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An Unusual Hemorrhagic Shock Caused by Spontaneous Rupture of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case Report

Year 2017, , 235 - 239, 04.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.312274

Abstract

Introduction: Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
is a rare but fatal complication that can be occurred during follow up in
advanced stages of chronic liver failure.

Case Report: A 66-year-old male was admitted with tachycardia,
fade and abdominal distention

to the emergency clinic. The patient’s hemoglobin
level was 5 mg/dl and the hematocrit value was 19 %.Abdominal contrast-enhanced
computed tomography (CT) detected an extensive hematoma in the perihepatic area
with a laceration of 37.7x35 mm in the dome of the liver extending from segment
V to segment VIII. An emergent explorative laparotomy was performed in
hemorrhagic shock status. The tumor mass was resected with negative surgical
margins. Patient’s postoperative course was uneventful.

Discussion: Spontaneous HCC rupture is a catastrophic situation
which generally occurs suddenly and leads to coagulopathy, hemodynamic
instability and liver failure. These patients have usually sudden abdominal
pain, dizziness, confusion, fainting, tachycardia, and are often referred to
emergency clinic with hemodynamic instability or in hemorrhagic shock status.
Fall in hemotocrit levels is remarkable. Ultrasonography (USG) and CT is useful
in detecting the ruptured liver mass, intraperitoneal fluid or hematoma.
Resection of the ruptured tumor -if possible- should be considered.
Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE)
are another alternative treatment options in selected cases where surgery is
not suitable.







Conclusion: Spontaneous HCC rupture is a serious life-threatening complication.
If possible, resection of the ruptured tumor mass in emergency situations is
not only lifesaving but also the treatment of choice of the primary disease.

References

  • 1. Forner A, Llovet JM, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 2012; 379: 1245-1255 2 Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CACancer J Clin 2014; 64: 9-29 3. Yang T, Lau WY, Zhang H, Huang B, Lu JH, Wu MC. Grey zone in the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Classification for hepatocellular carcinoma: Surgeons' perspective. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jul 21;21(27):8256-61. 4. Yeh CN, Lee WC, Jeng LB, Chen MF, Yu MC. Spontaneous tumour rupture and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 1125-1129 5.Jin YJ, Lee JW, Park SW, Lee JI, Lee DH, Kim YS et al. Survival outcome of patients with spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma treated surgically or by transarterial embolization. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Jul 28;19(28):4537-44. 6. Miyamoto M, Sudo T, Kuyama T. Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of 172 Japanese cases. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 67-71 7. Chearanai O, Plengvanit U, Asavanich C, Damrongsak D, Sindhvananda K, Boonyapisit S. Spontaneous rupture of primary hepatoma: report of 63 cases with particular reference to the pathogenesis and rationale treatment by hepatic artery ligation. Cancer 1983; 51: 1532-1536 8. Clarkston W, Inciardi M, Kirkpatrick S, McEwen G, Ediger S, Schubert T. Acute hemoperitoneum from rupture of a hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 1988; 10: 221-225 9. Lai EC, Wu KM, Choi TK, Fan ST, Wong J. Spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. An appraisal of surgical treatment. Ann Surg 1989; 210: 24-28. 10. Seung Rim Han, Jong Man Kim, Gyu-Seong Choi, Jae Berm Park, Choon Hyuck David Kwon, Sung Joo Kim, andJae-Won Joh. Protrusion of hepatocellular carcinoma is a predictor of early recurrence in hepatectomy patients after spontaneous rupture. Ann Surg Treat Res. 2016 Jul; 91(1): 17–22. 11 Di Lelio A, Cestari C, Lomazzi A, Beretta L. Cirrhosis: diagnosis with sonographic study of the liver surface. Radiology 1989; 172: 389-392 12. Llovet JM, Burroughs A, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 2003; 362: 1907-1917 13. Pons F, Varela M, Llovet JM. Staging systems in hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB (Oxford). 2005;7(1):35-41. 14. Cherqui D, Panis Y, Rotman N, Fagniez PL. Emergency liver resection for spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma complicating cirrhosis. Br J Surg 1993; 80: 747-749 15. Ngan H, Tso WK, Lai CL, Fan ST. The role of hepatic arterial embolization in the treatment of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Radiol 1998; 53: 338-341 16. Liu CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, Tso WK, Poon RT, Lam CM et al. Management of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: single-center experience. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Sep 1;19(17):3725-32. 17. Zhong F, Cheng XS, He K, Sun SB, Zhou J, Chen HM. Treatment outcomes of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma with hemorrhagic shock: a multicenter study. Springerplus. 2016 Jul 16;5(1):1101. 18. Kirikoshi H, Saito S, Yoneda M, Fujita K, Mawatari H, Uchiyama T et al. Outcomes and factors influencing survival in cirrhotic cases with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter study. BMC Gastroenterol 2009; 9: 29 19. Chen MF, Jan YY, Lee TY. Transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization followed by hepatic resection for the spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1986; 58: 332-335

Sıradışı Bir Hemorajik Şok Nedeni Spontan Hepatosellüler Karsinom Rüptürü: Olgu Sunumu

Year 2017, , 235 - 239, 04.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.312274

Abstract

Giriş:
Spontan
Hepatosellüler Karsinom (HSK) rüptürü nadir görülen mortalitesi yüksek bir
komplikasyondur ve genellikle kronik karaciğer
yetmezliğinin ileri evrelerinde ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Olgu
Sunumu:
66 yaşında erkek hasta spontan HSK rüptürü
nedeniyle acil serviste değerlendirildi. Hastanın hemoglobin 5 gr/dl ve
hematokriti % 19 idi ve hastada
solukluk, şuur kaybı, batında
distansiyon ve taşikardi mevcuttu. Abdominal kontrastlı bilgisayarlı tomografi
(BT)’ de perihepatik alanda yaygın hematom ve karaciğer kubbede segment 5’ den
8’ e uzanan 37.7 x 35 mm ebatlarında laserasyon hattı
tespit edildi. Hasta hemorajik şok tablosunda idi ve exploratif laparotomi yapıldı.
Tümör negatif cerrahi sınırlar ile rezeke edildi. Hastanın postoperatif
takiplerinde sıkıntı olmadı ve taburcu edildi.

Tartışma:
HSK
rüptürü, koagülopati, hemodinamik instabilite, karaciğer yetersizliği ve
hemorojik şok gibi fatal komplikasyonlar ile karakterize katastrofik bir durumdur.
Tanı ve tedavisinin erken
yapılması hayatta kalımla yakın ilişkilidir. Tanıda genellikle kronik hepatitli
hastalarda ani gelişen karın ağrısı, karında şişlik, solukluk, hipotansiyon ve
taşikardi gibi hemorajik şok bulguları mevcuttur. Hematokritte ani düşüş tanı
koydurucu olabilmektedir. Ultrasongrafi ve BT rüptüre karaciğer kitlesi,
intraperitoneal sıvı veya hematomu göstermede faydalıdır. Rüptürü HSK’ nun
rezeksiyonu mümkünse önerilen tedavi yöntemidir. Seçilmiş ve cerrahi
yapılamayacak hastalarda transarteriyel kemoterapi (TAKE) yöntemi alternatif
yöntemdir.







Sonuç:
Spontan
HCC rupture hayatı tehtid eden ciddi bir durumdur. Acil durumlarda rüptüre
tümörün rezeksiyonu hem hayat kurtarıcı hem de primer hastalığın tedavi
seçeneğidir. 

References

  • 1. Forner A, Llovet JM, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 2012; 379: 1245-1255 2 Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CACancer J Clin 2014; 64: 9-29 3. Yang T, Lau WY, Zhang H, Huang B, Lu JH, Wu MC. Grey zone in the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Classification for hepatocellular carcinoma: Surgeons' perspective. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jul 21;21(27):8256-61. 4. Yeh CN, Lee WC, Jeng LB, Chen MF, Yu MC. Spontaneous tumour rupture and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 1125-1129 5.Jin YJ, Lee JW, Park SW, Lee JI, Lee DH, Kim YS et al. Survival outcome of patients with spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma treated surgically or by transarterial embolization. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Jul 28;19(28):4537-44. 6. Miyamoto M, Sudo T, Kuyama T. Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of 172 Japanese cases. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 67-71 7. Chearanai O, Plengvanit U, Asavanich C, Damrongsak D, Sindhvananda K, Boonyapisit S. Spontaneous rupture of primary hepatoma: report of 63 cases with particular reference to the pathogenesis and rationale treatment by hepatic artery ligation. Cancer 1983; 51: 1532-1536 8. Clarkston W, Inciardi M, Kirkpatrick S, McEwen G, Ediger S, Schubert T. Acute hemoperitoneum from rupture of a hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 1988; 10: 221-225 9. Lai EC, Wu KM, Choi TK, Fan ST, Wong J. Spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. An appraisal of surgical treatment. Ann Surg 1989; 210: 24-28. 10. Seung Rim Han, Jong Man Kim, Gyu-Seong Choi, Jae Berm Park, Choon Hyuck David Kwon, Sung Joo Kim, andJae-Won Joh. Protrusion of hepatocellular carcinoma is a predictor of early recurrence in hepatectomy patients after spontaneous rupture. Ann Surg Treat Res. 2016 Jul; 91(1): 17–22. 11 Di Lelio A, Cestari C, Lomazzi A, Beretta L. Cirrhosis: diagnosis with sonographic study of the liver surface. Radiology 1989; 172: 389-392 12. Llovet JM, Burroughs A, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 2003; 362: 1907-1917 13. Pons F, Varela M, Llovet JM. Staging systems in hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB (Oxford). 2005;7(1):35-41. 14. Cherqui D, Panis Y, Rotman N, Fagniez PL. Emergency liver resection for spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma complicating cirrhosis. Br J Surg 1993; 80: 747-749 15. Ngan H, Tso WK, Lai CL, Fan ST. The role of hepatic arterial embolization in the treatment of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Radiol 1998; 53: 338-341 16. Liu CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, Tso WK, Poon RT, Lam CM et al. Management of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: single-center experience. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Sep 1;19(17):3725-32. 17. Zhong F, Cheng XS, He K, Sun SB, Zhou J, Chen HM. Treatment outcomes of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma with hemorrhagic shock: a multicenter study. Springerplus. 2016 Jul 16;5(1):1101. 18. Kirikoshi H, Saito S, Yoneda M, Fujita K, Mawatari H, Uchiyama T et al. Outcomes and factors influencing survival in cirrhotic cases with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter study. BMC Gastroenterol 2009; 9: 29 19. Chen MF, Jan YY, Lee TY. Transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization followed by hepatic resection for the spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1986; 58: 332-335
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Aziret

Metin Ercan

Kerem Karaman

Necattin Fırat

Erdal Birol Bostancı This is me

Musa Akoğlu This is me

Publication Date January 4, 2018
Submission Date May 14, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017

Cite

AMA Aziret M, Ercan M, Karaman K, Fırat N, Bostancı EB, Akoğlu M. An Unusual Hemorrhagic Shock Caused by Spontaneous Rupture of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case Report. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi. January 2018;7(4):235-239. doi:10.31832/smj.312274

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