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THE ROLE, IMPORTANCE AND USE OF PROBIOTICS IN COVID-19 DISEASE

Year 2022, , 193 - 201, 18.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.933390

Abstract

In December 2019, a pneumonia epidemic of unknown etiology spread to the whole world in Wuhan, China. This epidemic was named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the new type of coronavirus, and the disease was named COVID-19. It has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). In COVID-19 disease, symptoms such as fever, cough, croup, shortness of breath, and inability to smell have been reported, as well as symptoms of gastrointestinal system diseases (GIS).
SARS-CoV-2 causes pneumonia by binding to ACE-2 receptors found in alveolar epithelial cells of the lungs. It has also been observed that not only lung cells but also intestinal epithelial cells (especially enterocytes) express ACE-2 receptors. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 RNA has also been isolated in the stool material of COVID-19 patients. This indicates that there may be a relationship between COVID-19 and GIS.
Currently, there are drugs and multiple vaccines used for COVID-19, but alternative treatments are being explored to reduce viral load due to insufficiency in vaccine production, vaccine efficacy, storage conditions and transportation. Probiotics are defined as living microorganisms that, in certain doses, have beneficial effects on human health. Scientific studies have revealed the antiviral properties and general immunity-enhancing effects of probiotics. This review aims to discuss the role of probiotics in COVID-19 disease, the possible relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the microbiota.

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COVID-19 Hastalığında Probiyotiklerin Rolü, Önemi ve Kullanımı

Year 2022, , 193 - 201, 18.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.933390

Abstract

Aralık 2019 yılında Çin’in Wuhan şehrinde etiyolojisi bilinmeyen bir pnömoni salgını tüm dünyaya yayıldı. Bu salgın yeni tip koronavirüs olan Şiddetli Akut Solunum Sendromu Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) olarak adlandırıldı ve hastalığa COVID-19 adı verildi. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından global pandemi ilan edildi. COVID -19 hastalığında ateş, öksürük, krup, nefes darlığı, koku alamama gibi semptomların yanında gastrointestinal sistem hastalıkların (GİS) semptomları da bildirilmiştir.
SARS-CoV-2, akciğerlerin alveolar epitel hücrelerinde bulunan ACE-2 reseptörlerine bağlanarak pnömoniye neden olur. Ayrıca sadece akciğer hücreleri değil bağırsak epitel hücrelerinin (özellikle enterositler) de ACE-2 reseptörlerini eksprese ettiği gözlenmiştir. Son zamanlarda COVID-19 hastalarının dışkı materyalinde de SARS-CoV-2 RNA izole edilmiştir. Bu durum COVID-19 ve GİS arasında bir ilişki olabileceğini göstermektedir.
Şu anda, COVID-19 için kullanılan ilaç ve birden fazla aşı mevcuttur ancak aşı üretimi, aşının etkinliği, saklama koşulları ve taşınmasındaki aksaklıklardan dolayı viral yükü azaltmak için alternatif tedaviler araştırılmaktadır. Probiyotikler, belirli dozlarda insan sağlığı üzerine faydalı etkileri olan canlı mikroorganizmalar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bilimsel çalışmalar probiyotiklerin antiviral özelliğini ve genel bağışıklığı güçlendirici etkisini ortaya koymuştur. Bu derleme probiyotiklerin COVID-19 hastalığındaki rolünü, SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonu ve mikrobiyota arasındaki olası ilişkiyi tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

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  • 2. The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine CRC. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). 2021 [cited 2021 April 25].
  • 3. Baud D, Dimopoulou Agri V, Gibson GR, Reid G, Giannoni E. Using Probiotics to Flatten the Curve of Coronavirus Disease COVID-2019 Pandemic. Front Public Health. 2020; 8: 186.
  • 4. Chen ZL, Zhang C, Yin J, Xin X, Li HM, Wang YP, et al. Challenges and opportunities for ovarian cancer management in the epidemic of Covid-19: lessons learned from Wuhan, China. Journal of Ovarian Research. 2021; 14(1).
  • 5. Sadiq FA. Is it time for microbiome-based therapies in viral infections? Virus Research. 2021; 291: 198203.
  • 6. Antunes AEC, Vinderola G, Xavier-Santos D, Sivieri K. Potential contribution of beneficial microbes to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Food Res Int. 2020; 136: 109577.
  • 7. Muñoz-Carrillo JL, Contreras-Cordero J, Gutierrez O, Villalobos-Gutiérrez P, Ramos-Gracia L, Hernández-Reyes V. Cytokine Profiling Plays a Crucial Role in Activating Immune System to Clear Infectious Pathogens. 2018.
  • 8. Cytokines in the balance. Nature Immunology. 2019; 20(12): 1557-1557.
  • 9. Hassan SA, Sheikh FN, Jamal S, Ezeh JK, Akhtar A. Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Review of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cureus. 2020; 12(3).
  • 10. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. Journal of Virology. 2020; 94(7).
  • 11. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020; 8(4): 420-422.
  • 12. Coperchini F, Chiovato L, Croce L, Magri F, Rotondi M. The cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 2020; 53: 25-32.
  • 13. Zuo T, Zhang F, Lui GCY, Yeoh YK, Li AYL, Zhan H, et al. Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization. Gastroenterology. 2020; 159(3): 944-+.
  • 14. Jin X, Lian J-S, Hu J-H, Gao J, Zheng L, Zhang Y-M, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut. 2020; 69(6): 1002-1009.
  • 15. Dhar D, Mohanty A. Gut microbiota and Covid-19- possible link and implications. Virus Res. 2020; 285: 198018.
  • 16. Gill SR, Pop M, DeBoy RT, Eckburg PB, Turnbaugh PJ, Samuel BS, et al. Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science. 2006; 312(5778): 1355-1359.
  • 17. Villanueva-Millan MJ, Perez-Matute P, Oteo JA. Gut microbiota: a key player in health and disease. A review focused on obesity. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry. 2015; 71(3): 509-525.
  • 18. Rooks MG, Garrett WS. Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2016; 16(6): 341-352.
  • 19. Khan I, Ullah N, Zha L, Bai Y, Khan A, Zhao T, et al. Alteration of Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Cause or Consequence? IBD Treatment Targeting the Gut Microbiome. Pathogens. 2019; 8(3).
  • 20. Gurung M, Li Z, You H, Rodrigues R, Jump DB, Morgun A, et al. Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology. Ebiomedicine. 2020; 51.
  • 21. Bingula R, Filaire M, Radosevic-Robin N, Bey M, Berthon J-Y, Bernalier-Donadille A, et al. Desired Turbulence? Gut-Lung Axis, Immunity, and Lung Cancer. Journal of Oncology. 2017; 2017.
  • 22. Zhang Q, Li X, Liu X, Dong M, Xiao J, Wang J, et al. Association between maternal antimony exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a birth cohort study. Chemosphere. 2020; 246.
  • 23. Keely S, Talley NJ, Hansbro PM. Pulmonary-intestinal cross-talk in mucosal inflammatory disease. Mucosal Immunology. 2012; 5(1): 7-18.
  • 24. Dumas A, Bernard L, Poquet Y, Lugo-Villarino G, Neyrolles O. The role of the lung microbiota and the gut-lung axis in respiratory infectious diseases. Cellular Microbiology. 2018; 20(12).
  • 25. Fanos V, Pintus MC, Pintus R, Marcialis MA. Lung microbiota in the acute respiratory disease: from coronavirus to metabolomics. Journal of Pediatric and Neonatal Individualized Medicine. 2020; 9(1).
  • 26. Sundararaman A, Ray M, Ravindra PV, Halami PM. Role of probiotics to combat viral infections with emphasis on COVID-19. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2020; 104(19): 8089-8104.
  • 27. Fontana L, Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Diaz J, Munoz-Quezada S, Gil A. Sources, isolation, characterisation and evaluation of probiotics. British Journal of Nutrition. 2013; 109: S35-S50.
  • 28. Plaza-Diaz J, Javier Ruiz-Ojeda F, Gil-Campos M, Gil A. Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics. Advances in Nutrition. 2019; 10: S49-S66.
  • 29. Ouwehand AC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology. 2002; 82(1-4): 279-289.
  • 30. Park DM, Bae J-H, Kim MS, Kim H, Kang SD, Shim S, et al. Suitability of Lactobacillus plantarum SPC-SNU 72-2 as a Probiotic Starter for Sourdough Fermentation. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2019; 29(11): 1729-1738.
  • 31. Ren D, Li C, Qin Y, Yin R, Du S, Liu H, et al. Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of two potential probiotic Lactobacillus strains by in vivo tests. Anaerobe. 2015; 35: 22-27.
  • 32. Seddik HA, Bendali F, Gancel F, Fliss I, Spano G, Drider D. Lactobacillus plantarum and Its Probiotic and Food Potentialities. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. 2017; 9(2): 111-122.
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There are 78 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Öner Özdemir 0000-0002-5338-9561

Ayşegül Pala 0000-0001-9056-144X

Publication Date March 18, 2022
Submission Date May 5, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

AMA Özdemir Ö, Pala A. COVID-19 Hastalığında Probiyotiklerin Rolü, Önemi ve Kullanımı. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi. March 2022;12(1):193-201. doi:10.31832/smj.933390

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