Güney Kore Müzik Diplomasisi Aracı Olarak K-Pop ve BTS Grubu Örneği

Year 2021, Volume: 22 Issue: 49, 196 - 220, 31.12.2021

Alptekin Keskin

Abstract

Müzik veya popüler müzik ürünleri günümüzde devletlerarası ilişkileri etkileyen veya farklı bir yöne sevk eden derecede önemli kültürel unsurlardır. Devletler, müziğin diplomasideki bu etkileyici pozisyonunu, ülkelerinin ekonomi politiğini güçlendirmek adına çeşitli şekillerde kullanmaktadır.
Müzik diplomasisi, günümüzde ülkelerin kullanmış olduğu kültürel diplomasi araçlarından birisidir. Güney Kore popüler kültür ürünlerinden biri olan K (Korean)-Pop, Güney Kore’nin son yıllarda diplomasi açısından etkili bir şekilde kullandığı ve ön plana çıkardığı araçlardandır. Bu çalışmada Güney Kore müzik diplomasisi, K-Pop’un zirvesinde sayılabilecek olan BTS grubu örneğinden açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada BTS grubunun K-Pop özelinde günümüzde Güney Kore’yi uluslararası düzeyde temsil edebilecek nitelikte olan kültürel bir ürün haline geldiği üzerinde durulmuştur. BTS grubunun Güney Kore politik aktörlerince en üst düzey destek gördüğü, bu destek sayesinde ülkeyi yurtdışında sembolize eden en önemli kültürel figürlerden olduğundan bahsedilmiştir. Ayrıca K-Pop’un Güney Kore’de filmden müziğe, yemekten modaya uzanan alanlarda ülkenin çekim gücünü artırıcı bir K-marka/K-stil oluşturma çabasının ve bu çabayı diplomasiye tahvil etme gayretinin yansıması olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.    

Keywords

Müzik, Güney Kore, Müzik diplomasisi, K-Pop, BTS

K- Pop and BTS Group Example As A Means Of South Korean Music Diplomacy

Abstract

Keywords

music, music diplomacy, South Korea, K-Pop, BTS

References

• Ahrendt, R. vd. (2014). Music and Diplomacy from the Early Modern Erat to the Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Big Hit Labels (2020). BTS (방탄소년단) 'Dynamite' Official MV. Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdZLi9oWNZg (Erişim tarihi: 27.12.2020).
• Binark, M. (2018). K-Pop Fenomeni BTS'nin ve Exo'nun Dayanılmaz Çekiciliğinin Ekonomi Politiği. Varlık Dergisi, Nisan, 42-47.
• Binark, M. (2019). Kültürel Diplomasi ve Kore Dalgası "Hallyu". Güney Kore'de Sinema Endüstrisi, K-Dramalar ve K-Pop. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
• Binark, M. (2020). Arttırılmış Eğlence Olarak K-Pop ve BTS'in Çekim Gücü. M. Binark (Der.), Asya'da Popüler Kültür ve Medya içinde (189-225). Ankara: um:ag.
• Benjamin, J. (2020, 22 Mart). Learn Korean With BTS’ Aims to Break Down Language Barrier&Further Connect Global Fans. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbenjamin/2020/03/22/learn-korean-with-bts-announcement-launch-weverse/?sh=66075a6a4aab (Erişim tarihi: 31.07.2020).
• Bloomberg Quicktake (2019, 29 Haziran). K-pop diplomacy: @weareoneEXO gifted Trump and his daughter Ivanka their signed albums before a dinner banquet in Seoul #EXO. [Tweet]. Twitter https://twitter.com/Quicktake/status/1144933898511515648 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09. 2020).
• Bruner, R. (2020, 25 Temmuz). How K-pop Fans Actually Work as a Force for Political Activism in 2020. TIME., www.time.com/5866955/k-pop-political/ (Erişim Tarihi: 09.08.2020).
• BTS to receive government honor for spreading ‘hallyu’. (2018, 09 Ekim). Yonhap News Agency. Erişim, https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20181009001300315 (Erişim tarihi: 30.07.2020).
• Cha, E. (2018, 6 Ocak). Bang Shi Hyuk Shares The Secret to BTS’s Success And His Ultimate Goal For The Group. Soompi. Erişim 29 Temmuz 2020,https://www.soompi.com/article/1104305wpp/bang-shi-hyuk-shares-secret-btss-success-ultimate-goal-group
• Coscarelli, J. (2020, 22 Haziran). Why Obsessive K-Pop Fans Are turning Toward Political Activism. The New York Times., https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/22/arts/music/k-pop-fans-trump-politics.html (Erişim Tarihi: 09.08.2020)
• Chen, S. (2016). Cultural Technology: A framework for marketing cultural exports-analysis of hallyu (the Korean wave). International Marketing Review, 33(1), 25-50. Cho, Y. Y. (2012). Public Diplomacy and South Korea's Strategy. The Korean Journal of International Studies, 10(2): 275-296.
• Cull, N. (2003). Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 To The Present. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
• Dong-woo, C. (2020, Eylül). BTS credits fans for Billboard Hot 100 win, hopes to perform at Grammys”. Yonhap News Agency. https://www.en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200902006400315 (Erişim Tarihi: 02.09.2020)
• Dunkel, M. (2014). “Jazz-Made in Germany” and the Translatlantic Beginnings of Jazz Diplomacy. R. Ahrendt, M. Ferraguto, D. Mahiet (Edt.) Music and Diplomacy from the Early Modern Erat to the Present içinde (147-168). New York: Palgravre Macmillan.
• Elberse ve Woodham (2020). Big Hit Entertainment and Blockbuster Band BTS: K-Pop Goes Global. Harvard Business School Case. 520-525.
• Fore, H. H. (2020, Eylül 22). Two years ago @BTS_twt inspired young people around the world with a powerful speech at the UNGeneral Assembly. This year they are returning tos hare a message of hope amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Together, we can reimagine a better, fairer World. [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/unicefchief/status/1308194364909334528 (Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2020)
• Fore, H. H. (2020, Eylül 23). 12 hours to go. Tomorrow, I will reunite (virtually) with @BTS_twt at #UNGA tos hare a special message with young people doing their very best to cope during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tune in tomorrow at 9am EDT: https://uni.cf/2FQARXy. [Tweet]. Twitter, https://twitter.com/unicefchief/status/1308572145694449666?s=2 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09. 2020)
• Frater, P. (2020, 14 Haziran). BTS ‘Bang Bang Con: The Live’ Claims Record Viewership for Online Concert. Variety., https://www.variety.com/2020/digital/asia/bts-big-bang-con-the-live-record-online-concert-1234635003/ (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2020)
• Gap-Ryong, M. (2019, 19 Ekim). Korean police lead in World peace, security through ‘K-cop Wave’. The Korea Herald. Erişim 20 Temmuz 2020,https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20191016000799
• Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2020a, 21 Ağustos). @BTS_twt: I am grateful for your heartfelt message of support to #healtworkers and the #BTSARMY battling #COVID19. Thank you for supporting those who are going through times right now with your energizing, happy tune #BTS_Dynamite!. [Tweet]. Twitter https://twitter.com/DrTedros/status/1296908576980635654 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.08.2020).
• Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2020b, 22 Ağustos). Thank you, #BTS for the uplifting #BTS_Dynamite and for reminding the #BTSARMY and the rest of us to #WearAMask and take care of our health and well-being during this #COVID19 pandemic. [Tweet]. Twitter https://twitter.com/DrTedros/status/1296926289648025601 (Erişim Tarihi: 22.08.2020)
• Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2020c, 23 Ağustos). I hear you and all the other #BTSARMY saying they want to see more ‘crossover’ between public health & #BTS. I am delighted to invite @BTS_twt to take #BTS_Dynamite to the next @WHO World Health Assembly. And congratulations for #Dynamite100MViewsIn24Hrs! https://twitter.com/naelaraya/status/1297200511267926017?s=21. [Tweet]. Twitter https://twitter.com/DrTedros/status/1297527030649683968 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2020)
• Gienow-Hecht, J. (2012). The World Is Ready to Listen: Symphony Orchestras and the Global Performance of America. Diplomatic History, 36(1):17-28.
• Gienow-Hecht, J. (2015). Music and International History in the Twentieth Century. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books.
• Goff, P. (2013). Cultural Diplomacy. A. F. Cooper, J. Heine and R. Thakur (Ed.). Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy içinde (1-19). Oxford Handbooks Online: Oxford University Press.
• Hyun-ju, O. (2015, 4 Aralık). After K-pop Korea eyes ‘K-cop wave’. The Korea Herald.., https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20151204000899 (Erişim Tarihi: 20.07.2020)
• An, H. (2020, 31 Temmuz). India chooses Korean as the second language study for their students. Allkop. http://www.allkpop/article/2020/07/india-chooses-korean-as-the-second-language-study-for-their-students (Erişim tarihi: 01.08.2020)
• Istad, F. (2016). A Strategic Approach to Public Diplomacy in South Korea, N.Snow (Edt.), Korea’s Public Diplomacy içinde, Seoul: Seoul National University Press. 49-80.
• Ji-Won, P. (2020, 24 Temmuz). Hallyu resurges in Japan amid diplomatic rift. The Korea Times. Erişim 01 Ağustos 2020. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2020/07/398_293277.html#
• Jun-tae, K. (2020, 20 Eylül). Moon is a big BTS fan: Cheong Wa Dae”. The Korea Herald., https://www.koreharald.com/view.php?ud=2020920000241 (Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2020)
• Kim, T. Y., & Jin, D. Y. (2016). Cultural Policy in the Korean Wave: An Analysis of Cultural Diplomacy Embedded in Presidential Speeches. International Journal of Communication, Vol: 10, 5514-5534.
• Korean language education video series featuring BTS set for release this week. (2020, 23.Mart). The Korea Herald.. https://www.koreaherald/view.php?ud=20200323000284 (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07. 2020
• Euronews [Türkçe] (2019, 1 Mayıs). K-pop kültürüne kapılan Japon gençlerin Güney Kore yolculuğu. Youtube.. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUJgedgE7dA (Erişim 03 Ekim 2020
• Korea Now (2019, 30 Haziran). K-pop boy band EXO welcomes Donald Trump and his daughter Ivanka with signed albums. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbxM3Yg53zl&t=7s (Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2020)
• Marc, I. (2019). Around the World: France’s new popular music diplomacy. Modern & Contemporary FranceInternational Studies, 28(3), 253-270.
• Marinescu, V. (2014). Many Faces of Hallyu in the Global World. V. Marinescu (Edt.), The Global Impact of South Korean Popular Culture içinde (1-4). London: Lexington Books.
• McIntyre, H. (2020, 31 Ağustos). BTS’s ‘Dynamite’ sold A Quarter Of A Million Copies In Its First Week In The U.S. Forbes. https://forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2020/08/31/btss-dynamite-sold-a-quarter-of-a-million--copies--in-its--first-week--in-the-us/?sh=9b6ad966fcd1 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2020)
• 문재인 (2020, Eylül 1). BTS has achieved its first No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 songs chart, writing a new chapter in K-pop history as the first Korean band to do so. After having topped the Billboard 200 main album chart four times, they have now reached No. 1 on both.@moonriver365. [Tweet]. Twitter. charts.https://twitter.com/moonriver365/status/1300609917191991297 (Erişim 01.09.2020)
• Messaris, P. (2016). The global impact of South Korean popular culture: Hallyu unbound (Book reviews). Asian Journal of Communication, 25:2, 194-199.
• Nam, S. (2020, 7 Eylül). ‘BTS’s Economic Effect From “Dynamite” Estimated To Reach 1.7 Trillion Won., https://www.soompi.com/article/1424079wpp/btss-economic-effect-from-dynamite-estimated-to-reach-1-7-trillion-won (Erişim Tarihi: 30.09. 2020)
• Nye, J. (2005). Yumuşak Güç. Ankara: Elips Kitap.
• Nye, J. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Soft Power. The Annals of The American Academy. 616, 94-109.
• Nye, J., & Kim, Y. (2013). Soft Power and the Korean Wave. D. Y. Kim (Edt.) The Korean Wave: Korean Media Go Global içinde (31-42) London: Routledge.
• Pasler, J. (2009). Composing the Citizen. Music as Public Utility in Third Republic France. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Quessard, M. (2020). Entertainment Diplomacy. T. Balzacq, F. Charillon, F. Ramel (Edt.), Global Diplomacy: An Introduction to Theory and Practice içinde. (279-296). Paris: Palgrave Macmillan
• Rae, K. B. (2015). Past, Present and Future of Hallyu (Korean Wave). American International Journal of Contemporary Research. Vol.5, No5. 154-160.
• Rich, M. ve Lee, S. (2018, 30 Mart). Can North Korea Handle a K-pop Invasion? . The New York Times. 30.03.2018.Erişim 03 Ağustos 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/30/World/asia/North-korea-k-pop-red-velvet.html?auth=link-dismiss-google1tap
• Reuters (2020, 13 Ağustos). Big Hit Entertainment, the management label of hugely popular South Korean K-Pop group @bts_bighit, saw a 27% jump in half-year profits as its online concert and merchandise sales offset event cancellations during the year https://reut.rs/3iAk4pf [Tweet]. Twitter https://www.twitter.com/Reuters/status/1293944149641580547 (Erişim Tarihi: 14.08. 2020)
• Rolli, B. (2020, 22 Haziran). BTS Donates ‘$1 Million To Live Nation’s Crew Nation Campaign. Forbes., https://forbes.com/sites/bryanrolli/2020/06/22/bts-donates-1-million-live-nation-crew-nation/#aa90c4326a32 (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2020)
• Seok-in, H. (2019, 13 Temmuz). What’s so public about Korea’s Public Diplomacy?. The Korea Herald. Erişim 03 Ağustos 2020, https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190613000219
• Shim, E. (24 Eylül 2020). South Korea president says creative content key to nation’s future. UPI, Erişim 30 Eylül 2020, https://www.upi.com/Top_news/World-News/2020/09/24/South-Korea-president-says-creative-content-key-to-nations-future/5871600964321/
• Simonin, B. (2008). Nation Branding and Public Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities. Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 32(3), 19-34.
• Snow, N. (2009). Rethinking Public Diplomacy. N. Snow, & P. Taylor, Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy içinde. NY: Routledge.
• Szondi, G. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding: Conceptual Similarities and Differences. Clingendael: Nederland Institute of International Relations.
• Taylor, L. (2018, 06 Şubat). Love of Korean pop links UK teenagers with Palestinian refugees. Reuters., https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bnitain-school-palestinian-refugees/love-of-korean-pop-links-uk-teenagers-with-palestinian-refugees-idUSKBN1FQ057 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2020).
• The Korea Society (2020a). 2020 Annual Gala A Virtual Celebration of the U.S.-Korea Partnership. https://www.koreasociety.org/special-events/item/1419-2020-annual-gala (Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2020).
• The Korea Society (2020b, Ekim 2). We are delighted to welcome President Moon Jae-In as the Keynote Speaker for our Annual Gala, October 7 at 7pm EDT. Join us virtually at our Annual Gala as we honor our #VanFleetAward recipients including #BTS ! Link in bio for Gala info and tickets. [Tweet]. Twitter. https://www.twitter.com/koreasociety/status/1312125642150875138 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.10.2020).
• Trisni, S. (2019). South Korean Government’s Role in Public Diplomacy: A Case Study of the Korean Wave Boom. Andalas Journal of International Studies, 8:1, 31-42.
• Trust, G. (2020, 31 Ağustos). BTS’ ‘Dynamite7 Blasts in at No.1 on Billboard Hot 100, Becoming the Group’s First Leader. Billboard., https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9442836/bts-dynamite-tops-hot-100-chart 31.08.2020 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2020).
• Valley, A. (2020, 1 Nisan). These 10 K-Pop Idols & Groups Are So Amazing, Even Korean President Moon Jae In Is A Fan., https://koreaboo.com/lists/10-kpop-idols-groups-so-amazing-even-korean-president-moon-jae-in-fan/ (Erişim Tarihi: 26.07.2020).
• Yeon, Y. (02 Haziran 2020). Harvard professor attributes BTS’i success to relationship with producer. (02 Temmuz 2020). Korea Joong Ang Daily. https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2020/07/02/ertertainment/kpop/BTS-Big-Hit-Entertainment-Harvard/20200702190900383.html (Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2020)
• Yeon-soo, K. (2020, 19 Temmuz). Culture ministry to spearhead global expansion of Korean wave. The Korea Times. Erişim 20 Temmuz 2020, https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2020/07/398_293036.html
• Yeon-soo, K. (04 Eylül 2020). With BTS’ Billboard feat, gov’t pushes to revişe military service act. The Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2020/09//732_295498.html (Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2020). Yeon-Soo, K. (2020, 10 Eylül). Culture minister upbeat about ‘pandemic-defying hallyu’. The Korea Times., https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2020-09/398_295821.html (Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2020).
• Visitseoul.net (2020, Eylül 14). https://english.visitseoul.net/event/BTS-HD-UNLOCKVIDEO-DOWNLOADEVENT_/35116 (Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2020)
• Warner, D. (2020, 30 Ağustos). Here All the Winners From the 2020 MTV VMas. Billboard.,https://billboard.com/articles/news/awards/9442281/mtv-vmas-winners-list-2020?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social (Erişim Tarihi: 31.08.2020)
• Whan-woo, Y. (2020, 28 Haziran). From disaster to opportunity: Pandemic response elevates Korea’s public diplomacy. The Korea Times., https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/06/113_291802.html (Erişim Tarihi: 28.06.2020)