Erken Saç Beyazlaması Sağlıklı Genç ve Orta Yaşlı Erkekler için Hipertansiyonun Belirleyicisi midir?

Year 2020, , 277 - 284, 15.06.2020

Ali Gokhan Ozyildiz , Mustafa Çetin , Savaş Özer , Oguzhan Ekrem Turan , Hüseyin Durak , Turan Erdoğan

https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.713827

Abstract

Amaç: Oksidatif stres, hipertansiyon (HT) gelişiminde temel faktörlerden biridir. Saç beyazlaması oksidatif stresin görsel bir işaretidir. Erken saç beyazlaması yoğunluğunun HT gelişimini öngörebileceğini varsaydık ve bunu test etmeyi amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Saç beyazlığı farklı derecelerde 172 sağlıklı erkek çalışmaya dahil edildi ve ortalama 86 ay sonunda değerlendirildi. Takip süresi boyunca HT tanısı alan hastaların verilerini sağlıklı kalanlarla karşılaştırdık.
Bulgular: Takip süresince 172 hastanın 53'üne (% 32) HT tanısı konuldu. Demografik özellikler açısından yaş (41,48 ± 6,39 vs 44,36 ± 5,25 yıl; p=0,013), bel çevresi (97,52 ± 10,87 vs 104,80 ± 11,94 cm; p=0,004) ve vücut-kitle indeksi (27,61 ± 3,56 vs 30,20 ± 3,55 kg / m2; p<0,001) HT grubunda daha fazla iken, sigara içme öyküsü (p=0,211) gruplar arasında benzerdi. Tek değişkenli analiz sonucunda karotis intima-media kalınlığı (KIMK)(p=0,013), gama-glutamil transferaz (GGT)(p=0,021) ve ürik asit (p<0,001) seviyeleri HT grubunda daha yüksek; tahmini glomerüler filtrasyon hızı (tGFH)(p=0,039) ve yüksek dansiteli lipoprotein (YDL)(p=0,026) düzeyleri ise daha düşüktü. Saç beyazlığı derecesi ve yoğunluğu açısından gruplar arasında fark yoktu. Çoklu değişkenli analiz yapıldığında, yaş (OR=0,143, 95%CI (1,002-1,328), p=0,046), tGFH (OR=-0,058, 95%CI (0,895-0,995), p=0,032), ürik asit (OR=0,567, 95%CI (1,032-3,015), p=0,038), GGT (OR=0,030, 95%CI (1,001-1,060), p=0,041) ve YDL kolesterol (OR=-0,129, 95%CI (0,783- 0,986), p=0,028) de nova HT ile bağımsız ilişkiliydi. Vücut-kitle indeksi, KIMK ve lökosit miktarı iki grup için benzerdi.
Sonuç: Erken saç beyazlaması, genç ve orta yaşlı sağlıklı erkeklerde HT gelişimini belirlemede öngörücü değildir. 

Keywords

Hipertansiyon, oksidatif stres, genç, orta yaş, erkek, saç

Is Premature Hair Whitening a Predictor of Hypertension for Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Men?

Abstract

Objective: Oxidative stress is one of the essential factors in the development of Hypertension (HT). Hair whitening is a visual sign of oxidative stress. We hypothesized that the intensity of premature hair whitening might predict HT development, and we aimed to test it.
Materials and Methods: A total of 172 healthy males with different stages of hair whitening were included in the study and evaluated after an average of 86 months. During the follow-up, we compared the data of patients diagnosed with HT to those who remained healthy.
Results: Fifty-five (32%) of 172 patients were diagnosed with HT during follow-up period. In terms of demographic characteristics, age (41.48 ± 6.39 vs 44.36 ± 5.25 years; p=0.013), waist circumference (97.52 ± 10.87 vs 104.80 ± 11.94 cm; p=0.004), and body-mass index (27.61 ± 3.56 vs 30.20 ± 3.55 kg/m2; p<0,001) were higher in the HT group, whereas smoking history (p=0.211) was similar between the groups. In univariate analysis carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT)(p=0.013), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)(p=0.021), and uric acid (p<0.001) levels were higher in the HT group; on the contrary, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)(p=0.039) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (p=0.026) were lower in this group. There was no difference between groups in terms of hair whitening stage and intensity. In multivariate analysis age (OR=0.143, 95%CI (1.002-1.328), p=0.046), eGFR (OR= -0.058, 95%CI (0.895-0.995), p=0.032), uric acid (OR=0.567, 95%CI (1.032-3.015), p=0.038), GGT (OR=0.030, 95%CI (1.001-1.060), p=0.041), and HDL (OR=-0.129, 95%CI (0.783- 0.986), p=0.028) were independently associated with de nova HT. Body-mass index, CIMT, and the leukocyte count were similar between the groups.
Conclusion: Premature hair whitening is not predictive in determining the development of HT in young and middle-aged healthy men. 

Keywords

Hypertension, young, middle-aged, male, hair, oxidative stress

References

• 1. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004;364:937-52. PMID: 15364185
• 2. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2018;39(33):3021-104. PMID: 30165516
• 3. González J, Valls N, Brito R, Rodrigo R. Essential hypertension and oxidative stress: New insights. World J Cardiol 2014;6(6):353-66. PMID: 24976907 4. Paravicini TM, Touyz RM. Redox signaling in hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2006;71:247-58. PMID: 16765337
• 5. Rodrigo R, Passalacqua W, Araya J, Orellana M, Rivera G. Implications of oxidative stress and homocysteine in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003;42:453-61. PMID: 14508229
• 6. Hirooka Y, Sagara Y, Kishi T, Sunagawa K. Oxidative stress and central cardiovascular regulation. Pathogenesis of hypertension and therapeutic aspects. Circ J 2010;74:827-35. PMID: 20424336
• 7. Mazzali M, Kanbay M, Segal MS, Shafiu M, Jalal D, Feig DI, et al. Uric acid and hypertension: cause or effect? Curr Rheumatol Rep 2010;12(2):108-17. PMID: 20425019
• 8. Onat A, Can G, Ornek E, Cicek G, Ayhan E, et al. Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase: independent predictor of risk of diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and coronary disease. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012;20:842-8. PMID: 21633402
• 9. Trüeb RM. Oxidative Stress in Ageing of Hair. Int J Trichology 2009;1(1):6-14. PMID: 20805969
• 10. Kocaman SA, Çetin M, Durakoğlugil ME, Erdoğan T, Çanga A, Çiçek Y, et al. The degree of premature hair graying as an independent risk marker for coronary artery disease: a predictor of biological age rather than chronological age. Anadolu Kardiyo Derg 2012;12:457-63. PMID: 22677402
• 11. Schnohr P, Lange P, Nyboe J, Appleyard M, Jensen G. Grey hair, baldness and wrinkles in relation to myocardial infarction: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Am Heart J 1995;130:1003-10. PMID: 7484729
• 12. Kablak-Ziembicka A, Tracz W, Przewlocki T, Pieniazek P, Sokolowski A, Konieczynska M. Association of increased carotid intima-media thickness with the extent of coronary artery disease. Heart 2004;90:1286-90. PMID:15486123
• 13. De Miguel C, Rudemiller NP, Abais JM, Mattson DL. Inflammation and hypertension: new understandings and potential therapeutic targets. Curr Hypertens Rep 2015;17(1):507. PMID: 25432899
• 14. Kodama S, Tanaka S, Saito K, Shu M, Sone Y, Onitake F, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(10):999-1008. PMID: 17533202
• 15. Van Neste D, Tobin DJ. Hair cycle and hair pigmentation: Dynamic interactions and changes associated with aging. Micron 2004;35:193-200. PMID: 15036274
• 16. Kauser S, Thody AJ, Schallreuter KU, Gummer CL, Tobin DJ. A fully functional proopiomelanocortin /melanocortin-1 receptor system regulates the differentiation of human scalp hair follicle melanocytes. Endocrinology 2005;146:532-43. PMID: 15498881
• 17. Arck PC, Overall R, Spatz K, Liezman C, Handjiski B, Klapp BF, et al. Towards a “free radical theory of graying”: melanocyte apoptosis in the aging human hair follicle is an indicator of oxidative stress induced tissue damage. FASEB J 2006;20:1567-9. PMID: 16723385
• 18. Pomerantz HZ. The relationship between coronary heart disease and the presence of certain physical characteristics. Can Med Assoc J 1962;86:57-60. PMID: 14487723
• 19. Schnohr P, Lange P, Nyboe J, Appleyard M, Jansen G. Grey hair, baldness and wrinkles in relation to myocardial infarction: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Am Heart J 1995;130:1003-10. PMID: 7484729
• 20. Horsfall LJ, Nazareth I, Petersen I. Cardiovascular Events as a Function of Serum Bilirubin Levels in a Large, Statin-Treated Cohort. Circulation 2012;126(22):2556-64. PMID: 23110860
• 21. Wang L, Bautista LE. Serum bilirubin and the risk of hypertension. Int J Epidemiol 2015;44(1):142-52. PMID: 25541554
• 22. Kunutsor SK, Kieneker LM, Burgess S, Bakker SJL, Dullaart RLP. Circulating Total Bilirubin and Future Risk of Hypertension in the General Population: The Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) Prospective Study and a Mendelian Randomization Approach. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6(11): e006503. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006503. PMID: 29133521
• 23. J F Donohue. Ageing, smoking and oxidative stress. Thorax 2006;61(6):461–2. PMID: 16738041
• 24. Van der Vaart H, Postma DS, Timens W, Ten Hacken NHT. Acute effects of cigarette smoke on inflammation and oxidative stress: a review. Thorax 2004;59(8):713-21. PMID: 1528239
• 25. Green MS, Jucha E, Luz Y. Blood pressure in smokers and nonsmokers: epidemiologic findings. Am Heart J 1986;111:932-40. PMID: 3706114
• 26. Çoner A, Gençtoy G, Akıncı S, Altın C, Müderrisoğlu H. Assessment of Vascular Inflammation and Subclinical Nephropathy in Exaggerated Blood Pressure Response to Exercise Test. Blood Press Monit 2019;24(3):114-9. PMID: 30969228
• 27. Sabuncu T, Bayram F, Kıyıcı S, Satman İ, Yumuk V, İzol AN. Obezite Tanı ve Tedavi Kılavuzu 2019. 6. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği 2019;33-4.