Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy- A compilation of current information-

Abstract

SummaryObstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) is as old as human history. OBPP was firstly described by Smellie and in 1851 Danyau reported post-mortem signs of a case. In the beginning of the twentieth century many surgeons adviced surgery as a treatment model. But as the functional results of surgical treatment were unstatisfactory and a lot spontaneus recoveries were reported, conservative approach was preferred. Many theories causing OBPP were proposed. The most important ones were direct or indirect compression, or traction. A neonate with OBPP is easly diagnosed if the upper extremity does not move actively and at both upper extremity passive range of motion is equal. In literature incidence of full recovery differs. Reason is that different authors report the results at different stages at different populations and they are using different recovery criterias.

Keywords

• Obstetric brachial plexus palsy, Diagnosis; Etiology; Treatment; Prognosis.

Obstetrik Brakial Pleksus felci- Güncel Bilgilerin Derlemesi

Abstract

Obstetrik brakial pleksus felci (OBPF) insanlık tarihi kadar eskidir. İlk olarak 1779 yılında Smellie tarafından tanımlanmış; 1851 yılında Danyau bir olgunun post-mortem bulgularını bildirmiştir. Yirminci yüzyılın başlarında hastalığın tedavisinde, cerrahi girişim önerilmiştir. Cerrahi yöntemlerin yetersiz fonksiyonel sonuçları ve spontan iyileşmelerin bildirilmesi OBPF tedavisinde konservatif yaklaşımın ön plana çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. OBPF' ne sebep olabilecek birçok teori öne sürülmüştür. Bu teorilerden en önemlileri; direkt ya da çeşitli sebeplerle indirekt olan kompresyon veya traksiyondur. Yeni doğan bir bebekte, eğer üst ekstremite aktif olarak hareket etmiyorsa ve her iki taraftaki pasif hareket menzili eşit ise bu durumda OBPF kolaylıkla saptanır. Literatürde bildirilen tamamen düzelme insidansları değişkendir. Çünkü değişik yazarlar çeşitli popülasyonlarda, düzelmenin değişik evrelerindeki sonuçlarını bildirmekte ve farklı iyileşme kriterleri kullanmaktadırlar.

Keywords

• Obstetrik brakial pleksus felci, Tanı; Etioloji; Tedavi; Prognoz.

References

1. Tacdhdjian OM : Pediatric Orthopedics (Eds. Edward H, Wickland J). Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. W. B. Saunders, Philedelphia, 1990, pp: 2009-82.
2. Robotti E, Longhi P, Verna G, Bochiotti G: Brachial plexus surgery. An historical perspective. Hand Clinics 11: 517-331, 1995.
3. Kawai H: Historical review of the brachial plexus palsy (Eds. Kawai H, Kawabata H). Brachial Plexus Palsy. World Scientific, London. 2000, pp: 25-31.
4. Ubachs H, Sloff A: Aetiology (Ed. Gilbert A). Brachial Plexus Injuries. Martin- Dunitz, London. 2001, pp: 151-7.
5. Yücetürk A: Brakial Pleksus Yaralanmaları ve Cerrahi Tedavisi. Bölüm 1. Sanem Matbaacılık, Ankara. 1994.
6. Yücetürk A: EMG problems in the preoperative evaluation of obstetrical brachial plexus. Turkish J Hand and Microsurgery 4: 21-4, 1996.
7. Metaizeau JP, Gayet C, Plenat F: Brachial plexus birth injuries. An experimental study. Chirurg Ped 20: 159-63, 1979.
8. Duval P, Guillain G: Pathologie des accidents nerveux consecutits aux luxations et trautisme de l’epaule. Arch Gen Med 2: 143, 1986.

9. Adler JB, Patterson RL: Erb’s palsy. Long-term results of treatment in eighty- eight cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 49: 1052-64, 1967.
10. Bennett GC, Harrold AJ: Prognosis and early management of birth injuries to the brachial plexus. BMJ 1: 1520-1, 1976.
11. Sjoberg I, Erichs K, Bjerre I: Cause and effect of obstetric (neonatal) brachial plexus palsy. Acta Pediatr Scand 77: 357-64, 1988.
12. al-Rajeh S, Corea JR, al-Sibia MH, al-Umran K, Sankarankutty M: Congenital brachial palsy in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. J Child Neurol 5: 35-8, 1990.
13. Camus M, Vauthier D, Lefebre G, Veron P, Darbois Y: Retrospective study of 33 cases of obstetric paralysis of the brachial plexus. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod 17: 220-8, 1988.
14. Eng GD, Koch B, Smokvina MD: Brachial plexus palsy in neonates and children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 59: 458-64, 1978.
15. Gilbert A, Razaboni R, Amar-Khodja S: Indications and results of brachial plexus surgery in obstetrical palsy. Orthop Clin North Am 19: 91-105, 1988.
16. Laurent JP, Lee RT: Birth-related upper brachial plexus injuries in infants: operative and nonoperative approaches. J Child Neurol 9: 111-7, 1994.
17. Hashimoto T, Mitomo M, Hirabuki N, Miura T, Kawai R, Nakamura H, Kawai H, Ono K, Kozuka T: Nerve root avulsion of birth palsy: Comparison of myelography with CT myelography and somatosensory evoked potential. Radiology 178: 841-5, 1991.
18. Narakas AO: Injuries to the brachial plexus (Ed. Bora FW). The Pediatric Upper Extremity: Diagnosis and Management. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. 1986, pp: 247-58.
19. Slooff AC: Obstetric brachial plexus lesion and their neurosurgical treatment. Microsurgery 16: 30-4, 1995.
20. Geutjens G, Gilbert A, Helsen K: Obstetric brachial plexus palsy associated with breech delivery. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 78: 303-6, 1996.
21. Ubachs JM, Sloof AC, Peeters LL: Obstetric antecedents of surgically treated obstetric brachial plexus injuries. Br J Obstet Gynecol 102: 813-7, 1995.
22. Zancolli EA: Classification and management of the shoulder in birth palsy. Orthop Clin North Am 12: 433-57, 1981.
23. Walle T, Hartikainen-Sorri AL: Obstetric shoulder injury. Associated risk factors, prediction and prognosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 72: 450-4, 1993.
24. Iffy L, Varadi V, Jakobovits A: Common intrapartum denominators of shoulder dystocia related birth injuries. Zentralbl Gynakol 116: 33-7, 1994.
25. Benjamin B, Khan MR: Pattern of external birth trauma in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. J Trauma 35: 737-41, 1993.
26. al-Qattan MM, al-Kharfy TM: Obstetric brachial plexus injury in subsequent deliveries. Ann Plast Surg 37: 545-8, 1996.
27. Wickstrom J, Haslam ET, Hutchinson RH: The surgical management of residual deformities of the shoulder following birth injuries of the brachial plexus. J Bone Joint
28. Surg (Am) 37: 27-36, 1955.
29. Arthuis M: Paralysis obstetricale de plexus brachial. Etude diagnostique. Rev Chir Orthop 59: 124-8, 1972.
30. Laurent JP, Lee R, Shenaq S, Parke JT, Solis IS, Kowalik L: Neurosurgical correction of upper brachial plexus birth injuries. J Neurosur 79: 197-203, 1993.
31. Jackson ST, Hoffer MM, Parrish N: Brachial-plexus palsy in the newborn. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 70: 217-20, 1988.
32. Brown KL: Review of obstetrical palsies: nonoperative treatment. Clin Plast Surg 11: 181-7, 1984.
33. Michlow BJ, Clarke HM, Curtis CG, Zuker RM, Seifu Y, Andrews DF: The natural history of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Plast Reconst Surg 93: 675-80, 1994.
34. Tassin JL, Gilbert A: Surgical repair of the brachial plexus in obstetric paralysis. Chirurgie 110: 70-5, 1984.
35. Mallet J: Paralysie obstetricale du plexus brachial. Symposium sous la direction de J Mallet. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 58: 115-204, 1972.
36. Zancolli EA, Zancolli ER: Palliative surgical procedures in sequale of obstetric palsy. Hand Clin 4: 643-69, 1988.
37. Clarke HM, Curtis CG: An approach to obstetrical brachial plexus injuries. Hand Clin 11: 563-81, 1995.
38. Boome RS, Kaye JC: Obstetric traction injuries of the brachial plexus. Natural history, indications for surgical repair and results. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 70: 571-6, 1988.