Ulus-ötesi Ağlar ve Üye Kentler Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye

Year 2024, Volume: 33 Issue: 1, 87 - 109, 19.04.2024

Suna Ersavaş Kavanoz , Nisa Erdem

https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2024.33.1326477

Abstract

Ulus ötesi belediye ağları, iş birliğini kolaylaştıran politika aktörleri olarak uluslararası ilişkilerde yerini almıştır. Küreselleşme ve yerelleşme politikalarına eşlik eden gelişmeler ile birlikte kentlerin küresel siyaset alanında etkinliklerini artırması, bu ağların kentler arası iş birliğini tanımlayan bir yapı olarak önemini artırmıştır. Bu çalışma, ulus ötesi ağları kentlerin bakış açısıyla değerlendirmeyi ve üye kentlerin özellikleri ile bu ağlara katılımları arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bunu başarmak için, Türkiye’de kentlerin (belediyelerin/ kent yönetimlerinin) üye olduğu ulus ötesi ağların amaçları, işlevleri ve üyelikleri; söz konusu üye kentlerin nüfus yönünden büyüklükleri, gelişmişlik düzeyleri ve kurumsal yapıları içerik analizi yoluyla kodlanmış ve kodlama sonucunda yeni bir veri seti oluşturulmuştur. Bu veri seti, belediyelerin kurumsal yapılarının, kentsel gelişme düzeylerinin ve nüfus büyüklüklerinin ulus ötesi ağ üyeliği için önemli belirleyiciler olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ek olarak, çalışma üyelik yapıları ile ulus ötesi ağların işlevleri arasındaki bağlantıyı açıklamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, kentsel politika araştırmaları için önemli çıkarımlar sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Ulus ötesi ağlar, Türk Belediyeleri, Kentler, Diplomasi, Türkiye

The Relationship Between Transnational Networks and Its Member Cities: Turkey

Abstract

Transnational Municipal Networks have taken their place in international relations as policy actors that facilitate cooperation. The fact that cities increase their effectiveness in the field of global politics with the developments accompanying globalization and localization policies has increased the importance of these networks as a structure describing inter-city cooperation. This study aims to evaluate transnational networks from the cities’ perspective and provide an explanation of the relationship between the characteristics of member cities and their participation in these networks. To achieve this, we create a new data set by content coding the transnational networks involving Turkish municipalities in terms of their purposes, functions, and memberships, as well as the member municipalities in terms of their population size, level of development, and institutional unit condition. This data set reveals that the institutional structure of municipalities, the level of urban development, and population are significant determinants of transnational network membership. Additionally, the study describes the link between membership structures and the functions of transnational networks. Our findings have significant implications for urban politics research.

Keywords

Transnational networks, Turkish Municipalities, Cities, Diplomacy, Turkey

References

• Abdullah H., & Garcia-Chueca E. (2010). Cacophony or complementarity? The expanding ecosystem of city networks under scrutiny. S. Amiri and E. Sevin (Eds), City Diplomacy: Current Trends and Future Prospects, Palgrave: Switzerland, 37-58. google scholar
• Acuto M., & LeffeL B (2021). Understanding the Global Ecosystem of City Networks. Urban Studies, 58(9), 1758-1774, https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020929261. google scholar
• Acuto, M. (2013). Global cities: Governance and diplomacy: The Urban Link. London: Routledge. google scholar
• Acuto, M. (2016). Give Cities a Seat at the top table. Nature, 537(7622), 611-613. google scholar
• Acuto, M., Morissette M., & Agis, T (2017). City diplomacy: Towards more strategic networking? Learning with WHO Healthy Cities. Global Policy, 8(1), 14-22. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/1758-5899.12382. google scholar
• Akman, C. (2017). Affiliation of local goverments in turkey to the international organisations: an analysis. Suleyman Demirel University The Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 22(2), 485-510. google scholar
• Andonova L, B., Betsill, M., & Bulkeley H (2009). Transnational climate governance. Global Environmental Politics, 9 (2), 52-73. google scholar
• Babaoolu, C. (2016). Lobbying and participation in public administration. Türk İdare Dergisi, (483), 299-314. google scholar
• Betsill M.M., & Bulkeley, H. (2004). Transnational networks and global environmental governance: The cities for climate protection program. International studies quarterly, 48(2), 471-493. google scholar
• Bouteligier, S. (2013). Inequality in new global governance arrangements: The north-south divide in transnational municipal networks. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 26(3), 251-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2013.771890. google scholar
• Buis, H. (2009). The role of local government associations in increasing the effectiveness of city-to-city cooperation. Habitat International, 33(2), 190-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.10.017. google scholar
• Bulkeley, H. (2005). Reconfiguring environmental governance: Towards a politics of scales and networks. Political Geography, 24(8), 875-902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2005.07.002. google scholar
• Bulkeley. H. (2005). Reconfiguring environmental governance: Towards a politics of scales and networks. Political Geography, 24, 875-902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2005.07.002. google scholar
• Busch, H. Bendlin L. & Fenton P. (2018). Shaping local response - The influence of transnational municipal climate networks on urban climate governance”, Urban Climate, 24, 221-230. google scholar
• Butun Bayindir, G. D. (2021). How do transnational municipal networks affect climate policymaking? A qualitative study in Turkey. Journal of Urban Affair, 43(8), 1081-1099. google scholar
• Caponio, T. (2018). Immigrant integration beyond national policies? Italian cities’ participation in European city networks. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(12), 2053-2069. google scholar
• Chan, D. K. (2016). City diplomacy and “glocal” governance: revitalizing cosmopolitan democracy. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 29(2), 134-160. google scholar
• Curtis, S., & Acuto, M. (2018). The foreign policy of cities. The RUSI Journal, 163:6, 8-17, https://doi.org/10. 1080/03071847.2018.1562014. google scholar
• Dedeoglu, B. (1998). Uluslararası örgütlerin farklı sınıflandırma biçimleri. Istanbul Universitesi Iktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 49, 15-30. google scholar
• Dietrichsen, P., & Niekerk, G.V. (n. d.). City diplomacy in a changing world of international relations. City Diplomacy Papers , 1, South African: Cities Network. google scholar
• Dougless, M. (2002). From global intercity competition to cooperation for livable cities and economic resilience in Pacific Asia. Environment & Urbanization, 14(4), 53-68. google scholar
• Erdem N., & Ersavaş Kavanoz, S. (2021). A study on the development of local diplomatic management in Turkey. Kent ve Çevre Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 28-49. google scholar
• Erdem N., & Ersavaş Kavanoz, S. (2021). Türkiye’de “yerel diplomasi yönetimi” ne dair bir araştırma. Kent ve Çevre Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 28-49. google scholar
• Feldman, D.L. (2012). The future of environmental networks - governance and civil society in a global context. Futures, 44(9), 787-796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2012.07.007. google scholar
• Fontana, F. (2017). City networking in urban strategic planning. City Networks, Springer, Cham, 17-38. google scholar
• Fünfgeld, H. (2015). Facilitating local climate change adaptation through transnational municipal networks. Curr Opin Environ Sustainability, 12, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.10.011. google scholar
• Gordon, D.J. (2013). Between local innovation and global impact: Cities, networks, and the governance of climate change. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 19(3), 288-307, https://doi.org/ 10.1080/11926422.2013.844186. google scholar
• Grandi, L.K. (2020). City diplomacy, M. Acuto and E. Rapoport (Eds), Cities and The Global Politics of The Environment, Joana Setzer, Palgrave: Switzerland. google scholar
• Gronnestad S., & Nielsen A.B. (2021). Institutionalising City Networking: Discursive and Rational Choice Institutional Perspectives on Membership of Transnational Municipal Networks. Urban Studies, 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211061450. google scholar
• Guler, B.A. (2003), Kent yönetimi modeli olarak belediye sistemi. BAG, http://80.251.40.59-politics.ankara. edu.tr-bguler-pdf-yy-belediye.pdf, Date of Access: (15.08.2021). google scholar
• Head, B.W. (2008). Wicked problems in public policy. Public policy, 3(2), 101-118. google scholar
• Head, B.W., &Alford, J. (2015). Wicked problems: Implications for public policy and management. Administration & Society, 47(6), 711-739. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0095399713481601 google scholar
• http://www.yereldiplomasi.gov.tr/, Date of Access: (15.08.2021). google scholar
• Huxham, C., Vangen, S., Huxham, C., & Eden, C. (2000). The challenge of collaborative governance. Public Management an International Journal of Research and Theory, 2(3), 337-358. https:doi.org/ 10.1080/14719030000000021. google scholar
• James, P., & Verrest, H. (2015). Beyond the network effect: Towards an alternative understanding of global urban organizations, geographies of urban governance, Cham (Switzerland): Springer. google scholar
• Kem, K., & Bulkeley, H. (2009). Cities, Europeanization and multi-level governance: governing climate change through transnational municipal networks. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 47(2), 309-332. google scholar
• Klaus, I. (2020). The state of city diplomacy. Urbanisation, 7(1), 61-66, https://doi.org/ 10.1177/2455747120913186. google scholar
• Koppenjan, J., & Klijn, E.H. (2004). Managing uncertanities in networks: Public private controversies, Routledge: London. google scholar
• Lecavalier, E., & Gordon, D.J. (2020). Beyond networking? The agency of city network secretariats in the realm of city diplomacy. S. Amiri and E. Sevin (Eds), City Diplomacy: Current Trends and Future Prospects, Palgrave: Switzerland, 13-36. google scholar
• Lemos, M.C., & Agrawal, A. (2006). Environmental governance. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour, 31, 297-325. https://doi.org/ 10.1146/ 31.042605.135621. google scholar
• Loftis, M.W., & Kettler, J.J. (2015). Lobbying from inside the system: Why local governments pay for representation in the US Congress. Political Research Quarterly, 68(1), 193-206. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1065912914563764. google scholar
• Manfredi-Sanchez, J.L. (2021). The political economy of city diplomacy. Economic andPolitical Studies, 1-22, https://doi.org/ 10.1080/20954816.2021.1899622. google scholar
• Medcities, http://www.medcities.org/en/presentation, Date of Access: (15.08.2021). google scholar
• Milani, C.R.S., Ribeiro, M., & Clotilde, M. (2011). International relations and the paradiplomacy of Brazilian Cities: Crafting the concept of local international management. BAR, Curitiba, 8(1), 21-36. https://doi. org/10.1590/S1807-76922011000100003. google scholar
• Mocca, E. (2017). City networks for sustainability in Europe: An urban-level analysis. Journal of Urban Affairs, 39(5): 691-710. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2017.1282769. google scholar
• Mocca. E. (2019). The ubiquity of the level: The multi-level governance approach to the analysis of transnational municipal networks. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 15(3), 269-283, https:// doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v15i3.960. google scholar
• Muraoka. T., & Avellaneda, C.N. (2021). Do the networks of intermunicipal cooperation enhance local government performance?. Local Government Studies, 47(4), 616-636, http://doi.org/10.1080/03003930. 2020.1869545. google scholar
• Niederhafner, S. (2013). Comparing functions of transnational city networks in Europe and Asia. Asia Eur J., 11, 377-396, http://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-013-0365-3. google scholar
• Oppowa, S. (2015). Governance, functions, and traits of european transnational municipal networks - an evaluation by means of German member cities” Master thesis in Sustainable Development 248i Uppsala University. google scholar
• Pierre, J. (2019). Multilevel governance as a strategy to build capacity in cities: Evidence from Sweden. Journal of Urban Affairs, 41(1), 103-116. google scholar
• Rashidi, K., & Patt, A. (2018). Subsistence over symbolism: The role of transnational municipal networks on cities’ climate policy innovation and adoption. Mitigation Adapt Strategies Global Change, 23(4), 507-523. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11027-017-9747. google scholar
• Smeds, E., & Acuto, M, (2018). Networking cities after Paris: Weighing the ambition of urban climate change experimentation. Global Policy, 9(4), 549-559. https:// doi.org/ 10.1111/1758-5899.12587. google scholar
• Surmacz, B. (2018). City diplomacy. Barometr Regionalny, 16(1), 7-18. google scholar
• Swiney, C. (2020). The Urbanization of international law and international relations: The rising soft power of cities in global governance. MICH. J. INT’L L., 41, 227-278. https://doi.org/10.36642/mjil.41.2. google scholar
• Taylor, P.J. (2011). On City Cooperationand city competition, B. Derudde, M. Hoyler, P. J. Taylor and F. Witlox (Eds), International Handbook of Globalizationand World Cities Edward Elgar Publishing. google scholar
• Toly, N.J. (2008). Transnational municipal networks in climate politics: Form global governance to global politics. Globalization, 5(3), 341-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747730802252479. google scholar
• Van der Plujim R., & Melissen, J. (2007). City diplomacy: The expanding role of cities in international relations. The Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. http://www.clingendael.nl/ publications/2007/20070400_cdsp_paper_pluijm.pdf, Date of Access: (15.08.2021). google scholar
• Wang, J., & Amiri, S. (2019). Building a robust capacity framework for U.S. city diplomacy, USC Center on public diplomacy. https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/publication building-robust-capacity-framework-us-city-diplomacy, Date of Access: (15.08.2021). google scholar
• Weber, E.P., & Khademian A.M. (2008). Wicked problems, knowledge challenge sand collaborative capacity builders in network settings. Public Administration Review, 68(2), 334-349. google scholar
• Wolfgang H. & Alessandro C. (2019). Climate governance in transnational municipal networks: advancing a potential agenda for analysis and typology. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 11(2), 123-140. google scholar
• Wu, D.Y. (2020). City diplomacy, multilateral networks, and the role of Southeast Asia. Global Strategies, 14(1), 17-30. google scholar
• Wukich, C. (2014). Professional capital: Standards of performance that underlie interlocal cooperation. Public Administration Quarterly, 38(4), 573-604. google scholar