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Tuberculin skin test in children

Year 2011, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 1 - 5, 01.03.2011
https://doi.org/10.5505/sakaryamj.2011.76486

Abstract

Tuberculosis is still one of the lethal disease to be considered either in Turkey or throughout the world. The risk increases by childhood, particularly under 2 years-old. The evidence for the existence of the bacillus either directly noticing it or generating by the culture is the gold standard in diagnosing childhood tuberculosis. However, the bacteriological diagnosis rate is lower (30%-50%) than adults. Therefore, skin test should be considered in children if there is a suspicion of tuberculosis. Tuberkulin skin test is the most simple one to determine the contact with tuberculosis bacillus. The basics of tuberculin skin test is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to bacillus antigens in patients with infected tuberculosis bacillus. The test is performed by purified protein derivations (PPD). PPD is injected intracutaneously to the volar or lateral side of the two-third proximal forearm. Enduration occurs due to the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. This articles mentions about the implementation and interpretation of standard tuberculin skin test in children.

References

  • BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life. Bull World Health Organ 1972;46:371-85.
  • Khan EA, Starke JR: Diagnosis of tuberculosis in children: increased need for better methods. Emerg Infect Dis 1:115-23,1995. Camcıoğlu Y: Erişkin ve Çocukta Tüberküloz Sempozyumu. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Etkinlikleri. İstanbul,1999; 89-95..
  • Chadha VK: Tuberculin test. Indian J Pediatr 2001;68:53-8.
  • Sbarbaro JA: Skin test antigens: an evaluation whose time has come. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978;118:1-5.
  • Zack MB, Fulkerson LL: Clinical reliability of stabilized and nonstabilized tuberculin PPD. Am Rev Respir Dis 1970;102:91-3..
  • Tüberkülin Cilt Testi In: Özkara Ş, Aktaş Z, Özkan S, Ecevit H, eds. Türkiye’de Tüberkülozun Kontrolü İçin Başvuru Kitabı. Ankara: Rekmay Ltd. Şti. 2003, pp:55-56.
  • Gocmen A, Kiper N, Ertan U, Kalayci O, Ozcelik U: Is the BCG test of diagnostic value in tuberculosis? Tuber Lung Dis 1994;75:54-7.
  • Kiper N: Çocukluk Çağı Akciğer Tüberkülozu 21. Yüzyılda Tüberküloz Sempozyumu ve II. Tüberküloz Laboratuvar Tanı Yöntemleri Kursu. Samsun, 2003;106-114.
  • This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. This is a Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This statement was endorsed by the Council of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (IDSA), September 1999, and the sections of this statement.Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:221-47.
  • Kırımi E, Karasalihoğlu S, Biner B, Boz A: İlkokul çağındaki çocuklarda PPD yanıtının çok-noktalı deri testi ile taranması. Van Tıp Dergisi 1999;6:12-15.
  • Spect WT: Tuberculosis, In: Nelson BR, ed. Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia: WB Sounders, 1992, pp:763-773.
  • Starke JR, Munoz F: Tuberculosis, In: Behrman R, Kliegman R, Jenson H, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 16th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000, pp:887-888.
  • Holden M, Dubin MR, Diamond PH: Frequency of negative intermediate-strength tuberculin sensitivity in patients with active tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1971;285:1506-9.
  • Van den Bos F, Terken M, Ypma L, Kimpen JL, Nel ED, Schaaf HS et al. Tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis in young children. Trop Med Int Health. 2004;9(2):309-13.
  • Van der Weert EM, Hartgers NM, Schaaf HS, Eley BS, Pitcher RD, Wieselthaler NA, et al.. Comparison of diagnostic criteria of tuberculous meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25(1):65-9.
  • Curley C: New guidelines: what to do about an unexpected positive tuberculin skin test. Cleve Clin J Med 2003;70:49-55.

Çocuklarda tüberkülin cilt testi

Year 2011, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 1 - 5, 01.03.2011
https://doi.org/10.5505/sakaryamj.2011.76486

Abstract

Tüberküloz dünyada ve ülkemizde önemini koruyan ve dikkatli şekilde takibi gereken en öldürücü enfeksiyon hastalıklarından birisidir. Hastalık gelişme riski yaşın azalması ile beraber artmakta ve 2 yaşın altında artış belirginleşmektedir. Çocukluk çağı tüberkülozu tanısında altın standart erişkin yaşta da olduğu gibi basilin gösterilmesi ya da kültürde üretilmesidir. Ancak çocuklarda, bakteriyolojik tanı oranı erişkinlerden daha düşük oranlarda bildirilmiştir (% 30-50). Bu nedenle tüberküloz enfeksiyonu şüphesi bulunan çocuklara tanı amaçlı olarak, ilk etapta deri testi yapılmalıdır. Tüberküloz basili ile temasın belirlenmesinde kullanılan en basit test tüberkülin cilt testidir. Tüberkülin cilt testinin esası, basilin belirli antijenik bileşenlerinin, tüberküloz basili ile enfekte kişilerde gecikmiş tipte aşırı duyarlılık reaksiyonu oluşturmasıdır. Test saflaştırılmış protein türevi (Purified Protein Derivative: PPD) ile yapılır. PPD testi, sol önkolun 2/3 üst kısmında iç yada dış yüzüne, cilt içine yapılır. Geç tipte hücresel aşırıduyarlılık reaksiyonu sonucu endurasyon (kabartı-sertlik) oluşumu görülür. Bu yazıda, standart tüberkülin cilt testinin çocuklarda uygulanması ve yorumlanması ele alındı.

References

  • BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life. Bull World Health Organ 1972;46:371-85.
  • Khan EA, Starke JR: Diagnosis of tuberculosis in children: increased need for better methods. Emerg Infect Dis 1:115-23,1995. Camcıoğlu Y: Erişkin ve Çocukta Tüberküloz Sempozyumu. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Etkinlikleri. İstanbul,1999; 89-95..
  • Chadha VK: Tuberculin test. Indian J Pediatr 2001;68:53-8.
  • Sbarbaro JA: Skin test antigens: an evaluation whose time has come. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978;118:1-5.
  • Zack MB, Fulkerson LL: Clinical reliability of stabilized and nonstabilized tuberculin PPD. Am Rev Respir Dis 1970;102:91-3..
  • Tüberkülin Cilt Testi In: Özkara Ş, Aktaş Z, Özkan S, Ecevit H, eds. Türkiye’de Tüberkülozun Kontrolü İçin Başvuru Kitabı. Ankara: Rekmay Ltd. Şti. 2003, pp:55-56.
  • Gocmen A, Kiper N, Ertan U, Kalayci O, Ozcelik U: Is the BCG test of diagnostic value in tuberculosis? Tuber Lung Dis 1994;75:54-7.
  • Kiper N: Çocukluk Çağı Akciğer Tüberkülozu 21. Yüzyılda Tüberküloz Sempozyumu ve II. Tüberküloz Laboratuvar Tanı Yöntemleri Kursu. Samsun, 2003;106-114.
  • This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. This is a Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This statement was endorsed by the Council of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (IDSA), September 1999, and the sections of this statement.Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:221-47.
  • Kırımi E, Karasalihoğlu S, Biner B, Boz A: İlkokul çağındaki çocuklarda PPD yanıtının çok-noktalı deri testi ile taranması. Van Tıp Dergisi 1999;6:12-15.
  • Spect WT: Tuberculosis, In: Nelson BR, ed. Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia: WB Sounders, 1992, pp:763-773.
  • Starke JR, Munoz F: Tuberculosis, In: Behrman R, Kliegman R, Jenson H, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 16th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000, pp:887-888.
  • Holden M, Dubin MR, Diamond PH: Frequency of negative intermediate-strength tuberculin sensitivity in patients with active tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1971;285:1506-9.
  • Van den Bos F, Terken M, Ypma L, Kimpen JL, Nel ED, Schaaf HS et al. Tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis in young children. Trop Med Int Health. 2004;9(2):309-13.
  • Van der Weert EM, Hartgers NM, Schaaf HS, Eley BS, Pitcher RD, Wieselthaler NA, et al.. Comparison of diagnostic criteria of tuberculous meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25(1):65-9.
  • Curley C: New guidelines: what to do about an unexpected positive tuberculin skin test. Cleve Clin J Med 2003;70:49-55.
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Reşit Köken This is me

Tevfik Demir This is me

Osman Öztekin This is me

Tolga Altuğ Şen This is me

Aysegül Bükülmez This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2011
Submission Date September 7, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Köken R, Demir T, Öztekin O, Şen TA, Bükülmez A. Çocuklarda tüberkülin cilt testi. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi. March 2011;1(1):1-5. doi:10.5505/sakaryamj.2011.76486

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