al, S., & Ulrich, S. (2021). Perceived Vulnerability to Disease , Knowledge and Preventive Behavior Related to COVID ‑ 19 in Farsi and Arabic Speaking Refugees. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, (0123456789), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-021-01322-4
  • Karasu, M. A. (2019). Suç Korkusu , Göç ve Suriyeli Sığınmacılar : Şanlıurfa Örneği. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 1(3), 332–347.
  • Kennan, M. A., Lloyd, A., Thompson, K. M., & Qayyum, A. (2013). Connecting with new information landscapes: Information literacy practices of refugees. Journal of Documentation, 69(1), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220411311295351
  • Kollender, E., & Nimer, M. (2020). Long-temr Exclusionary Effects of COVID-19 forRefugee Chidren in the German and Turkish Education Systems: A Comparative Perspective. Retrieved from https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/Content/Images/CKeditorImages/20200708-02075629.pdf
  • Kosciejew, M. (2019). Information’s importance for refugees: Information technologies, public libraries, and the current refugee crisis. Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, 89(2), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1086/702193
  • Kurt, G., Ilkkursun, Z., Javanbakht, A., Uygun, E., Karaoglan-Kahilogullari, A., & Acarturk, C. (2021). The psychological impacts of COVID-19 related stressors on Syrian refugees in Turkey: The role of resource loss, discrimination, and social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 85, 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.09.009
  • Lloyd, A. (2014). Building Information Resilience: How do Resettling Refugees Connect with Health Information in Regional Landscapes - Implications for Health Literacy. Australian Academic and Research Libraries, Vol. 45, pp. 48–66. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048623.2014.884916
  • Lloyd, A., & Wilkinson, J. (2016). Knowing and learning in everyday spaces (KALiEds): Mapping the information landscape of refugee youth learning in everyday spaces. Journal of Information Science, 42(3), 300–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551515621845
  • Martuscelli, P. N. (2021). How Are Forcibly Displaced People Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak ? Evidence From Brazil. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642211000402
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  • Primdahl, N. L., Borsch, A. S., Verelst, A., Jervelund, S. S., Derluyn, I., & Skovdal, M. (2021). ‘It’s difficult to help when I am not sitting next to them’: How COVID-19 school closures interrupted teachers’ care for newly arrived migrant and refugee learners in Denmark. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 16(1), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2020.1829228
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COVID-19 Pandemisinde Bilgi Kırılganlığı: Türkiye’deki Suriyeli Mülteciler

Year 2022, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 369 - 383, 08.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1110721

Abstract

Koronavirüs (COVID-19) pandemisine devletlerin hazırlıksız bir şekilde yakalandığını söylemek mümkündür. Bu yüzden pandemi sürecine dair doğru ve gerekli bilgilerin kamuoyuyla paylaşılmasında aksaklıklar yaşanmıştır. Mülteciler, toplumdan tecrit edilmişlik ve dil farklılığı gibi bariyerler nedeniyle bu aksaklıkların yarattığı olumsuzluğa daha fazla maruz kalabilmektedir. Buna istinaden mültecilerin olumsuz yaşam şartları, sosyal hizmetlere ve doğru bilgiye erişimde yaşadığı zorluklar dikkate alındığında onların COVID-19 pandemisinde savunmasız ve kırılgan bir grup olduğunu söylemek yerinde olacaktır. Bu çalışmamızda Suriye iç savaşı sırasında Türkiye’ye sığınan Suriyelilerin bilgiye erişimi ele alınmaktadır. Özgün çevrimiçi anket verisi ve pandemi sürecinde kamuoyunu bilgilendiren ilgili kurumların arşivleri ışığında Suriyelilerin bilgi kırılganlığı ve bilgi kaynakları incelenmiştir. Ev sahibi topluluğun ve Suriyeli mültecilerin bilgiye erişiminin karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alındığı bu çalışmamızda Suriyeli mültecilerin COVID-19 önlemleri ve idari tedbirler konusunda ev sahibi topluma göre daha az bilgili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca idari tedbirler konusunda Suriyelilerin bilgi seviyesinin kurumsal duyuruların takibiyle arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Son olarak, vatandaşlık statüsündeki Suriyelilerin geçici koruma statüsündeki Suriyelilere kıyasla idari tedbirler konusunda doğru bilgiler edinmesi daha olasıdır. Bundan hareketle resmi kurumların mültecilerin bilgi direncini oluşturmada oldukça önemli bir rol oynadığı ancak bu bilgilendirmelerin sistematik ve kapsamlı olmadığı tartışılmaktadır.

References

  • AFAD. (2017). Field Survey on Demographic View, Living Conditions and Future Expectations of Syrians in Turkey. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
  • Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166–191. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen016
  • Akcapar, S. K., & Simsek, D. (2018). The politics of syrian refugees in Turkey: A question of inclusion and exclusion through citizenship. Social Inclusion, 6(1), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i1.1323
  • Akpınar, T. (2017). Türkiye’ deki Suriyeli mülteci çocukların ve kadınların sosyal politika bağlamında yaşadıkları sorunlar. Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 03(03), 16–29.
  • Amnesty International. (2020). Global: Ignored by COVID-19 responses, refugees face starvation. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/05/refugees-and-migrants-being-forgotten-in-covid19-crisis-response/
  • Balcilar, M. (2016). Health Status Survey of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Non-communicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance among Syrian Refugees Living in Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311933188
  • BBC. (2020). Koronavirüs ne kadar dayanıklı, yüzeylerde ne kadar kalıyor? - BBC News Türkçe. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51943651
  • Budak, F., & Bostan, S. (2020). The Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Case of Kilis. Social Work in Public Health, 35(7, SI), 579–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2020.1806984
  • Dekker, R., Engbersen, G., Klaver, J., & Vonk, H. (2018). Smart Refugees: How Syrian Asylum Migrants Use Social Media Information in Migration Decision-Making. Social Media and Society, 4(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118764439
  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2018). Suriyeliler Barometresi: Suriyelilerle Uyum İçinde Yaşamın Çerçevesi (1st ed.). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2020). Suriyeliler Barometresi 2019: Suriyelilerle Uyum İçinde Yaşamın Çerçevesi. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi.
  • Executive Order. Mültecilerin Hukukî Durumuna dair Protokol. , Pub. L. No. 6/10266 (1968).
  • Falkenhain, M., Flick, U., Hirseland, A., Naji, S., & Verlage, T. (2021). Setback in labour market integration due to the Covid-19 crisis ? An explorative insight on forced migrants ’ vulnerability in Germany. European Societies, 448–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1828976
  • Fouad, F. M., Mccall, S. J., Ayoub, H., Abu-raddad, L. J., & Mumtaz, G. R. (2021). Vulnerability of Syrian refugees in Lebanon to COVID-19 : quantitative insights. 1–6.
  • Güneş Aslan, G., & Güngör, F. (2019). Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Türkiye’ye Göç Sonrası Yaşadığı Sorunlar: İstanbul Örneği. Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(18), 1602–1632. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.558512
  • Gürsoy, E., & Ertaşoğlu, L. D. (2019). Syrian refugees’ perception of barriers and bridges towards integration into Turkish society. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 32(2), 128–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2018.1542000
  • İçduygu, A. (2017). Türkiye’deki Suriyeli sığınmacılar: “Siyasallaşan” bir sürecin analizi. Toplum ve Bilim, (140), 27–41.
  • Içduygu, A., & Nimer, M. (2020). The politics of return: exploring the future of Syrian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 41(3), 415–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1675503
  • İçduygu, A., & Şimşek, D. (2016). Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Towards Integration Policies. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 15(3), 59–69.
  • Ilgit, A., & Memisoglu, F. (2017). Contesting Refugees in Turkey: Political Parties and the Syrian Refugees. In D. E. Utku, K. O. Unutulmaz, & İ. Sirkeci (Eds.), Turkey’s Syrians: Today and Tomorrow (pp. 81–99). London: Transnational Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2016.1189479
  • Incetahtacı, N. (2020). Gaziantep’teki Suriyeli Ailelerin Baş Etme Stratejileri. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(2), 499–525. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.688357
  • Júnior, J. G., de Sales, J. P., Moreira, M. M., Pinheiro, W. R., Lima, C. K. T., & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). A crisis within the crisis: The mental health situation of refugees in the world during the 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 288(April), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113000
  • Kananian, S., Al, S., & Ulrich, S. (2021). Perceived Vulnerability to Disease , Knowledge and Preventive Behavior Related to COVID ‑ 19 in Farsi and Arabic Speaking Refugees. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, (0123456789), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-021-01322-4
  • Karasu, M. A. (2019). Suç Korkusu , Göç ve Suriyeli Sığınmacılar : Şanlıurfa Örneği. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 1(3), 332–347.
  • Kennan, M. A., Lloyd, A., Thompson, K. M., & Qayyum, A. (2013). Connecting with new information landscapes: Information literacy practices of refugees. Journal of Documentation, 69(1), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220411311295351
  • Kollender, E., & Nimer, M. (2020). Long-temr Exclusionary Effects of COVID-19 forRefugee Chidren in the German and Turkish Education Systems: A Comparative Perspective. Retrieved from https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/Content/Images/CKeditorImages/20200708-02075629.pdf
  • Kosciejew, M. (2019). Information’s importance for refugees: Information technologies, public libraries, and the current refugee crisis. Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, 89(2), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1086/702193
  • Kurt, G., Ilkkursun, Z., Javanbakht, A., Uygun, E., Karaoglan-Kahilogullari, A., & Acarturk, C. (2021). The psychological impacts of COVID-19 related stressors on Syrian refugees in Turkey: The role of resource loss, discrimination, and social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 85, 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.09.009
  • Lloyd, A. (2014). Building Information Resilience: How do Resettling Refugees Connect with Health Information in Regional Landscapes - Implications for Health Literacy. Australian Academic and Research Libraries, Vol. 45, pp. 48–66. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048623.2014.884916
  • Lloyd, A., & Wilkinson, J. (2016). Knowing and learning in everyday spaces (KALiEds): Mapping the information landscape of refugee youth learning in everyday spaces. Journal of Information Science, 42(3), 300–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551515621845
  • Martuscelli, P. N. (2021). How Are Forcibly Displaced People Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak ? Evidence From Brazil. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642211000402
  • MEMO. (2020). Turkey policeman arrested for killing Syria teen. Retrieved December 13, 2020, from https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200430-turkey-policeman-arrested-for-killing-syria-teen/
  • Miconi, A. (2020). News from the Levant: A Qualitative Research on the Role of Social Media in Syrian Diaspora. Social Media + Society, 6(1), 205630511990033. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119900337
  • MoH. (2020). Koronavirüs Riskine Karşı 14 Kural. Retrieved July 25, 2020, from https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/afisler/Halk/COVID-19_14_KURAL_AFIS_50X70.pdf
  • MoI. (2020a). 15 İlde 15.05.2020 24.00 ile 19.05.2020 24.00 Saatleri Arasında Uygulanacak Sokağa Çıkma Kısıtlaması. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/15-ilde-15052020-2400-ile-19052020-2400-saatleri-arasinda-uygulanacak-sokaga-cikma-kisitlamasi
  • MoI. (2020b). Koronavirüs ile Mücadelede Ramazan Ayı Tedbirleri Genelgesi. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/koronavirus-ile-mucadelede-ramazan-ayi-tedbirleri-genelgesi
  • Pelek, D. (2019). Syrian Refugees as Seasonal Migrant Workers: Re-Construction of Unequal Power Relations in Turkish Agriculture. Journal of Refugee Studies, 32(4), 605–629. https://doi.org/10.1093/JRS
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There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Burak Ağalday 0000-0001-6411-593X

Mehmet İhsan Özdemir 0000-0003-0754-5401

Publication Date November 8, 2022
Submission Date April 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 31 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ağalday, B., & Özdemir, M. İ. (2022). Information Vulnerability Amid The COVID-19 Pandemic: Syrian Refugees In Turkey. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 31(2), 369-383. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1110721