Vardiyalı Çalışma ve Kardiyovasküler Hastalık Riski

Abstract

Shift work has become a necessity in many industries; however, the shift work system disrupts the endogenous circadian rhythm by changing the sleep-wake cycle and can prepare the ground for cardiovascular diseases. Shift workers are exposed to risk factors for cardiovascular events such as hypertension, overweight, hypercholesterolemia, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and coronary artery disease. Furthermore, it is thought that changes occur in the concentrations of melatonin, cortisol, ghrelin, and leptin due to the night shift work, and this is associated with the change in the circadian rhythm. Shift work causes disturbances in insulin and lipid metabolism by changing the eating pattern. In addition, it is predicted that shift work may be a factor to increase in inflammatory markers and thrombocyte hypersensitivity, and thus higher risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Due to the shift work is widely used in many sectors, reconsidering some precautions can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Recently, it has been shown that exercise can be effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in shift workers. The aim of this review is to determine the relationship with cardiovascular diseases and shift work system.

Keywords

• shift work
• circadian rhytm
• cardiovascular disease risk

Shift Work and Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Shift work has become a necessity in many industries; however, the shift work system disrupts the endogenous circadian rhythm by changing the sleep-wake cycle and can prepare the ground for cardiovascular diseases. Shift workers are at risk of some chronic disorders such as hypertension, elevated serum lipids and body weight, cardiovascular conditions, including coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke and metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, it is thought that changes occur in the concentrations of melatonin, cortisol, ghrelin, and leptin due to the night shift work, and this is associated with the change in the circadian rhythm. In this condition, reconsidering some precautions can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Recently, it has been shown that exercise can be effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in shift workers. The aim of this review is to determine the relationship with cardiovascular diseases and shift work system.

Keywords

• Shift work
• circadian rhythm
• cardiovascular disease risk

References

1. 1. Parent‐Thirion, A., Biletta, I., Cabrita, J., Vargas Llave, O., Vermeylen, G., Wilczyńska, A., & Wilkens, M. (2016). Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report (pp. 1–163). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
2. 2. Patterson PD, Mountz KA, Budd CT, Bubb JL, Hsin AU, Weaver MD, et al. Impact of shift work on blood pressure among emergency medical services clinicians and related shift workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Health. Jun 2020;6(3):387-398.
3. 3. Kurt Gök D, Peköz MT, Aslan K. Shift Work and Shift Work Sleep Disorders: Definition, Symptoms and Treatment. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine. 2017;4(1):30-34.
4. 4. Knutsson A. Health disorders of shift workers. Occup Med (Lond). Mar 2003;53(2):103-108.
5. 5. Wang D, Ruan W, Chen Z, Peng Y, Li W. Shift work and risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: A dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Aug 2018;25(12):1293-1302.
6. 6. Akerstedt T, Knutsson A, Alfredsson L, Theorell T. Shift work and cardiovascular disease. Scand J Work Environ Health. Dec 1984;10(6 Spec No):409-414.
7. 7. Mosendane T, Mosendane T, Raal FJ. Shift work and its effects on the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc J Afr. Jul-Aug 2008;19(4):210-215.
8. 8. Ozturk L, Pelin Z, Karadeniz D, Kaynak H, Cakar L, Gozukirmizi E. Effects of 48 hours sleep deprivation on human immune profile. Sleep Res Online. 1999;2(4):107-111.

9. 9. Akıncı E, Orhan FÖ. Sirkadiyen Ritim Uyku Bozuklukları. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. 2016;8(2).
10. 10. Morris CJ, Yang JN, Scheer F. The impact of the circadian timing system on cardiovascular and metabolic function. Prog Brain Res. 2012;199:337-358.
11. 11. Sözlü S, Şanlier N. Circadian Rhythm, Health and Nutrition Relationship: Review. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences. 2017;2(2):100-109.
12. 12. Yaprak M, Altun A, Vardar A, Aktoz M, Ciftci S, Ozbay G. Decreased nocturnal synthesis of melatonin in patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. May 2003;89(1):103-107.
13. 13. Altun A, Yaprak M, Aktoz M, Vardar A, Betul UA, Ozbay G. Impaired nocturnal synthesis of melatonin in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Neurosci Lett. Jul 19 2002;327(2):143-145.
14. 14. Torquati L, Mielke GI, Brown WJ, Kolbe-Alexander T. Shift work and the risk of cardiovascular disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis including dose-response relationship. Scand J Work Environ Health. May 1 2018;44(3):229-238.
15. 15. Vetter C, Devore EE, Wegrzyn LR, Massa J, Speizer FE, Kawachi I, et al. Association Between Rotating Night Shift Work and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women. Jama. Apr 26 2016;315(16):1726-1734.
16. 16. Ulhôa MA, Marqueze EC, Burgos LG, Moreno CR. Shift work and endocrine disorders. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:826249.
17. 17. Looser RR, Metzenthin P, Helfricht S, Kudielka BM, Loerbroks A, Thayer JF, et al. Cortisol is significantly correlated with cardiovascular responses during high levels of stress in critical care personnel. Psychosom Med. Apr 2010;72(3):281-289.
18. 18. van de Werken M, Booij SH, van der Zwan JE, Simons MJ, Gordijn MC, Beersma DG. The biological clock modulates the human cortisol response in a multiplicative fashion. Chronobiol Int. May 2014;31(4):572-580.
19. 19. Cannizzaro E, Cirrincione L, Mazzucco W, Scorciapino A, Catalano C, Ramaci T, et al. Night-Time Shift Work and Related Stress Responses: A Study on Security Guards. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Jan 15 2020;17(2).
20. 20. Bonham MP, Kaias E, Zimberg I, Leung GKW, Davis R, Sletten TL, et al. Effect of Night Time Eating on Postprandial Triglyceride Metabolism in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Literature Review. J Biol Rhythms. Apr 2019;34(2):119-130.
21. 21. Groot PH, van Stiphout WA, Krauss XH, Jansen H, van Tol A, van Ramshorst E, et al. Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in normolipidemic men with and without coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb. May-Jun 1991;11(3):653-662.
22. 22. Al-Naimi S, Hampton SM, Richard P, Tzung C, Morgan LM. Postprandial metabolic profiles following meals and snacks eaten during simulated night and day shift work. Chronobiol Int. 2004;21(6):937-947.
23. 23. Sharma A, Laurenti MC, Dalla Man C, Varghese RT, Cobelli C, Rizza RA, et al. Glucose metabolism during rotational shift-work in healthcare workers. Diabetologia. Aug 2017;60(8):1483-1490.
24. 24. Morris CJ, Purvis TE, Mistretta J, Scheer FA. Effects of the Internal Circadian System and Circadian Misalignment on Glucose Tolerance in Chronic Shift Workers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Mar 2016;101(3):1066-1074.
25. 25. World Health Organization [Internet] Health topics/Hypertension. https://www.who.int/health-topics/hypertension/#tab=tab_1. Accessed on 25 February, 2021.
26. 26. Yeom JH, Sim CS, Lee J, Yun SH, Park SJ, Yoo CI, et al. Effect of shift work on hypertension: cross sectional study. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2017;29:11.
27. 27. Park J, Shin SY, Kang Y, Rhie J. Effect of night shift work on the control of hypertension and diabetes in workers taking medication. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2019;31:e27.
28. 28. Nascimento JOV, Santos JD, Meira KC, Pierin AMG, Souza-Talarico JN. Shift work of nursing professionals and blood pressure, burnout and common mental disorders. Rev Esc Enferm USP. May 30 2019;53:e03443.
29. 29. Morris CJ, Purvis TE, Mistretta J, Hu K, Scheer F. Circadian Misalignment Increases C-Reactive Protein and Blood Pressure in Chronic Shift Workers. J Biol Rhythms. Apr 2017;32(2):154-164.
30. 30. Tarzia P, Milo M, Di Franco A, Di Monaco A, Cosenza A, Laurito M, et al. Effect of shift work on endothelial function in young cardiology trainees. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Oct 2012;19(5):908-913.
31. 31. Nakao T, Yasumoto A, Tokuoka S, Kita Y, Kawahara T, Daimon M, et al. The impact of night-shift work on platelet function in healthy medical staff. J Occup Health. Jul 25 2018;60(4):324-332.
32. 32. Mamen A, Øvstebø R, Sirnes PA, Nielsen P, Skogstad M. High-Intensity Training Reduces CVD Risk Factors among Rotating Shift Workers: An Eight-Week Intervention in Industry. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Jun 2 2020;17(11).
33. 33. Lim ST, Min SK, Kwon YC, Park SK, Park H. Effects of intermittent exercise on biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in night shift workers. Atherosclerosis. Sep 2015;242(1):186-190.