Firma Oluşumunun Kültürel Kökenleri

Year 2024, , 157 - 169, 30.11.2024

Seyit Gökmen

https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1557259

Abstract

Bu makale, tarihsel akrabalık yapılarını ve toplumsal güveni modern iş organizasyonu ile ilişkilendiren kavramsal bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Aile bağlarındaki güçlülük derecesi olarak tanımlanan kan bağları yoğunluğu, toplumların sosyal ve ekonomik görünümünü önemli ölçüde şekillendirmektedir. Mevcut literatüre dayanarak, güçlü akrabalık bağları olan toplumların genellikle kolektivist özellikler sergilediği ve bunun da aile dışı bireylere karşı duyulan güveni azalttığı düşünülebilir. Bu, piyasa verimliliğini ve işbirliğini engelleyerek firma oluşumunu büyük ölçüde aile işletmeleriyle sınırlı kalmasına neden olur. Tersine, zayıf akrabalık yapılarına sahip toplumlar, aile ağlarının ötesinde etkileşimleri teşvik ederek daha yüksek düzeyde toplumsal güven ortamının sağlanmasına imkan verir. Bu durum aile dışı bireylerle firmalar kurmayı, piyasaları daha verimli hale getirmeyi ve yabancı firmalarla daha fazla işbirliği kurulmasını teşvik eder. Bu makale, akrabalık ve güven davranışının toplum hafızasında derin köklere sahip olduğunu ve sosyal ve ekonomik gelişmeyi etkilediğini öne sürmektedir. Politika yapıcıların, çeşitli piyasa katılımcıları arasında işbirliğini teşvik etmek için aile bağlarının ötesinde güveni teşvik eden girişimleri desteklemesi önerilir.

Keywords

aile bağları, toplumsal güven, aile şirketi, piyasa verimliliği

Cultural Origins of Business Formation

Abstract

This paper presents a conceptual framework connecting historical kinship structures and generalized trust into modern business formation. Kinship intensity, defined as the degree of strength in family ties, is shaping the social and economic outlook of societies. Building upon the existing literature, I argue that societies with strong kinship ties often exhibit collectivist characteristics, leading to less trust towards outsiders. This hinders market efficiency and collaborative partnerships, resulting in business formation being largely confined to family-owned enterprises. Conversely, societies with loose kinship structures exhibits higher level of generalized trust that enable to promote engagements beyond family networks. This promotes establishing larger firms with strangers, more efficient markets, and greater cooperation with foreign firms. The paper suggests that kinship and trust behavior are deeply rooted in culture and influence social and economic development. It is important for policy- makers to support initiatives that foster trust beyond family ties to promote collaboration among diverse market participants.

Keywords

kinship, generalized trust, family business, market efficiency

References

• Acemoglu D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why nations fail: the origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. Crown Publishers.
• Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369-1401.
• Akerlof, G. A. (1970). The market for “lemons”: Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84(3), 488-500.
• Alesina, A., Giuliano, P., & Nunn, N. (2013). On the origins of gender roles: Women and the plough. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(2), 469-530.
• Banfield, E. C. (1958). The moral basis of a backward society. Free Press.
• Bittles, A. H. (2012). Consanguinity in context (Vol. 63). Cambridge University Press.
• Boyd, R., Gintis, H., Bowles, S., & Richerson, P. J. (2003). The evolution of altruistic punishment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(6), 3531-3535.
• Cordes, C., Richerson, P., McElreath, R., & Strimling, P. (2011). How does opportunistic behavior influence firm size? An evolutionary approach to organizational behavior. Journal of Institutional Economics, 7(1), 1-21.
• Dickson, P. H., & Weaver, K. M. (2008). The role of the institutional environment in determining firm orientations towards entrepreneurial behavior. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4, 467-483.
• Duranton, G., Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Sandall, R. (2009). Family types and the persistence of regional disparities in Europe. Economic Geography, 85(1), 23-47.
• Elyasiani, E., & Goldberg, L. G. (2004). Relationship lending: A survey of the literature. Journal of Economics and Business, 56(4), 315-330.
• Enke, B. (2019). Kinship, cooperation, and the evolution of moral systems. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134(2), 953-1019.
• Ermisch, J., & Gambetta, D. (2010). Do strong family ties inhibit trust?. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 75(3), 365-376.
• Fischer, D. H. (1989). Albion’s seed: Four British folkways in America (Vol. 1). A Cultural History.
• Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. Free Press.
• Gambetta, D., & Hamill, H. (2005). Streetwise: How taxi drivers establish their customers' trustworthiness. Russell Sage Foundation.
• Greif, A. (2006). Family structure, institutions, and growth: The origins and implications of western corporations. American Economic Review, 96(2), 308-312.
• Greif, A., & Tabellini, G. (2017). The clan and the corporation: Sustaining cooperation in China and Europe. Journal of Comparative Economics, 45(1), 1-35.
• Gupta, V., & Levenburg, N. (2012). Cultures, ideologies and family businesses. Journal of Family Business Management, 2(1), 57-75.
• Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York Pantheon.
• Henrich, J. (2020). The WEIRDest people in the world: How the west became psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous. Penguin Random House UK.
• Hermelo, F. D., & Vassolo, R. (2010). Institutional development and hypercompetition in emerging economies. Strategic Management Journal, 31(13), 1457-1473.
• Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. SAGE.
• Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. McGraw Hill LLC.
• Kafouros, M., & Aliyev, M. (2016). Institutional development and firm profitability in transition economies. Journal of World Business, 51(3), 369-378.
• Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1251-1288.
• La Porta, R., Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1997). Trust in large organizations. The American Economic Review, 87(2), 333-338.
• Moscona, J., Nunn, N., & Robinson, J. A. (2017). Keeping it in the family: Lineage organization and the scope of trust in Sub-Saharan Africa. American Economic Review, 107(5), 565-571.
• Murdock, G. P. (1967). Ethnographic atlas: A summary. Ethnology, 6(2), 109-236.
• Norenzayan, A. (2013). Big gods: How religion transformed cooperation and conflict. Princeton University Press.
• Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nanetti, R. Y. (1994). Making democracy work. Princeton University Press.
• Sabah, S., Carsrud, A. L., & Kocak, A. (2014). The impact of cultural openness, religion, and nationalism on entrepreneurial intensity: Six prototypical cases of turkish family firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(2), 306-324.
• Spolaore, E., & Wacziarg, R. (2013). How deep are the roots of economic development?. Journal of Economic Literature, 51(2), 325-369.
• Tabellini, G. (2008). The scope of cooperation: Values and incentives. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(3), 905-950.
• Tabellini, G. (2010). Culture and institutions: Economic development in the regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association, 8(4), 677-716.
• Todd, E. (1985). Explanation of ideology: Family structures and social systems. Blackwell.
• Uchida, H., Udell, G. F., & Yamori, N. (2012). Loan officers and relationship lending to SMEs. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 21(1), 97-122.
• UN. (2012). Human development report office, human development index (HDI), the real wealth of nations: Pathways to human development. United Nations. http://chartsbin.com/view/5352 (Accessed Date: 26 September 2024).
• Welter, F., & Smallbone, D. (2011). Institutional perspectives on entrepreneurial behavior in challenging environments. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 107–125.
• Whiteley, P. F. (2000). Economic growth and social capital. Political Studies, 48(3), 443-466.