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Plaj Kulüpleri ve Turist Bakışı: Sosyal Ayrımların İnşası Üzerine Eleştirel Bir İnceleme

Year 2024, , 223 - 244, 30.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1485144

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Çeşme turizm destinasyonunda görünürde kamusal alanlar olan plaj kulüplerinin sosyoekonomik erişilebilirliği, kapsayıcılığı ve dışlayıcı pratiklerine ilişkin artan endişeleri incelemektedir. Google haritalar çevrimiçi incelemelerinin tematik analizi, plaj kulüplerinin seçici kabul uygulamalarına ilişkin eleştirel içgörü sağlarken müşteri bakış açılarını etkileyen ve bu kulüplere yönelik yüksek talebi artıran faktörleri ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ayrıca, bulgular müşteri harcamaları ile olumlu giriş deneyimleri arasında bir ilişki olduğuna işaret etmiş; daha az harcama yapan misafirler memnuniyetsizlik ve tekrar ziyaret etme konusunda isteksizlik bildirmiştir. Temsiliyette çeşitlilik sağlamak için ağırlıklı ortalamadan uzaklıklarına dayanarak sekiz plaj kulübü incelenmiştir. Bulgular, yalnızca ayrıcalıklara sahip belirli kişilere açık olmaması gereken, daha kapsayıcı plajlar yaratma ihtiyacına yönelik çağrıyı ele almak üzere acil politik eylemde bulunmamız konusunda bizi kuvvetle teşvik etmektedir. Plaj kulüpleri örneğinde, belirli kıyafet kurallarına bağlılık ve sosyal statü ölçüsü olarak instagram takipçi sayısına yapılan vurgu, gösterişçi tüketimin ve sosyal hiyerarşilerin doxasını belirlemektedir. Söz konusu durum, ayrıcalıklı ve varlıklı kişilerin erişim olasılığının daha yüksek olduğu, diğerlerinin ise kendilerini dışlanmış veya marjinalleştirilmiş hissedebildiği bir sistemi meşrulaştırmakta ve yeniden üretmektedir. Kuramsal çerçeve olarak Pierre Bourdieu'nun sosyal teorisi ve John Urry'nin "turist bakışı" ile şekillenen bu makale, kamusal alan ve boş zaman ideallerini bozan sosyo-ekonomik engelleri ana hatlarıyla ortaya koymakta ve turistik destinasyonlarda ve lüks turizmde kapsayıcılığın yeniden değerlendirilmesine davet etmektedir.

References

  • Agbenyega, J. S., & Klibthong, S. (2015). Re-imagining inclusive research and practice: A focus on Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, capital, doxa and field. In Phyllis, J., & Scot, D. (Eds.), Foundations of Inclusive Education Research (International Perspectives on Inclusive Education, Vol. 6) (pp. 149-167). Emerald Group Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-363620150000006009
  • Ahmad, R. (2013). Working with pierre bourdieu in the tourism field making a case for ‘third world’ tourism. Cultural Studies, 27(4), 519-539. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2012.707222
  • Ahmad, R. (2021). Tourism and struggles for domination: local tourism communities and symbolic violence in kashmir. Tourist Studies, 22(1), 61-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687976211058755
  • Barrows, C., & Robinson, M. (2018). Introduction to clubs. In Clayton B., & Michael R., (Eds.), Club management: The management of private membership clubs (pp. 1-3). Goodfellow Publishers. https://doi.org/10.23912/9781911635062-3977
  • Bathmaker, A. (2015). Thinking with bourdieu: Thinking after bourdieu. Using ‘field’ to consider in/equalities in the changing field of English higher education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 45(1), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764x.2014.988683
  • Bourdieu, P. (1983). The field of cultural production, or: The economic world reversed. Poetics, 12(4-5), 311-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-422x(83)90012-8
  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction – A social critique of the judgement of taste. Harward University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social space and symbolic power. Sociological Theory, 7(1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.2307/202060
  • Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Stanford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1993). Sociology in question. Sage.
  • Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. University of Chicago Press.
  • Çakmak, E., Lie, R., & McCabe, S. (2018). Reframing informal tourism entrepreneurial practices: capital and field relations structuring the informal tourism economy of chiang mai. Annals of Tourism Research, 72, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.06.003
  • Calhoun, C. (2003). Pierre Bourdieu. In George R. (Ed.), The Blackwell companion to major contemporary social theorists (pp. 274-309). Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470999912.ch12
  • Collyer, F., Willis, K., Franklin, M., Harley, K., & Short, S. (2015). Healthcare choice: Bourdieu’s capital, habitus and field. Current Sociology, 63(5), 685-699. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392115590082
  • Desan, M. (2013). Bourdieu, Marx, and capital. Sociological Theory, 31(4), 318-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275113513265
  • Dorschel, R. (2020). A field theoretical discovery of the tourism industry. In Dominik P., & Christina V-B. (Eds.), Ökonomische und soziologische tourismustrends (pp. 29-44). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29640-7_2
  • Garner, R. (2016). Insecure positions, heteronomous autonomy and tourism-cultural capital: A Bourdieusian reading of tour guides on BBC worldwide’s doctor who experience walking tour. Tourist Studies, 17(4), 426-442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797616680851
  • Hollinshead, K. (1999). Surveillance of the worlds of tourism: Foucault and the eye-of-power. Tourism Management, 20(1), 7-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00090-9
  • IHA News. (2023). Çeşme, Türkiye’s popular holiday destination, surger with tourists during eid al-adha. https://iha.news/cesme-turkeys-popular-holiday-destination-sees-record-breaking-tourist-influx-during-eid-al-adha/ (Accessed Date: 17 March 2024).
  • IHA. (2024). Ünlü tatil merkezi Çeşme’de nüfus 1 milyona dayandı. https://www.iha.com.tr/izmir-haberleri/unlu-tatil-merkezi-cesmede-nufus-1-milyona-dayandi-73444185 (Accessed Date: 17 March 2024).
  • Karatas-Ozkan, M., Tunalioglu, R., Ibrahim, S., Ozeren, E., Grinevich, V., & Kimaro, J. (2024). Actioning sustainability through tourism entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurs as change agents navigating through the field of stakeholders. Central European Management Journal, 32(1), 31-56. https://doi.org/10.1108/CEMJ-12-2021-0159
  • Kendall, D. E. (2008). Members only: Elite clubs and the process of exclusion. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi. (2024). Tesis verileri. https://izmir.ktb.gov.tr/TR-77217/tesis-verileri.html (Accessed Date: 19 April 2024).
  • Lee, K., Scott, N., & Packer, J. (2014). Habitus and food lifestyle: In-destination activity participation of slow food members. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 207-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.06.009
  • Macbeth, J., Carson, D., & Northcote, J. (2004). Social capital, tourism and regional development: spcc as a basis for innovation and sustainability. Current Issues in Tourism, 7(6), 502-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/1368350050408668200
  • MacCannell, D. (2001). Tourist agency. Tourist Studies, 1(1), 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879760100100102
  • McGehee, N. G., Lee, S., O'Bannon, T., & Perdue, R. R. (2009). Tourism-related social capital and its relationship with other forms of capital: An exploratory study. Journal of Travel Research, 49(4), 486-500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509349271
  • Mishra, S., & Dey, A. K. (2022). Understanding and identifying ‘themes’ in qualitative case study research. South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases. 11(3), 187-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/22779779221134659
  • Murti, G., & Susanti, N. (2021). Understanding Bourdieu’s distinction: Social and literary contestation to gain legitimate position. Anaphora Journal of Language Literary and Cultural Studies, 4(1), 48-57. https://doi.org/10.30996/anaphora.v4i1.5268
  • Negacz, K. (2021). Distinction through ecotourism: Factors influencing sustainable consumer choices. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 21(5), 514-530. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2021.1978860
  • Nisari, M. A., & Türksoy, S. S. (2023). Local community’s perceptions of over tourism in Cesme. In Gulzar, I., & Merve, K. (Eds.), Proceedings of international euroasia congress on scientifıc researches and recent trends XII (pp. 1204-1213). IKSAD Publications.
  • Pirnar, I., Icoz, O., & Icoz, O. (2011). Affluent marketing and implications on hospitality: Case from Izmir. In Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Marketing and Management Conference Proceedings (pp. 19-24). Istanbul, Turkey: Washington State University & Bogazici University.
  • Power, E. M. (1999). An introduction to Pierre Bourdieu's key theoretical concepts. Journal for the Study of Food and Society, 3(1), 48-52. https://doi.org/10.2752/152897999786690753
  • Purwandani, I., & Pakan, S. (2022). Local habitus and temporal overtourism in yogyakarta. Consumer Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality, 17(4), 544-560. https://doi.org/10.1108/cbth-07-2021-0177
  • Rainis, M. (2000). French beach sports culture in the twentieth century. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 17(1), 144-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360008714118
  • Robbins, D. (2005). The origins, early development and status of Bourdieu's concept of 'cultural capital'. The British Journal of Sociology, 56(1), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1468-4446.2005.00044.X
  • Robinson, R. N. (2014). The tourist gaze 3.0. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(1), 154-156. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2013-0097
  • Samarathunga, W. H. M. S., & Cheng, L. (2021). Tourist gaze and beyond: State of the art. Tourism Review, 76(2), 344-357. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2020-0248
  • Schmitz, A., Witte, D., & Gengnagel, V. (2016). Pluralizing field analysis: Toward a relational understanding of the field of power. Social Science Information, 56(1), 49-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018416675071
  • Šebek, J. (2021). Social space, physical space, representation of space: spatiality and Bourdieu's theory of the literary field. Brünner Beiträge Zur Germanistik Und Nordistik, 35(2), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.5817/bbgn2021-2-1
  • Stringfellow, L., Maclaren, A., Maclean, M., & O’Gorman, K. (2013). Conceptualizing taste: Food, culture and celebrities. Tourism Management, 37, 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.12.016
  • Swartz, D. (2012). Culture and power: The sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. University of Chicago Press.
  • Tribe, J. (2010). Tribes, territories and networks in the tourism academy. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 7-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.05.001
  • Urry, J. (1990). Tourist gaze: Travel, leisure and society. Sage Publications
  • Urry, J., & Larsen, J. (2011). The tourist gaze 3.0. Sage Publications.
  • Viana-Lora, A., & Nel-lo-Andreu, M. (2023). Pathways for the social impact of research in Barcelona's tourism policy. International Journal of tourism Cities, 9(2), 481-495. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijtc-07-2022-0171
  • Wacquant, L. (1987). Symbolic violence and the making of the French agriculturalist: An enquiry into Pierre Bourdieu's sociology. Journal of Sociology, 23(1), 65-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/144078338702300105
  • Xu, S., Barbieri, C., & Seekamp, E. (2020). Social capital along wine trails: Spilling the wine to residents?. Sustainability, 12(4), 1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041592

Beach Clubs and Tourist Gaze: A Critical Inquiry into the Construction of Social Distinction

Year 2024, , 223 - 244, 30.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1485144

Abstract

This study explores the growing concerns about socioeconomic accessibility, inclusivity, and exclusionary practices of beach clubs as ostensibly public spaces in the tourism destination of Çeşme. The thematic analysis of Google Maps online reviews has provided critical insights into beach clubs’ selective admission practices and has elucidated the factors influencing customer perspectives and driving high demand for these clubs. Also, the findings revealed a relationship between customer expenditure and favorable entrance experiences; guests with lesser spending reported dissatisfaction and reluctance to revisit. Eight beach clubs with ratings deviating from the weighted average were examined to ensure diverse representation. The findings strongly encourage us to take urgent policy action to address the call for the need to create more inclusive beaches that should not be solely open to certain people with privileges. In the case of beach clubs, the adherence to specific dress codes and the emphasis on Instagram followers as a measure of social status reflect the doxa of conspicuous consumption and social hierarchies. This perpetuates a system where the privileged and affluent are more likely to gain access, while others may feel excluded or marginalized. Drawing on the solid theoretical frameworks of Pierre Bourdieu’s social theory and John Urry’s “tourist gaze,” this paper outlines the socio-economic barriers that distort ideals of public space and leisure and invites a reassessment of inclusivity in tourist destinations and luxury tourism.

References

  • Agbenyega, J. S., & Klibthong, S. (2015). Re-imagining inclusive research and practice: A focus on Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, capital, doxa and field. In Phyllis, J., & Scot, D. (Eds.), Foundations of Inclusive Education Research (International Perspectives on Inclusive Education, Vol. 6) (pp. 149-167). Emerald Group Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-363620150000006009
  • Ahmad, R. (2013). Working with pierre bourdieu in the tourism field making a case for ‘third world’ tourism. Cultural Studies, 27(4), 519-539. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2012.707222
  • Ahmad, R. (2021). Tourism and struggles for domination: local tourism communities and symbolic violence in kashmir. Tourist Studies, 22(1), 61-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687976211058755
  • Barrows, C., & Robinson, M. (2018). Introduction to clubs. In Clayton B., & Michael R., (Eds.), Club management: The management of private membership clubs (pp. 1-3). Goodfellow Publishers. https://doi.org/10.23912/9781911635062-3977
  • Bathmaker, A. (2015). Thinking with bourdieu: Thinking after bourdieu. Using ‘field’ to consider in/equalities in the changing field of English higher education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 45(1), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764x.2014.988683
  • Bourdieu, P. (1983). The field of cultural production, or: The economic world reversed. Poetics, 12(4-5), 311-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-422x(83)90012-8
  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction – A social critique of the judgement of taste. Harward University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social space and symbolic power. Sociological Theory, 7(1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.2307/202060
  • Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Stanford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1993). Sociology in question. Sage.
  • Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. University of Chicago Press.
  • Çakmak, E., Lie, R., & McCabe, S. (2018). Reframing informal tourism entrepreneurial practices: capital and field relations structuring the informal tourism economy of chiang mai. Annals of Tourism Research, 72, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.06.003
  • Calhoun, C. (2003). Pierre Bourdieu. In George R. (Ed.), The Blackwell companion to major contemporary social theorists (pp. 274-309). Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470999912.ch12
  • Collyer, F., Willis, K., Franklin, M., Harley, K., & Short, S. (2015). Healthcare choice: Bourdieu’s capital, habitus and field. Current Sociology, 63(5), 685-699. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392115590082
  • Desan, M. (2013). Bourdieu, Marx, and capital. Sociological Theory, 31(4), 318-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275113513265
  • Dorschel, R. (2020). A field theoretical discovery of the tourism industry. In Dominik P., & Christina V-B. (Eds.), Ökonomische und soziologische tourismustrends (pp. 29-44). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29640-7_2
  • Garner, R. (2016). Insecure positions, heteronomous autonomy and tourism-cultural capital: A Bourdieusian reading of tour guides on BBC worldwide’s doctor who experience walking tour. Tourist Studies, 17(4), 426-442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797616680851
  • Hollinshead, K. (1999). Surveillance of the worlds of tourism: Foucault and the eye-of-power. Tourism Management, 20(1), 7-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00090-9
  • IHA News. (2023). Çeşme, Türkiye’s popular holiday destination, surger with tourists during eid al-adha. https://iha.news/cesme-turkeys-popular-holiday-destination-sees-record-breaking-tourist-influx-during-eid-al-adha/ (Accessed Date: 17 March 2024).
  • IHA. (2024). Ünlü tatil merkezi Çeşme’de nüfus 1 milyona dayandı. https://www.iha.com.tr/izmir-haberleri/unlu-tatil-merkezi-cesmede-nufus-1-milyona-dayandi-73444185 (Accessed Date: 17 March 2024).
  • Karatas-Ozkan, M., Tunalioglu, R., Ibrahim, S., Ozeren, E., Grinevich, V., & Kimaro, J. (2024). Actioning sustainability through tourism entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurs as change agents navigating through the field of stakeholders. Central European Management Journal, 32(1), 31-56. https://doi.org/10.1108/CEMJ-12-2021-0159
  • Kendall, D. E. (2008). Members only: Elite clubs and the process of exclusion. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Kultur ve Turizm Bakanligi. (2024). Tesis verileri. https://izmir.ktb.gov.tr/TR-77217/tesis-verileri.html (Accessed Date: 19 April 2024).
  • Lee, K., Scott, N., & Packer, J. (2014). Habitus and food lifestyle: In-destination activity participation of slow food members. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 207-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.06.009
  • Macbeth, J., Carson, D., & Northcote, J. (2004). Social capital, tourism and regional development: spcc as a basis for innovation and sustainability. Current Issues in Tourism, 7(6), 502-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/1368350050408668200
  • MacCannell, D. (2001). Tourist agency. Tourist Studies, 1(1), 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879760100100102
  • McGehee, N. G., Lee, S., O'Bannon, T., & Perdue, R. R. (2009). Tourism-related social capital and its relationship with other forms of capital: An exploratory study. Journal of Travel Research, 49(4), 486-500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509349271
  • Mishra, S., & Dey, A. K. (2022). Understanding and identifying ‘themes’ in qualitative case study research. South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases. 11(3), 187-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/22779779221134659
  • Murti, G., & Susanti, N. (2021). Understanding Bourdieu’s distinction: Social and literary contestation to gain legitimate position. Anaphora Journal of Language Literary and Cultural Studies, 4(1), 48-57. https://doi.org/10.30996/anaphora.v4i1.5268
  • Negacz, K. (2021). Distinction through ecotourism: Factors influencing sustainable consumer choices. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 21(5), 514-530. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2021.1978860
  • Nisari, M. A., & Türksoy, S. S. (2023). Local community’s perceptions of over tourism in Cesme. In Gulzar, I., & Merve, K. (Eds.), Proceedings of international euroasia congress on scientifıc researches and recent trends XII (pp. 1204-1213). IKSAD Publications.
  • Pirnar, I., Icoz, O., & Icoz, O. (2011). Affluent marketing and implications on hospitality: Case from Izmir. In Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Marketing and Management Conference Proceedings (pp. 19-24). Istanbul, Turkey: Washington State University & Bogazici University.
  • Power, E. M. (1999). An introduction to Pierre Bourdieu's key theoretical concepts. Journal for the Study of Food and Society, 3(1), 48-52. https://doi.org/10.2752/152897999786690753
  • Purwandani, I., & Pakan, S. (2022). Local habitus and temporal overtourism in yogyakarta. Consumer Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality, 17(4), 544-560. https://doi.org/10.1108/cbth-07-2021-0177
  • Rainis, M. (2000). French beach sports culture in the twentieth century. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 17(1), 144-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360008714118
  • Robbins, D. (2005). The origins, early development and status of Bourdieu's concept of 'cultural capital'. The British Journal of Sociology, 56(1), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1468-4446.2005.00044.X
  • Robinson, R. N. (2014). The tourist gaze 3.0. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(1), 154-156. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2013-0097
  • Samarathunga, W. H. M. S., & Cheng, L. (2021). Tourist gaze and beyond: State of the art. Tourism Review, 76(2), 344-357. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2020-0248
  • Schmitz, A., Witte, D., & Gengnagel, V. (2016). Pluralizing field analysis: Toward a relational understanding of the field of power. Social Science Information, 56(1), 49-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018416675071
  • Šebek, J. (2021). Social space, physical space, representation of space: spatiality and Bourdieu's theory of the literary field. Brünner Beiträge Zur Germanistik Und Nordistik, 35(2), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.5817/bbgn2021-2-1
  • Stringfellow, L., Maclaren, A., Maclean, M., & O’Gorman, K. (2013). Conceptualizing taste: Food, culture and celebrities. Tourism Management, 37, 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.12.016
  • Swartz, D. (2012). Culture and power: The sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. University of Chicago Press.
  • Tribe, J. (2010). Tribes, territories and networks in the tourism academy. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 7-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.05.001
  • Urry, J. (1990). Tourist gaze: Travel, leisure and society. Sage Publications
  • Urry, J., & Larsen, J. (2011). The tourist gaze 3.0. Sage Publications.
  • Viana-Lora, A., & Nel-lo-Andreu, M. (2023). Pathways for the social impact of research in Barcelona's tourism policy. International Journal of tourism Cities, 9(2), 481-495. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijtc-07-2022-0171
  • Wacquant, L. (1987). Symbolic violence and the making of the French agriculturalist: An enquiry into Pierre Bourdieu's sociology. Journal of Sociology, 23(1), 65-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/144078338702300105
  • Xu, S., Barbieri, C., & Seekamp, E. (2020). Social capital along wine trails: Spilling the wine to residents?. Sustainability, 12(4), 1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041592
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Strategy, Management and Organisational Behaviour (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Alper Nisari 0000-0003-0394-3787

Emir Özeren 0000-0002-4219-8401

Publication Date July 30, 2024
Submission Date May 16, 2024
Acceptance Date June 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Nisari, M. A., & Özeren, E. (2024). Beach Clubs and Tourist Gaze: A Critical Inquiry into the Construction of Social Distinction. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 5(2), 223-244. https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1485144