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Rheumatic diseases during pregnancy

Year 2013, , 172 - 179, 01.12.2013
https://doi.org/10.5505/sakaryamj.2013.98698

Abstract

Pregnancy induces immunologic changes that may differentially impact rheumatic disorders. The effects of pregnancy on rheumatic diseases vary by condition. The systemic rheumatic illnesses commonly complicating pregnancy are systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), scleroderma.

References

  • Jain V, Gordon C. Managing pregnancy in inflammatory rheumatological diseases. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011 Feb 16. Clowse ME, Jamison M, Myers E, James AH. A national study 25;13(1):206.
  • Chang J, Streitman D. Physiologic adaptations to pregnancy. Neurol Clin. 2012 Aug;30(3):781-9
  • Lund CJ, Donovan JC. Blood volume during pregnancy. Significance of plasma and red cell volumes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1967;98(3):394-403.
  • Marik P, Plante LA. Venous thromboembolic disease and pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2008;359(19):2025-33.
  • Heckman JD, Sassard, R. Current concepts review. 20. Gayed M, Gordon C. Pregnancy and rheumatic diseases. Musculoskeletal considerations in pregnancy. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am 1994;76(11):1720-1730.
  • Van den Broe NR, Letsky EA. Pregnancy and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. BJOG 2001; 108(11):1164-1167.
  • Cutolo M, Capellino S, Straub RH. Estrogens in rheumatic diseases: friend or foe? Rheumatology 2008; 47(3): 2-5.
  • Doria A, Iaccarino L, Arienti S, Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, Rampudda ME, et al. Th2 immune deviation induced by pregnancy: the two faces of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22(2): 234-41.
  • Østensen M, Förger F, Villiger PM. Cytokines and pregnancy in rheumatic disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006;1069:353-63.
  • Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC, Deyo RA, Felson DT, Giannini EH, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41(5):778-99.
  • Rivest C, Lew RA, Welsing PM, Sangha O, Wright EA, Roberts WN, et al. Association between clinical factors, socioeconomic status, and organ damage in recent onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2000;27(3):680-4.
  • Skomsvoll JF, Aasarİd K, Salvesen KA, Hoff M, Wallenius M, Rİdevand E, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2007;127(6):725-9.
  • Lockshin MD, Reinitz E, Druzin ML, Murrman M, Estes D. Lupus pregnancy. Case-control prospective study demonstrating absence of lupus exacerbation during or after pregnancy. Am J Med 1984;77(5):893-8.
  • Ruiz-Irastorza G, Lima F, Alves J, Khamashta MA, Simpson J, Hughes GR, et al. Increased rate of lupus flare during pregnancy and the puerperium: a prospective study of 78 pregnancies. Br J Rheumatol 1996;35(2):133-8.
  • Ostensen M, Brucato A, Carp H, Chambers C, Dolhain RJ, Doria A, et al. Pregnancy and reproduction in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50(4):657-64. of the complications of lupus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199(2):127.e1-6.
  • Mok CC, Wong RW. Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Postgrad Med J 2001;77:157–65.
  • Moroni G, Ponticelli C. The risk of pregnancy in patients with lupus nephritis. J Nephrol 2003;16:161–167.
  • Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Farewell VT, Stewart J, McDonald J. Lupus and pregnancy studies. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:1392–7. Rheumatology 2007;46:1634–1640.
  • Shehata N, Burrows R, Kelton JG. Gestational thrombocytopenia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1999;42:327–34.
  • Magann EF, Martin JN Jr. Twelve steps to optimal management of HELLP syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1999;42:532–50.
  • Levy JA, Murphy LD. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. J Am Board Fam Pract 2002;15(4):290-7.
  • Chakravarty EF, Nelson L, Krishnan E. Obstetric hospitalizations in the United States for women with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:899–907.
  • Heard AR, Dekker GA, Chan A, Jacobs DJ, Vreeburg SA, Priest KR. Hypertension during pregnancy in South Australia, Part 1: pregnancy outcomes. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2004;44(5):404–409.
  • Mustafa R, Ahmed S, Gupta A, Venuto RC. A comprehensive review of hypertension in pregnancy. J Pregnancy 2012; 2012:105918.
  • Cervera R, Font J, Carmona F, Balasch J. Pregnancy outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus: good news for the new millennium. Autoimmun Rev 2002;1: 354–359.
  • Mok CC, Wong RWS. Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Postgrad Med J 2001;77: 157–165.
  • Moroni G, Ponticelli C. The risk of pregnancy in patients with lupus nephritis. J Nephrol 2003; 16:161–167.
  • Kong NC. Pregnancy of a lupus patient—a challenge to the nephrologist. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21: 268–272.
  • Cortes-Hernandez J, Ordi-Ros J, Paredes F, Casellas M, Castillo F, Vilardell-Tarres M. Clinical predictors of fetal and maternal outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of 103 pregnancies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:643–50.
  • Carmona F, Font J, Cervera R, Munoz F, Cararach V, Balasch J. Obstetrical outcome of pregnancy in patients with systemic Lupus erythematosus. A study of 60 cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1999;83:137–42.
  • Packham DK, Lam SS, Nicholls K, Fairley KF, Kincaid-Smith PS. Lupus nephritis and pregnancy. Q J Med 1992;83:315–24.
  • Yan Yuen S, Krizova A, Ouimet JM, Pope JE. Pregnancy Outcome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is Improving: Results from a Case Control Study and Literature Review. Pregnancy Outcome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is Improving: Results from a Case Control Study and Literature Review. Open Rheumatol J. 2008;2:89-98.
  • Mialdea M, Sangle SR, D'Cruz DP. Antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome: beyond pregnancy morbidity and thrombosis. Journal of Autoimmune Diseases 2009;19:6.
  • Branch DW, Khamashta MA. Antiphospholipid syndrome: obstetric diagnosis, management, and controversies. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jun;101(6):1333-44.
  • Meroni PL. Pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome: an additional example of the mosaic of autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2008;30(1-2):99-103.
  • Gezer S. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Dis Mon 2003;49(12):696- 741.
  • de Groot PG, Lutters B, Derksen RH, Lisman T, Meijers JC, Rosendaal FR. Lupus anticoagulants and the risk of a first episode of deep venous thrombosis.J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3(9):1993- 7.
  • Mok CC, Tang SS, To CH, Petri M. Incidence and risk factors of thromboembolism in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of three ethnic groups. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(9):2774-82.
  • Tincani A, Branch W, Levy RA, Piette JC, Carp H, Rai RS, et al. Treatment of pregnant patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2003;12(7):524-9.
  • Abadi S, Einarson A, Koren G. Use of warfarin during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2002;48:695-7.
  • Nelson JL, Ostensen M. Pregnancy and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am 1997;23:195-212.
  • James R. O'Dell. Rheumatoid Arthritis. In: Lee Goldman, Andrew I. Schafer (eds), Goldman's Cecil Medicine, 24th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, An Imprint of Elsevier; 2012. p.1681.
  • Jeff M. Denney, Troy Flint Porter, D. Ware Branch. High Risk Pregnancy. Autoimmune Diseases. In: David James, Philip J. Steer, Carl P. Weiner, Bernard Gonik (eds), High Risk Pregnancy, 4th ed. St. Louis: Saunders, An Imprint of Elsevier; 2010. p.783.
  • Choy E.Understanding the dynamics: pathways involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51:v3-v11.
  • Barrett JH, Brennan P, Fiddler M, Silman AJ. Does rheumatoid arthritis remit during pregnancy and relapse postpartum? Results from a nationwide study in the United Kingdom performed prospectively from late pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum Jun 1999;42(6):1219-27.
  • de Man YA, Dolhain RJ, van de Geijn FE, Willemsen SP, Hazes JM. Disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy: results from a nationwide prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59(9):1241-8.
  • Daghni Rajasingam, Catherine Nelson-Piercy. Connective Tissue Diseases in Pregnancy. In: Martin Black, Christina M. Ambros- Rudolph, Libby Edwards, Peter J. Lynch (eds), Obstetric and Gynecologic Dermatology, 3rd ed. Mosby, An Imprint of Elsevier, 2008. p.99.
  • Ostenson M. Pregnancy in patients with a history of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:881-887.
  • Rennick GJ. Use of systemic glucocorticosteroids in pregnancy: be alert but not alarmed. Australas J Dermatol 2006;47(1):34-6.
  • Guller S, Kong L, Wozniak R, Lockwood CJ. Reduction of extracellular matrix protein expression in human amnion epithelial cells by glucocorticoids: a potential role in preterm rupture of the fetal membranes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2244-50.
  • Østensen M, Khamashta M, Lockshin M, Parke A, Brucato A, Carp H, et al. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:209.
  • Park-Wyllie L, Mazzotta P, Pastuszak A, Moretti ME, Beique L, Hunnisett L, et al. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology 2000;62:385-392.
  • Hazes JM, Coulie PG, Geenen V, Vermeire S, Carbonnel F, Louis E, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and pregnancy: evolution of disease activity and pathophysiological considerations for drug use. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50(11):1955-68.
  • Antonucci R, Zaffanello M, Puxeddu E, Porcella A, Cuzzolin L, Pilloni MD, et al. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in pregnancy: impact on the fetus and newborn. Curr Drug Metab 2012;13(4):474-90.
  • Askie LM, Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Stewart LA; PARIS Collaborative Group. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre- eclampsia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet 2007;369(9575):1791-8.
  • Koren G, Florescu A, Costei AM, Boskovic R, Moretti ME. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during third trimester and the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: a meta- analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:824-9.
  • Ostensen M, Ramsey-Goldman R. Treatment of inflammatory rheumatic disorders in pregnancy: what are the safest treatment options? Drug Saf 1998;19:389-410.
  • Lidar M, Langevitz P. Pregnancy issues in scleroderma. Autoimmun Rev 2012;11(6-7):A515-9.
  • Chwiesko-Minarowska S, Kowal K, Bielecki M, Kowal-Bielecka O. The role of leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2012;50(2):19348.
  • Sakkas LI. New developments in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Autoimmunity 2005;38(2):113-6.
  • Betty Diamond. Immunologic Mechanisms in Disease. In: William E.Paul (eds), Fundamental Immunology Sixth Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer, 2008. p.1320-1321.
  • John Varga, Christopher P. Denton. Scleroderma, inflammatory myopathies, and overlap syndromes. In: Ralph C. Budd, Edward D. Harris Jr, Iain B. McInnes, Shaun Ruddy (eds), Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology, 8th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 2008. p.1312.
  • Nona T. Colburn. Systemic Sclerosis and Related Syndromes. In: Nona T. Colburn (eds), Review of Rheumatology. New York: Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2012. P.363-389.
  • Robert S. Porter and Justin L. Kaplan. Autoimmune Rheumatic Disorders. In: Robert S. Porter and Justin L. Kaplan (eds), The Merck Manual Of Diagnosis and Therapy, 19th ed. . West Point, PA : Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., A Subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc, 2011. p.309-312.
  • Steen VD. Scleroderma and pregnancy Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997;23(1):133-47.
  • Lidar M, Langevitz P. Pregnancy issues in scleroderma. Autoimmun Rev 2012;11(6-7):A515-9.
  • Miniati I, Guiducci S, Mecacci F, Mello G, Matucci-Cerinic M. Pregnancy in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47 Suppl 3:iii16-8.
  • Bérezné A, Mouthon L.Pregnancy in systemic sclerosis. Presse Med 2008;37(11):1636-43.

Rheumatic diseases during pregnancy

Year 2013, , 172 - 179, 01.12.2013
https://doi.org/10.5505/sakaryamj.2013.98698

Abstract

Pregnancy induces immunologic changes that may differentially impact rheumatic disorders. The effects of pregnancy on rheumatic diseases vary by condition. The systemic rheumatic illnesses commonly complicating pregnancy are systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), scleroderma.

References

  • Jain V, Gordon C. Managing pregnancy in inflammatory rheumatological diseases. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011 Feb 16. Clowse ME, Jamison M, Myers E, James AH. A national study 25;13(1):206.
  • Chang J, Streitman D. Physiologic adaptations to pregnancy. Neurol Clin. 2012 Aug;30(3):781-9
  • Lund CJ, Donovan JC. Blood volume during pregnancy. Significance of plasma and red cell volumes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1967;98(3):394-403.
  • Marik P, Plante LA. Venous thromboembolic disease and pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2008;359(19):2025-33.
  • Heckman JD, Sassard, R. Current concepts review. 20. Gayed M, Gordon C. Pregnancy and rheumatic diseases. Musculoskeletal considerations in pregnancy. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am 1994;76(11):1720-1730.
  • Van den Broe NR, Letsky EA. Pregnancy and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. BJOG 2001; 108(11):1164-1167.
  • Cutolo M, Capellino S, Straub RH. Estrogens in rheumatic diseases: friend or foe? Rheumatology 2008; 47(3): 2-5.
  • Doria A, Iaccarino L, Arienti S, Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, Rampudda ME, et al. Th2 immune deviation induced by pregnancy: the two faces of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22(2): 234-41.
  • Østensen M, Förger F, Villiger PM. Cytokines and pregnancy in rheumatic disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006;1069:353-63.
  • Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC, Deyo RA, Felson DT, Giannini EH, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41(5):778-99.
  • Rivest C, Lew RA, Welsing PM, Sangha O, Wright EA, Roberts WN, et al. Association between clinical factors, socioeconomic status, and organ damage in recent onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2000;27(3):680-4.
  • Skomsvoll JF, Aasarİd K, Salvesen KA, Hoff M, Wallenius M, Rİdevand E, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2007;127(6):725-9.
  • Lockshin MD, Reinitz E, Druzin ML, Murrman M, Estes D. Lupus pregnancy. Case-control prospective study demonstrating absence of lupus exacerbation during or after pregnancy. Am J Med 1984;77(5):893-8.
  • Ruiz-Irastorza G, Lima F, Alves J, Khamashta MA, Simpson J, Hughes GR, et al. Increased rate of lupus flare during pregnancy and the puerperium: a prospective study of 78 pregnancies. Br J Rheumatol 1996;35(2):133-8.
  • Ostensen M, Brucato A, Carp H, Chambers C, Dolhain RJ, Doria A, et al. Pregnancy and reproduction in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50(4):657-64. of the complications of lupus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199(2):127.e1-6.
  • Mok CC, Wong RW. Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Postgrad Med J 2001;77:157–65.
  • Moroni G, Ponticelli C. The risk of pregnancy in patients with lupus nephritis. J Nephrol 2003;16:161–167.
  • Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Farewell VT, Stewart J, McDonald J. Lupus and pregnancy studies. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:1392–7. Rheumatology 2007;46:1634–1640.
  • Shehata N, Burrows R, Kelton JG. Gestational thrombocytopenia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1999;42:327–34.
  • Magann EF, Martin JN Jr. Twelve steps to optimal management of HELLP syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1999;42:532–50.
  • Levy JA, Murphy LD. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. J Am Board Fam Pract 2002;15(4):290-7.
  • Chakravarty EF, Nelson L, Krishnan E. Obstetric hospitalizations in the United States for women with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:899–907.
  • Heard AR, Dekker GA, Chan A, Jacobs DJ, Vreeburg SA, Priest KR. Hypertension during pregnancy in South Australia, Part 1: pregnancy outcomes. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2004;44(5):404–409.
  • Mustafa R, Ahmed S, Gupta A, Venuto RC. A comprehensive review of hypertension in pregnancy. J Pregnancy 2012; 2012:105918.
  • Cervera R, Font J, Carmona F, Balasch J. Pregnancy outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus: good news for the new millennium. Autoimmun Rev 2002;1: 354–359.
  • Mok CC, Wong RWS. Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Postgrad Med J 2001;77: 157–165.
  • Moroni G, Ponticelli C. The risk of pregnancy in patients with lupus nephritis. J Nephrol 2003; 16:161–167.
  • Kong NC. Pregnancy of a lupus patient—a challenge to the nephrologist. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21: 268–272.
  • Cortes-Hernandez J, Ordi-Ros J, Paredes F, Casellas M, Castillo F, Vilardell-Tarres M. Clinical predictors of fetal and maternal outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of 103 pregnancies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:643–50.
  • Carmona F, Font J, Cervera R, Munoz F, Cararach V, Balasch J. Obstetrical outcome of pregnancy in patients with systemic Lupus erythematosus. A study of 60 cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1999;83:137–42.
  • Packham DK, Lam SS, Nicholls K, Fairley KF, Kincaid-Smith PS. Lupus nephritis and pregnancy. Q J Med 1992;83:315–24.
  • Yan Yuen S, Krizova A, Ouimet JM, Pope JE. Pregnancy Outcome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is Improving: Results from a Case Control Study and Literature Review. Pregnancy Outcome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is Improving: Results from a Case Control Study and Literature Review. Open Rheumatol J. 2008;2:89-98.
  • Mialdea M, Sangle SR, D'Cruz DP. Antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome: beyond pregnancy morbidity and thrombosis. Journal of Autoimmune Diseases 2009;19:6.
  • Branch DW, Khamashta MA. Antiphospholipid syndrome: obstetric diagnosis, management, and controversies. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jun;101(6):1333-44.
  • Meroni PL. Pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome: an additional example of the mosaic of autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2008;30(1-2):99-103.
  • Gezer S. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Dis Mon 2003;49(12):696- 741.
  • de Groot PG, Lutters B, Derksen RH, Lisman T, Meijers JC, Rosendaal FR. Lupus anticoagulants and the risk of a first episode of deep venous thrombosis.J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3(9):1993- 7.
  • Mok CC, Tang SS, To CH, Petri M. Incidence and risk factors of thromboembolism in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of three ethnic groups. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(9):2774-82.
  • Tincani A, Branch W, Levy RA, Piette JC, Carp H, Rai RS, et al. Treatment of pregnant patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2003;12(7):524-9.
  • Abadi S, Einarson A, Koren G. Use of warfarin during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2002;48:695-7.
  • Nelson JL, Ostensen M. Pregnancy and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am 1997;23:195-212.
  • James R. O'Dell. Rheumatoid Arthritis. In: Lee Goldman, Andrew I. Schafer (eds), Goldman's Cecil Medicine, 24th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, An Imprint of Elsevier; 2012. p.1681.
  • Jeff M. Denney, Troy Flint Porter, D. Ware Branch. High Risk Pregnancy. Autoimmune Diseases. In: David James, Philip J. Steer, Carl P. Weiner, Bernard Gonik (eds), High Risk Pregnancy, 4th ed. St. Louis: Saunders, An Imprint of Elsevier; 2010. p.783.
  • Choy E.Understanding the dynamics: pathways involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51:v3-v11.
  • Barrett JH, Brennan P, Fiddler M, Silman AJ. Does rheumatoid arthritis remit during pregnancy and relapse postpartum? Results from a nationwide study in the United Kingdom performed prospectively from late pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum Jun 1999;42(6):1219-27.
  • de Man YA, Dolhain RJ, van de Geijn FE, Willemsen SP, Hazes JM. Disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy: results from a nationwide prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59(9):1241-8.
  • Daghni Rajasingam, Catherine Nelson-Piercy. Connective Tissue Diseases in Pregnancy. In: Martin Black, Christina M. Ambros- Rudolph, Libby Edwards, Peter J. Lynch (eds), Obstetric and Gynecologic Dermatology, 3rd ed. Mosby, An Imprint of Elsevier, 2008. p.99.
  • Ostenson M. Pregnancy in patients with a history of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:881-887.
  • Rennick GJ. Use of systemic glucocorticosteroids in pregnancy: be alert but not alarmed. Australas J Dermatol 2006;47(1):34-6.
  • Guller S, Kong L, Wozniak R, Lockwood CJ. Reduction of extracellular matrix protein expression in human amnion epithelial cells by glucocorticoids: a potential role in preterm rupture of the fetal membranes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2244-50.
  • Østensen M, Khamashta M, Lockshin M, Parke A, Brucato A, Carp H, et al. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:209.
  • Park-Wyllie L, Mazzotta P, Pastuszak A, Moretti ME, Beique L, Hunnisett L, et al. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology 2000;62:385-392.
  • Hazes JM, Coulie PG, Geenen V, Vermeire S, Carbonnel F, Louis E, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and pregnancy: evolution of disease activity and pathophysiological considerations for drug use. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50(11):1955-68.
  • Antonucci R, Zaffanello M, Puxeddu E, Porcella A, Cuzzolin L, Pilloni MD, et al. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in pregnancy: impact on the fetus and newborn. Curr Drug Metab 2012;13(4):474-90.
  • Askie LM, Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Stewart LA; PARIS Collaborative Group. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre- eclampsia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet 2007;369(9575):1791-8.
  • Koren G, Florescu A, Costei AM, Boskovic R, Moretti ME. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during third trimester and the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: a meta- analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:824-9.
  • Ostensen M, Ramsey-Goldman R. Treatment of inflammatory rheumatic disorders in pregnancy: what are the safest treatment options? Drug Saf 1998;19:389-410.
  • Lidar M, Langevitz P. Pregnancy issues in scleroderma. Autoimmun Rev 2012;11(6-7):A515-9.
  • Chwiesko-Minarowska S, Kowal K, Bielecki M, Kowal-Bielecka O. The role of leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2012;50(2):19348.
  • Sakkas LI. New developments in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Autoimmunity 2005;38(2):113-6.
  • Betty Diamond. Immunologic Mechanisms in Disease. In: William E.Paul (eds), Fundamental Immunology Sixth Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer, 2008. p.1320-1321.
  • John Varga, Christopher P. Denton. Scleroderma, inflammatory myopathies, and overlap syndromes. In: Ralph C. Budd, Edward D. Harris Jr, Iain B. McInnes, Shaun Ruddy (eds), Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology, 8th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 2008. p.1312.
  • Nona T. Colburn. Systemic Sclerosis and Related Syndromes. In: Nona T. Colburn (eds), Review of Rheumatology. New York: Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2012. P.363-389.
  • Robert S. Porter and Justin L. Kaplan. Autoimmune Rheumatic Disorders. In: Robert S. Porter and Justin L. Kaplan (eds), The Merck Manual Of Diagnosis and Therapy, 19th ed. . West Point, PA : Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., A Subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc, 2011. p.309-312.
  • Steen VD. Scleroderma and pregnancy Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997;23(1):133-47.
  • Lidar M, Langevitz P. Pregnancy issues in scleroderma. Autoimmun Rev 2012;11(6-7):A515-9.
  • Miniati I, Guiducci S, Mecacci F, Mello G, Matucci-Cerinic M. Pregnancy in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47 Suppl 3:iii16-8.
  • Bérezné A, Mouthon L.Pregnancy in systemic sclerosis. Presse Med 2008;37(11):1636-43.
There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Rahman Yavuz This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2013
Submission Date September 7, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2013

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AMA Yavuz R. Rheumatic diseases during pregnancy. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi. December 2013;3(4):172-179. doi:10.5505/sakaryamj.2013.98698

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