Digital Leadership and Employee Performance: Exploring the Mediating Role of Employer Branding

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: Global Academic Perspective in Social Sciences, 26 - 52, 28.10.2025

Meryem Derya Yeşiltaş

Abstract

The growing prevalence of digitalization is leading to a simultaneous transformation in both organizations and leadership approaches; this transformation directly shapes employees' work experiences. In this context, digital leadership stands out not only with technological competence but also with features such as open communication, a supportive attitude, and strategic guidance. This study aims to examine the effects of digital leadership on employees’ perceptions of employer branding and their performance, as well as the mediating role of employer branding perception in the effect of digital leadership on employee performance. The sample of the study consists of 342 medical sales representatives working in private pharmaceutical companies operating in Turkey. The data were collected through an online survey using the convenience sampling method. For hypothesis testing, Model 4 of the SPSS Process Macro was utilized. According to the analysis results, perceived digital leadership has a significant and positive effect on both perceived employer branding and employee performance. Furthermore, it was revealed that employer branding perception also has a significant impact on employee performance. In addition, employer branding was found to play a mediating role in the effect of digital leadership on employee performance. Based on the findings, discussions were carried out in light of the relevant literature, and various recommendations were presented for practitioners.

Keywords

digital leadership , employer branding , employee performance , mediation analysis

Dijital Liderlik ve Çalışan Performansı: İşveren Markasının Aracılık Rolünün İncelenmesi

Abstract

Dijitalleşmenin giderek yaygınlaşması, örgütler ve liderlik anlayışında eş zamanlı bir dönüşüme yol açmakta; bu dönüşüm, çalışanların iş deneyimlerini doğrudan şekillendirmektedir. Bu bağlamda dijital liderlik, teknolojik yeterliliğin yanı sıra açık iletişim, destekleyici tutum ve stratejik yönlendirme özellikleriyle öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma, dijital liderliğin çalışanların işveren markası algısı ve performansları üzerindeki etkilerini, ayrıca dijital liderliğin çalışan performansına etkisinde işveren markası algısının aracılık rolünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren özel sektör ilaç firmalarında görev yapan 342 Tıbbi Tanıtım Temsilcisinden oluşmaktadır. Veriler, kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle çevrim içi anket aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Hipotezlerin sınanmasında ise SPSS Process Macro’nun 4 numaralı modeli uygulanmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, algılanan dijital liderliğin hem algılanan işveren markasını hem de çalışan performansını anlamlı ve olumlu yönde etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca işveren markası algısının da çalışan performansı üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra, dijital liderliğin çalışan performansı üzerindeki etkisinde işveren markasının aracılık rolü üstlendiği tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular doğrultusunda ilgili literatür ışığında tartışmalar yapılmış ve uygulayıcılara yönelik çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

dijital liderlik , işveren markası , çalışan performansı , aracılık analizi

References

• Abbasov, A., & Tolay, E. (2021). Dijital liderliğin bireysel performans üzerindeki etkisi: Azerbaycan’da Endüstri 4.0 teknolojilerini uygulayan bir firmada araştırma. İzmir Yönetim Dergisi, 2(1), 59-74.
• Aghazadeh, H., Zandi, F., Amoozad Mahdiraji, H., & Sadraei, R. (2024). Digital transformation and SME internationalisation: Unravelling the moderated-mediation role of digital capabilities, digital resilience and digital maturity. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 37(5), 1499-1526. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-02-2023-0092
• Akgemci, T., Sarı Gerşil, G., Kalfaoğlu, S., & Erat, L. (2018). İşveren markası algısı ile örgütsel özdeşleşme ilişkisi. IV. International Caucasus-Central Asia Foreign Trade and Logistics Congress Proceeding Book içinde (ss. 548-564). Aydın, Türkiye.
• Aldousari, A. A., Robertson, A., Yajid, M. S. A., & Ahmed, Z. U. (2017). Impact of employer branding on organization’s performance. Journal of Transnational Management, 22(3), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/15475778.2017.1335125
• Alexandro, R., & Basrowi, (2024). Measuring the effectiveness of smart digital organizations on digital technology adoption: An empirical study of educational organizations in Indonesia. International Journal of Data & Network Science, 8(1). 139-150. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2023.10.009
• Al-Romeedy, B. S., El-Bardan, M. F., & Badwy, H. E. (2025). How is employee performance affected by employer branding in tourism businesses? Mediation analysis. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 8(2), 790-809. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-05-2024-0418
• Al-Romeedy, B., & Emam, M. E. S. (2024). Does employer branding contribute to talent retention and organizational effectiveness of travel agencies? The mediating role of corporate social responsibility and person-organization-fit. Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels – University of Sadat City, 8(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.21608/mfth.2024.333112
• Ambler, T., & Barrow, S. (1996). The employer brand. Journal of Brand Management, 4(3), 185-206. https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.1996.42
• Aslan, A. (2021). Türkiye’de dijital liderlik ve teknoloji liderliği konularında hazırlanan lisansüstü tezlerin bibliyometrik analizi. M. Aydoğan (Ed.), TESAM IV. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi: Dijital dönüşümün sosyal bilimlere etkisi – Tam metin bildiri kitabı içinde (ss. 63-77). TESAM.
• Backhaus, K., & Tikoo, S. (2004). Conceptualizing and researching employer branding. Career Development International, 9(5), 501-517. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430410550754
• Bartram, T., Cooper, B., Cooke, F. L., & Wang, J. (2023). Thriving in the face of burnout? The effects of wellbeing-oriented HRM on the relationship between workload, burnout, thriving and performance. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 45(5), 1234-1253. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-06-2022-0273
• Başar, U., Tümbek Tekeoğlu, A. N., & Demir, A. (2024). AI awareness and motivation to learn in leading AI-powered business communication. Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/23294906241297251
• Bayram, N. (2010). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: AMOS uygulamaları. Ezgi Kitabevi.
• Berisha, B., Ramadani, V., Gërguri-Rashiti, S., & Palalić, R. (2020). The impact of innovative working behaviour on employees’ working performance. In J. Leitão, A. Nunes, D. Pereira, & V. Ramadani (Eds.), Intrapreneurship and sustainable human capital (pp. 37-49). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49410-0_3
• Blau, P. M. (1964). Justice in social exchange. Sociological Inquiry, 34(2), 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1964.tb00583.x
• Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 71-98). Jossey-Bass.
• Bozkurt, S. (2021). Pazarlama alanında en sık kullanılan process makro modellerinin veri setleriyle incelenmesi. Ekin Yayınevi.
• Bresciani, S., Ferraris, A., Romano, M., & Santoro, G. (2021). Digital leadership. In S. Bresciani, A. Ferraris, M. Romano, & G. Santoro (Eds.), Digital transformation management for agile organizations: A compass to sail the digital world (pp. 97-115). Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-171-320211006
• Campbell, J. P., & Wiernik, B. M. (2015). The modeling and assessment of work performance. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2, 47-74. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111427
• Chen, X., & Wei, S. (2020). The impact of social media use for communication and social exchange relationship on employee performance. Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(6), 1289-1314. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-04-2019-0167
• Çöl, G. (2008). Algılanan güçlendirmenin işgören performansı üzerine etkileri. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 9(1), 35-46.
• Coleman, V. I., & Borman, W. C. (2000). Investigating the underlying structure of the citizenship performance domain. Human Resource Management Review, 10(1), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(99)00037-6
• Collins, C. J. (2007). The interactive effects of recruitment practices and product awareness on job seekers’ employer knowledge and application behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 180-190. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.180
• Demir, Ç. (2022). Dijital insan kaynakları pazarlaması aracılığıyla yetenek yönetimi. Ç. Demir & B. Göktaş (Eds.), Dijital insan kaynakları pazarlaması içinde (ss. 215-234). Efe Akademi.
• Demirkan, S. (2017). İşveren markası uygulamalarının çalışanların ağızdan ağıza tavsiyeleri üzerine etkisi [Yüksek lisans tezi, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi]. YÖK Tez Merkezi.
• Dowling, G. R. (1994). Corporate reputations: Strategies for developing the corporate brand. Kogan Page.
• Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M., & Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 239-263. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393235
• Düzgün, A. (2022). Kriz yönetimi ile çalışan performansı arasındaki ilişkide paternalist liderin aracı etkisi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(01), 243-260.
• Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
• Ekhsan, M., & Saroh, T. (2021). The role of organizational trust on the influence of employer branding on employee performance. International Journal of Management Science and Information Technology, 1(2), 31-35. https://doi.org/10.35870/ijmsit.v1i2.353
• El Sawy, O. A., Kræmmergaard, P., Amsinck, H., & Vinther, A. L. (2020). How LEGO built the foundations and enterprise capabilities for digital leadership. In R. D. Galliers, D. E. Leidner, & B. Simeonova (Eds.), Strategic information management: Theory and practice (Fifth edition, pp. 174-201). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429286797
• Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 335-362. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003
• Erhan, T., Uzunbacak, H. H., & Aydin, E. (2022). From conventional to digital leadership: Exploring digitalization of leadership and innovative work behavior. Management Research Review, 45(11), 1524-1543. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-05-2021-0338
• Erkal, P. (2023). Kapsayıcı liderliğin çalışan performansı üzerine etkisi: Yenilikçi iş davranışlarının aracı rolü. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 19(4), 822-843. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1336195
• Floyd, S. W., & Wooldridge, B. (1997). Middle management’s strategic influence and organizational performance. Journal of Management Studies, 34(3), 465-485. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00059
• Gioia, D. A., Schultz, M., & Corley, K. G. (2000). Organizational identity, image, and adaptive instability. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 63-81. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.2791603
• Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092623
• Grant, A. M (2012). Leading with meaning: Beneficiary contact, prosocial impact, and the performance effects of transformational leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 55(2), 458-476. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0588
• Ha, M. N., Luan, N. V., Hang, H. M., Tuan, N. A., & Trinh, V. T. T. (2022). The role of employer branding in improving employee performance in Vietnam enterprises. Tạp Chí Khoa Học, 17(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.46223/hcmcoujs.proc.vi.17.1.2536.2022
• Hadi, S., Setiawati, L., Kirana, K. C., Lada, S. B., & Rahmawati, C. H. T. (2024). The effect of digital leadership and organizational support on innovative work behavior: The mediating role of emotional intelligence. Calitatea, 25(199), 74-83. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/25.199.09
• Hadiansyah, H., Chandrarin, G., & Supriadi, B. (2024). Improving employee performance through digitalization and skilling processes. Innovation Business Management and Accounting Journal, 3(3), 335-344. https://doi.org/10.56070/ibmaj.2024.036
• Hair Jr, J., F., Black, W. C., Babin, B., J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (Eighth edition). Cengage Learning EMEA.
• Hajiali, I., Fara Kessi, A. M., Budiandriani, B., Prihatin, E., & Sufri, M. M. (2022). Determination of work motivation, leadership style, employee competence on job satisfaction and employee performance. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 2(1), 57-69. https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v2i1.160
• Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis (Third edition). University of Chicago Press.
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (Second edition). The Guilford Press.
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
• Hidayat, F., Sumantri, S., Rumengan, A. E., Wibisono, C., & Khaddafi, M. (2023). The effect of digital leadership, information technology and digital competency on employee performance in the digital era: Mediating role of job satisfaction. International Journal of Advances in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2), 144-151. https://doi.org/10.56225/ijassh.v2i2.204
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424-453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
• Isari, D., Bissola, R., & Imperatori, B. (2019). HR devolution in the digital era: What should we expect?. In R. Bissola & B. Imperatori (Eds.), HRM 4.0 for human-centered organizations (Advanced Series in Management, Vol. 23, pp. 41-61). Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1877-636120190000023004
• Işık, M. (2024). The mediating role of firm innovation performance in the impact of digital leadership on employee performance: Evidence from startups. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(3), 1534-1549. https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.1471006
• Jawahar, I. M., & Carr, D. (2007). Conscientiousness and contextual performance: The compensatory effects of perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(4), 330-349. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710745923
• Kanwal, H., & Van Hoye, G. (2024). Beyond employer brand content: The role of employer brand process attributes in understanding employees' reactions toward their employer. Human Resource Management, 63(1), 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22187
• Karakuş, G. (2025). Dijital liderliğin yenilikçi iş davranışı üzerindeki etkisinde iş biçimlendirmenin aracı rolü. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 10(1), 125-154. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1570961
• Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 58-74.
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (Third edition). The Guilford Press.
• Klus, M. F., & Müller, J. (2021). The digital leader: what one needs to master today’s organizational challenges. Journal of Business Economics, 91(8), 1189-1223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-021-01040-1
• Kokot, K., Kokotec, I. D., & Calopa, M. K. (2023). Digital leadership and maturity as a key to successful digital transformation: Country case study of Croatia. TEM Journal, 12(1), 192-299. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM121-25
• Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., Schaufeli, W. B., de Vet Henrica, C. W., & van der Beek, A. J. (2011). Conceptual frameworks of individual work performance: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(8), 856-866. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e318226a763
• Kosec, Z., Sekulic, S., Wilson-Gahan, S., Rostohar, K., Tusak, M., & Bon, M. (2022). Correlation between employee performance, well-being, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction in sedentary jobs in Slovenian enterprises. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 10427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610427
• KPMG. (2018). Teknoloji devleri ilaç sektörünü dönüştürecek. KPMG Turkiye. https://kpmg.com/tr/tr/home/medya/press-releases/2018/09/teknoloji-devleri-ilac-sektorunu-donusturecek.html (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Temmuz 2025).
• KPMG. (2023). Sağlık ve ilaç sektörel bakış. KPMG Turkiye. https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/tr/pdf/2023/11/saglik-ve-ilac-sektorel-bakis.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Temmuz 2025).
• Malik, K., & Kaur, A. (2025). Investigating the mediating role of employee empowerment on the relationship between academic digital leadership and faculty engagement. In O. K. Gupta, & S. Agrawal (Eds.), Proceedings of the 22nd AIMS International Conference on Management (pp. 605-612). IIM Kozhikode.
• Mariani, K. L., Santoso, R. T. P. B., Komalasari, Y., & Junaedi, I. W. R. (2024). The role of employee engagement mediating digital leadership and organizational support on employee performance at Siloam Bali Hospital. Journal of Entrepreneurial and Business Diversity, 2(2), 241-249.
• Meydan, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık.
• Mihardjo, L. W. W., & Sasmoko, S. (2019). Digital transformation: Digital leadership role in developing business model innovation mediated by co-creation strategy for telecommunication incumbent firms. In B. Orlando (Ed.), Strategy and behaviors in the digital economy (pp. 1-18). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82517
• Munir, M., Firdaus, R., Suhardi, S., & Amin, M. (2024). The influence of digital leadership, work-life balance, employee engagement, and organizational learning on employee performance with job satisfaction as a moderating variable. International Journal of Applied Finance and Business Studies, 12(3), 204-216.
• Muniroh, M., Hamidah H., & Abdullah, T. (2022). Managerial implications on the relation of digital leadership, digital culture, organizational learning, and innovation of the employee performance (case study of PT. Telkom digital and next business department). Management and Entrepreneurship: Trends of Development, 1(19), 58-75. https://doi.org/10.26661/2522-1566/2022-1/19-05
• Öksüz, B. (2012). İşveren markası yönetimi sürecinde iletişimin önemi. Selçuk İletişim, 7(2), 14-31.
• Ön, E., & Dinçel Yanık, G. (2024). Dijital liderlik ile inovatif iş davranışı arasındaki ilişkide dışsal motivasyonun aracı rolü. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 202-217. https://doi.org/10.22466/acusbd.1557719
• Öngel, V., Günsel, A., Gençer Çelik, G., Altındağ, E., & Tatlı, H. S. (2024). Digital leadership’s influence on individual creativity and employee performance: A view through the generational lens. Behavioral Sciences, 14(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14010003
• Ortega, E., Gomes, G. P., Ribeiro, N., & Gomes, D. R. (2023). Evaluating the mediator role of organizational identification in the relationship between symmetrical internal communication and individual performance of hotel employees. Administrative Sciences, 13(8), 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13080173
• Örücü, E., & Hasırcı, I. (2024a). Dijital kültürün örgütsel performans üzerindeki etkisinde dijital liderliğin aracılık rolü: Bir araştırma. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(49), 1482-1505. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1383905
• Örücü, E., & Hasırcı, I. (2024b). Dijital liderlik ve kapsayıcı liderliğin çalışanların dijital yetenekleri üzerindeki etkisi: Bankacılık sektörü üzerine bir araştırma. Kocatepe İİBF Dergisi, 26(1), 136-151. https://doi.org/10.33707/akuiibfd.1382671
• Özbucak Albar, B. (2024). Günümüzde Türk İlaç Endüstrisi ve Tıbbi Satış Mümessilleri: Bir Durum Değerlendirmesi, EJONS International Journal on Mathematic, Engineering and Natural Sciences, 8(1), 116-125. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10814379
• Purcell, J., & Hutchinson, S. (2007). Front‐line managers as agents in the HRM‐performance causal chain: Theory, analysis and evidence. Human Resource Management Journal, 17(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2007.00022.x
• Qiao, G., Li, Y., & Hong, A. (2024). The strategic role of digital transformation: Leveraging digital leadership to enhance employee performance and organizational commitment in the digital era. Systems, 12(11), 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12110457
• Rialti, R., & Filieri, R. (2024). Leaders, let’s get agile! Observing agile leadership in successful digital transformation projects. Business Horizons, 67(4), 439-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.04.003
• Riski, A., & Rino, R. (2024). The effect of digital leadership style, motivation, and work ability on employee performance after the covid-19 pandemic. Edunesia: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 5(1), 424-441. https://doi.org/10.51276/edu.v5i1.647
• Riyanto, S., Endri, E., & Herlisha, N. (2021). Effect of work motivation and job satisfaction on employee performance: Mediating role of employee engagement. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(3), 162-174. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(3).2021.14
• Rodrigo, J. A. H. N., Kuruppu, C. L., & Pathirana, G. Y. (2022). The impact of job satisfaction on employee performance: A case at ABC manufacturing company. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 22(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEBA/2022/v22i230541
• Sabir, I., Ali, I., Majid, M. B., Sabir, N., Mehmood, H., Rehman, A. U., & Nawaz, F. (2022). Impact of perceived organizational support on employee performance in IT firms–a comparison among Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 30(3), 795-815. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2019-1914
• Sagbas, M., Oktaysoy, O., Topcuoglu, E., Kaygin, E., & Erdogan, F. A. (2023). The mediating role of innovative behavior on the effect of digital leadership on intrapreneurship intention and job performance. Behavioral Sciences, 13(10), 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13100874
• Saputra, N., Nugroho, R., Aisyah, H., & Karneli, O. (2021). Digital skill during covid-19: Effects of digital leadership and digital collaboration. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 19(2), 272-281. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2021.019.02.04
• Schriesheim, C. A., Castro, S. L., & Cogliser, C. C. (1999). Leader-member exchange (LMX) research: A comprehensive review of theory, measurement, and data-analytic practices. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(1), 63-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)80009-5
• Scott, S. G., & Lane, V. R. (2000). A stakeholder approach to organizational identity. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.2307/259262
• Shih, H. P., Lai, K. H., & Cheng, T. E. (2015). Examining structural, perceptual, and attitudinal influences on the quality of information sharing in collaborative technology use. Information Systems Frontiers, 17(2), 455-470.
• Shin, J., Mollah, M. A., & Choi, J. (2023). Sustainability and organizational performance in South Korea: The effect of digital leadership on digital culture and employees’ digital capabilities. Sustainability, 15(3), 2027. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032027
• Shore, L. M., Coyle-Shapiro, J. A., Chen, X. P., & Tetrick, L. E. (2009). Social exchange in work settings: Content, process, and mixed models. Management and Organization Review, 5(3), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2009.00158.x
• Sigler, T. H., & Pearson, C. M. (2000). Creating an empowering culture: Examining the relationship between organizational culture and perceptions of empowerment. Journal of Quality Management, 5(1), 27-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1084-8568(00)00011-0
• Soeling, P. D., Arsanti, S. D. A., & Indriati, F. (2022). Organizational reputation: Does it mediate the effect of employer brand attractiveness on intention to apply in Indonesia?. Heliyon, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09208
• Somerville, M. M. (2013). Digital age discoverability: A collaborative organizational approach. Serials Review, 39(4), 234-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/00987913.2013.10766404
• Stariņeca, O., & Voronchuk, I. (2014). Employer branding training development for public organisations. Regional Formation and Development Studies, 14(3), 207-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v14i3.877
• Surma, J. (2016). Social exchange in online social networks. The reciprocity phenomenon on Facebook. Computer Communications, 73(Part B), 342-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2015.06.017
• Tajfel, H. (1982). Experimental studies of intergroup behaviour. In: J. P. Codol, & J. P. Leyens, (Eds.), Cognitive Analysis of Social Behavior: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on “The Cognitive Analysis of Socio-Psychological Processes” , Aix-enProvence, France, July 12-31, 1981 (pp. 227-246). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7612-2_8
• Tanis, M., & Beukeboom, C. J. (2011). Organizational identification and the communication of identity: Effects of message characteristics on cognitive and affective identification. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 784-791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02036.x
• Theng, B. P., Calen, C., & Toni, N. (2024). The role of digital leadership and employee empowerment on employees performance in the manufacturing industry in the era of society and industry revolution 5.0. Jurnal Manajemen Industri Dan Logistik, 8(2), 167-184. https://doi.org/10.30988/jmil.v8i2.1501
• Turyadi, I., Zulkifli, Z., Tawil, M. R., Ali, H., & Sadikin, A. (2023). The role of digital leadership in organizations to improve employee performance and business success. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12(02), 1671-1677.
• Ulutaş, M., & Arslan, H. (2018). Bilişim liderliği ölçeği: bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 47(47), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.2739
• Underwood, R., Bond, E., & Baer, R. (2001). Building service brands via social identity: Lessons from the sports marketplace. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 9(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2001.11501881
• Whitener, E. M., Brodt, S. E., Korsgaard, M. A., & Werner, J. M. (1998). Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior. The Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 513-530. https://doi.org/10.2307/259292
• Wolor, C. W., Ardiansyah, A., Rofaida, R., Nurkhin, A., & Rababah, M. A. (2022). Impact of toxic leadership on employee performance. Health Psychology Research, 10(4), 57551. https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.57551
• Xia, H., & Yang, L. (2010). The employer branding and employee performance. In 2010 3rd International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (Vol. 4, pp. 536-538). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIII.2010.609
• Yıldız, D., & Şen, G. (2024). Çalışanların motivasyonlarının performans ve işe bağlılık üzerine etkisi. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 59(2), 666-693. https://doi.org/10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.24.04.2329
• Yılmaz, C., & Topçu, Ş. (2024). İnsan kaynakları yöneticilerinin işveren markasına etkisi: Pilot çalışması. C. Yılmaz, & B. Ç. Karabat (Eds.), II. İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi Kongresi ve Çalıştayı (V): Genişletilmiş bildiri özetleri kitabı içinde (ss. 57-64). Sakarya Üniversitesi.
• Zhang, J. S., Du, S., Ma, S. M., & Wang, X. Y. (2009). Research on leader-member exchange and work performance. In 2009 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (Vol. 1, pp. 389-391). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIII.2009.101