Medyada Metaforik Temsil: Göçmenler Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Cihan Çakır; Mihrali Köseliören

doi:10.54733/smar.1166676

EN TR

Metaphoric Representation in the Media: A Study on Immigrants

Abstract

Due to the civil war that started in 2011, the migration from Syria to Turkey continues to increase as of 2022. The increase in the number of migrants has intensified the discussions at the political and social base by 2022. This research includes a qualitative examination of how migrants were metaphorically represented in the news in the high-circulation newspapers Yeni Şafak and Cumhuriyet between 1 January 2022 and 31 August 2022. The main purpose is to analyze the migration issue through the metaphorical discourses in the media. In this sense, 6 metaphorical themes related to the subject were discovered by taking the previous studies as a guide, and 48 news stories were researched in accordance with these themes and discourses. In order to reach the news, the keywords "migrant", "refugee" and "asylum seeker" were searched in the internet archives of the newspapers. The news was analyzed by critical metaphor analysis used in critical discourse analysis. The findings suggest that the metaphors for immigrants used in the news are often negative and construct a meaning that glorifies the host country. The reports discussed position immigrants as a non-human commodity rather than a subject. Through their understanding of friend and enmity, it has been seen that a distinction is made between us and the other. As a result, refugees are interpreted as a danger to host countries.

Keywords

metaphor, media discourse, critical discourse analysis, immigrants, legitimization, metafor, medya söylem, eleştirel söylem analizi, göçmenler, meşrulaştırma

Medyada Metaforik Temsil: Göçmenler Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Abstract

2011 yılında başlayan iç savaş nedeniyle Suriye’den Türkiye’ye başlayan göç 2022 yılı itibariyle artarak devam etmektedir. Göçmen sayısının artışı 2022 yılı itibariyle siyasi ve toplumsal tabandaki tartışmaları yoğunlaştırmıştır. Bu araştırma, 1 Ocak 2022 – 31 Ağustos 2022 tarihleri arasında, yüksek tiraja sahip Yeni Şafak ve Cumhuriyet gazetelerindeki haberlerde göçmenlerin metaforik açıdan nasıl temsil edildiğine ilişkin nitel bir incelemeyi içermektedir. Temel amaç, göçmen meselesini medyada yer alan metaforik söylemler üzerinden analiz etmektir. Bu anlamda, önceki çalışmalar rehber alınarak konuyla ilgili 6 metaforik tema keşfedilmiş, bu tema ve söylemlere uygun olarak 48 haber araştırmaya konu edilmiştir. Haberlere ulaşmak için gazetelerin internet arşivlerinde “göçmen”, “mülteci”, “sığınmacı” anahtar kelimeleri aratılmıştır. Haberler, eleştirel söylem analizi içerisinde kullanılan eleştirel metafor analizi ile çözümlenmiştir. Bulgular, haberlerde kullanılan göçmenlere ilişkin metaforların genellikle olumsuz olduğunu ve ev sahibi ülkeyi yücelten bir anlam inşa ettiğini göstermektedir. Ele alınan haberler göçmenleri özne olmaktan ziyade insan dışı bir meta olarak konumlandırmaktadır. Dost ve düşmanlık anlayışları üzerinden, biz öteki ayrımı yapıldığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, mülteciler ev sahibi ülkeler için bir tehlike olarak yorumlanmaktadır.

Keywords

metafor, medya söylem, eleştirel söylem analizi, göçmenler, meşrulaştırma

References

Abid, R. Z., Manan, S. A., & Rahman, Z. A. A. A. (2017). “A flood of Syrians has slowed to a trickle”: The use of metaphors in the representation of Syrian refugees in the online media news reports of host and non-host countries. Discourse & Communication, 11(2), 121–140.
Ana, O. S. (1999). ‘Like an animal I was treated’. Anti-immigrant metaphor in US public discourse. Discourse & Society, 10(2), 191–224.
Anık, C. (2014). İletişim sosyolojisi: Kuramsal temeller. Derin Yayınları.
Arcimaviciene, L., & Bağlama, S. H. (2018). Migration, metaphor and myth in media representations: The ideological dichotomy of “them” and “us”. Sage Open, 8(2), 1-13.
Baider, F., & Kopytowska, M. (2017). Conceptualising the other: Online discourses on the current refugee crisis in Cyprus and in Poland. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 13(2), 203-233.
Banda, F. (2015). Foreigners are stealing our birth right. Moral panics and the discursive construction of Zimbabwean immigrants in South African media. Discourse & Communication, 9(1), 47–64.
Banegas, D. L. (2017). Teaching linguistics to low-level English language users in a teacher education programme an action research study. The Language Learning Journal, 48(2), 1–14.
Bates, D. (2022). “The jobs all go to foreigners”: A critical discourse analysis of the labour party's ‘left-wing’ case for immigration controls. Critical Discourse Studies, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2022.2041451
Bhatia, A. (2015). Discursive illusions in public discourse: Theory and practice. Routledge.
Bhatia, A., & Jenks, C. J. (2018). Fabricating the American Dream in US media portrayals of Syrian refugees: A discourse analytical study. Discourse & Communication, 12(3), 221-239.

Burke, R. (2002). Invitation or invasion? The'family home'metaphor in the Australian media's construction of immigration. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 23(1), 59-72.
Candea, M. (2012). Derrida en corse? Hospitality as scale‐free abstraction. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 18, 34-48.
Cap, P. (2018). ‘We don’t want any immigrants or terrorists here’: The linguistic manufacturing of xenophobia in the post-2015 Poland. Discourse & Society, 29(4), 380-398.
Castles, S., Miller, M. J., & Ammendola, G. (2005). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world. The Guilford Press.
Charteris-Black, J. (2004). Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis. Palgrave Macmillan.
Charteris-Black, J. (2006). Britain as a container: Immigration metaphors in the 2005 election campaign. Discourse & Society, 17(5), 563-581.
Chilton, P., & Lakoff, G. (1995). Foreign policy by metaphor. In C. Schaffner, & A. Wenden (Eds.), Language and peace (pp. 37-60). Ashgate Publishing.
Couldry, N., & Hepp, A. (2017). The mediated construction of reality. Polity Press.
Derrida, J., & Dufourmantelle, A. (2008). Of hospitality. Stanford University Press.
Dervin, F., & Layne, H. (2013). A guide to interculturality for international and exchange students. An example of hostipitality. Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 8(1), 1-19.
Don, Z. M., & Lee, C. (2014). Representing immigrants as illegals, threats and victims in Malaysia. Elite voices in the media. Discourse & Society, 25(6), 687–705.
Dun, O. V., & Gemenne, F. (2008). Defining'environmental migration'. Forced Migration Review, 31(October), 10-11.
Eberl, J. M., Meltzer, C. E., Heidenreich, T., Herrero, B., Theorin, N., Lind, F., & Strömback, J. (2018). The European media discourse on immigration and its effects: A literature review. Annals of the International Communication Association, 42(3), 207-223.
Efe, İ. (2018). A corpus-driven analysis of representations of Syrian asylum seekers in the Turkish press 2011–2016. Discourse & Communication, 13(1), 1-20.
El Refaie, E. (2001). Metaphors we discriminate by: Naturalized themes in Austrian newspaper articles about asylum seekers. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5(3), 352-371.
Fernando, İ. N. (2019). Current approaches to metaphor analysis in discourse. De Gruyter Mouton.
Frontieres, M. S. (1997). Refugee health. An approach to emergency situations. Macmillan.
Gabrielatos, C., & Baker, P. (2008). Fleeing, sneaking, flooding: A corpus analysis of discursive constructions of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press, 1996-2005. Journal of English Linguistics, 36(1), 5-38.
Gibbs, R. W. (2011). Multiple constraints in theories of metaphor. Discourse Processes, 48(8), 575-584.
Goatly, A. (2007). Washing the brain. Metaphor and hidden ideology. John Benjamins.
Guarnizo, L. E. Portes, A., & Haller, W. (2003). Assimilation and transnationalism: Determinants of transnational political action among contemporary migrants. American Journal of Sociology, 108(6), 1211-1248.
Gullestad, M. (2002). Invisible fences: Egalitarianism, nationalism and racism. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 8(1), 45-63.
Hagerstrand, T. (1969). On the definition of migration. Finnish Yearbook of Population Research, 11, 63-72.
Hart, C. (2017). ‘Riots engulfed the city’: An experimental study investigating the legitimating effects of fire metaphors in discourses of disorder. Discourse & Society, 29(3), 279-298.
Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252-264.
Hatoss, A. (2012). Where are you from? Identity construction and experiences of “othering” in the narratives of Sudanese refugee-background Australians. Discourse & Society, 23(1), 47-68.
Hoops, J. F. (2020). Intersections of hospitality and race in integration discourse. Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 15(1), 1–17.
Jenkins, S. (2012). Ethnicity, violence, and the immigrant-guest metaphor in Kenya. African affairs, 111(445), 576-596.
Johnson, M. (2010). Metaphor and Cognition. In D. Schmicking, & S. Gallagher (Eds.), Handbook of phenomenology and cognitive science (pp. 401-414). Springer.
Julios-Costa, M. (2017). The age of crime. Discourse & Communication, 11(4), 362-385.
Kelley, J., & McAllister, I. (1984). Immigrants, socio-economic attainment, and politics in Australia. The British Journal of Sociology, 35(3),387-405.
King, R. (2020). On migration, geography, and epistemic communities. Comparative Migration Studies, 8(1),1-10.
Kok, P. (1999). The definition of migration and its application: Making sense of recent South African census and survey data. Southern African Journal of Demography, 7(1), 19-30.
Koller, V. (2004). Metaphor and gender in business media discourse: A critical cognitive study. Palgrave Macmillan.
Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor. Oxford University Press.
Krennmayr, T., Bowdle, B. F., Mulder, G., & Steen, G. J. (2014). Economic competition is like auto racing: Building metaphorical schemas when reading text. Metaphor and the Social World, 4(1), 65-89.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
Lassen, I. (2018). Resisting dehumanization. citizen voices and acts of solidarity. Critical Discourse Studies, 15(5), 1-17.
Lawless, K. (2014). Constructing the “other”: Construction of Russian identity in the discourse of James Bond films. Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 9(2), 79-97.
Lee, E. S. (1966). A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57.
Lueck, K., Due, C., & Augoustinos, M. (2015). Neoliberalism and nationalism. Representations of asylum seekers in the Australian mainstream news media. Discourse & Society, 26(5), 608-629.
Malkki, L. H. (1995). Refugees and exile: From "refugee studies" to the national order of things. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24(1), 495-523.
Martin, C. A., & Fozdar, F. (2022). The master’s tools: Media repurposing of exclusionary metaphors to challenge racist constructions of migrants. Discourse & Society, 33(1), 56-73.
Mayr, A. (2008). Language and power: An introduction to institutional discourse. Continuum.
Murray, M. J. (2003). Alien strangers in our midst. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 37(2-3),440-466.
Musolff, A. (2016). Political metaphor analysis. Bloosbury Academic.
Park, R. E. (1914). Racial assimilation in secondary groups with particular reference to the Negro. American Journal of Sociology, 19(59), 606-623.
Parker, S. (2018). ‘Just eating and sleeping’. Asylum seekers’ constructions of belonging within a restrictive policy environment. Critical Discourse Studies, 17(1), 1-17.
Petersen, W. (1958). A general typology of migration. American Sociological Review, 23(3), 256-266.
Petersson, B., & Kainz, L. (2017). Migration in the media: Metaphors in Swedish and German news coverage. In Nordeuropa-Forum, 19, 38-65.
Pugh, M. (2004). Drowning not waving: Boat people and humanitarianism at sea. Journal of Refugee studies, 17(1), 50-69.
Salahshour, N. (2016). Liquid metaphors as positive evaluations: A corpus-assisted discourse analysis of the representation of migrants in a daily New Zealand newspaper. Discourse, Context & Media, 13, 73-81.
Schiller, N. G. (2009). A global perspective on transnational migration: Theorizing migration without methodological nationalism. Centre on Migration, Policy and Society. University of Oxford.
Schmid, G. (1992). The development of migration policies and their contradictions. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 5(2), 41-50. Shacknove, A. E. (2017). Who is a refugee?. Routledge.
Soncu, A., & Ünal, C. (2018). Toulmin’in argümantasyon modeli ve siyasal argümantasyon analizi. K. G. Yiğitbaşı, & A. G. Soncu (Eds.), Siyasal dilin satır arası içinde (ss. 213-248). Çizgi Kitabevi.
Sredanovic, D. (2017). Transnationalizing cultural pluralism. The case of migrants from Ukraine and Lebanon in Italy. Critical Discourse Studies, 14(3), 292-308.
Steimel, S. (2010) Refugees as people: The portrayal of refugees in American human interest stories. Journal of Refugee Studies 23(2), 219-237.
Strom, M., & Alcock, E. (2017). Floods, waves, and surges. the representation of Latin immigrant children in the United States mainstream media. Critical Discourse Studies, 14(4), 440-457.
Şengül, K. (2021). “It”s OK to be white’: The discursive construction of victimhood, “anti-white racism” and calculated ambivalence in Australia. Critical Discourse Studies, 19(6), 1-17.
Taylor, C. (2021). Metaphors of migration over time. Discourse & Society, 32(4), 463-481.
Udeoğlu, B. (2015). Basının kamuoyu oluşturma görevi: 2014 cumhurbaşkanlığı seçim kampanyası dönemi, Yeni Şafak ve Sözcü gazetesi örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 3(2), 346-345.
Ünal, C. (2022). Toplumun medyatik inşası ve göç. Nobel Yayınevi.
van Dijk, T. A. (2006). Ideology and discourse analysis. Journal of Political Ideologies, 11, 115-140.
Wimmer, A., & Glick Schiller, N. (2003). Methodological nationalism, the social sciences, and the state of migration: An essay in historical epistemeology. International Migration Review, 37(3), 576-610.
Wodak, R. (2001). The discourse-historical approach. In Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse analysis (pp.63-94). Sage.
Yang, X., Cole, J., & Reitter, D. (2018). Not that much power. Linguistic alignment is influenced more by low-level linguistic features rather than social power. Proceedıngs Of The 56th Annual Meetıng Of The Assocıatıon For Computatıonal Lınguıstıcs (Acl), 1, 601-610.

Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Communication and Media Studies, Regional Studies

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Cihan Çakır ^*
0000-0002-4100-365X
Türkiye

Mihrali Köseliören
0000-0001-7796-5634
Türkiye

Publication Date

December 30, 2022

Submission Date

August 25, 2022

Acceptance Date

December 14, 2022

Published in Issue

Year 2022 Volume: 3 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1166676

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA23LG79FX

APA

Çakır, C., & Köseliören, M. (2022). Medyada Metaforik Temsil: Göçmenler Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 3(2), 237-262. https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1166676

AMA

1.Çakır C, Köseliören M. Medyada Metaforik Temsil: Göçmenler Üzerine Bir Çalışma. SMAR. 2022;3(2):237-262. doi:10.54733/smar.1166676

Chicago

Çakır, Cihan, and Mihrali Köseliören. 2022. “Medyada Metaforik Temsil: Göçmenler Üzerine Bir Çalışma”. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review 3 (2): 237-62. https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1166676.

EndNote

Çakır C, Köseliören M (December 1, 2022) Medyada Metaforik Temsil: Göçmenler Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review 3 2 237–262.

IEEE

[1]C. Çakır and M. Köseliören, “Medyada Metaforik Temsil: Göçmenler Üzerine Bir Çalışma”, SMAR, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 237–262, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.54733/smar.1166676.

ISNAD

Çakır, Cihan - Köseliören, Mihrali. “Medyada Metaforik Temsil: Göçmenler Üzerine Bir Çalışma”. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review 3/2 (December 1, 2022): 237-262. https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1166676.

JAMA

1.Çakır C, Köseliören M. Medyada Metaforik Temsil: Göçmenler Üzerine Bir Çalışma. SMAR. 2022;3:237–262.

MLA

Çakır, Cihan, and Mihrali Köseliören. “Medyada Metaforik Temsil: Göçmenler Üzerine Bir Çalışma”. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, vol. 3, no. 2, Dec. 2022, pp. 237-62, doi:10.54733/smar.1166676.

Vancouver

1.Cihan Çakır, Mihrali Köseliören. Medyada Metaforik Temsil: Göçmenler Üzerine Bir Çalışma. SMAR. 2022 Dec. 1;3(2):237-62. doi:10.54733/smar.1166676

Cited By

ULUSLARARASI DÜZENSİZ GÖÇ YÖNETİMİ VE GRUPLAR ARASI TEMAS: YENİ GÜVENLİK ANLAYIŞI PERSPEKTİFİNDEN BİR İNCELEME

Hakkari Review

https://doi.org/10.31457/hr.1749854

THE SENTIMENTAL FRAME OF THE MEDIA: ANALYZING THE NEWS HEADLINES ABOUT IMMIGRANTS AND REFUGEES IN ONLINE NEWS SOURCES THROUGH SENTIMENT ANALYSIS AND TOPIC MODELING

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi

https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1751799

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.