Turizmin Gerçekliğini Açığa Çıkarmak: Tanrısal bir Armağan, Hayali bir Uçuş, Neoliberal Manipülasyon yoksa Karabasan mı? - 2

Atila Yuksel

doi:10.24010/soid.1590571

Turizmin Gerçekliğini Açığa Çıkarmak: Tanrısal bir Armağan, Hayali bir Uçuş, Neoliberal Manipülasyon yoksa Karabasan mı? - 2

Öz

Turizm, modern dünyada ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel boyutlarıyla önemli bir olgu haline gelmiştir. Ancak bu geniş kapsamlı önemi, turizm araştırmalarında çoğunlukla tek boyutlu ve yanlı yaklaşımlarla ele alınmaktadır. Turizm araştırmacılarının, inceledikleri fenomenle ontolojik bir birlik kurmaktan uzak olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Çoğu araştırma, tatil deneyimini ve turizm olgusunu bütüncül bir şekilde anlamaya çalışmaktan çok, bu olguyu yüceltici bir tavırla yalnızca işletmecilik açısından olumlu yönlerini öne çıkarmaktadır. Bu yaklaşım, yalnızca yayınlanabilir sonuçlar üretmeye odaklanan ve değişkenler arası korelasyonlara hapsolan bir araştırma paradigmasını beslemektedir. Serinin ikinci makalesinde, turist deneyimi ve turizmi konu edinen turizm araştırmalarının eleştirel bir değerlendirmesi yapılacak, ekonomik perspektifin hakimiyetinin ve COVID-19 pandemisinin turizm araştırmalarında paradigmatik bir dönüşüm gerekliliğini ortaya koyduğu savunulacaktır. Turizm araştırmaları, sıklıkla değişkenler arası ilişkilerin istatistiksel korelasyonlarını incelemekle sınırlı kalmaktadır. Bu "kolerasyonalizm" olarak tanımlanabilecek yaklaşım, turizmi derinlemesine anlamayı engelleyen bir araştırma döngüsü yaratmaktadır. Kolerasyonalizm, varyans dünyasından bir türlü çıkamayan araştırmacıların konuya olgusal (değişkenler arası korelasyon) bakmakla yetinmelerine, gerçek neden-sonuç ilişkilerini ortaya koymaktan çok, yüzeysel bağlantılara odaklanma ve turizmin karmaşık doğasını kavramakta yetersiz kalmalarına neden olmaktadır. Bu yöntemsel sınır, turizmin teorik temellerine katkıda bulunmamakta ve pratikteki sorunları çözmekten uzak kalmaktadır. Örneğin, turist deneyimlerinin yalnızca "mutluluk" veya "tatmin" düzeyleri üzerinden incelenmesi, bu deneyimlerin kültürel, psikolojik ve sosyolojik boyutlarını göz ardı etmektedir. Araştırmalarda sıklıkla kullanılan standartlaştırılmış anketler ve nicel analiz yöntemleri ya da nicelleşmiş nitel çalışma, turizmin bireysel ve toplumsal etkilerini anlamada derinlikten yoksundur. Bu yaklaşım, turizmi anlamaktan ziyade, yalnızca mevcut pratiklere dayalı olarak geçici (palyatif) ve anlamsız bulgular üretmekte ve bu sonuçlar, sektörel veya akademik anlamda uzun vadeli bir değer yaratmamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

TURİZM , TURİZM ARAŞTIRMASI , TATİL DENEYİMİ , ONTOLOJİK AÇILIM

References

Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J. A., & Verdier, T. (2004). Alfred Marshall lecture: Kleptocracy and divide-and-rule: A model of personal rule. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2(2-3), 162-192.
Androtis, K. (2018). Degrowth in tourism: Conceptual, theoretical and philosophical issues. CABI Publishing.
Anon. (1994). Post-holiday stress increases mental health visits. Mental Health Weekly, 4(45): 7, 21 November.
Archer, B. H. (1977). Tourism multipliers: The state of the art (Bangor Occasional Papers in Economics No. 11). University of Wales Press.
Archer, M. (2003). Being Human: the Problem of Agency. Cambrıdge Unıversıty Press 
Arnold, R., & Cerrelli, E. C. (1987). Holiday effect on traffic fatalities (No. DOT-HS-807-115). United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Ateljevic, I. & Doorne, S. 2002 Representing New Zealand: Tourism Imagery and Ideology. Annals of Tourism Research 29:648-667.
Ateljevic, I., & Doorne, S. (2000). “Staying Within the Fence”: Lifestyle Entrepreneurship in Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(5), 378–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580008667374
Ateljevic, I., Pritchard, A., & Morgan, N. (Eds.) (2007). The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies: Innovative Research Methodologies. (Advances in tourism research). Elsevier.
Ayikoru, M. (2009). Epistemology, ontology and tourism. In J. Tribe (Ed.), Philosophical issues in tourism (pp. 62–79). Bristol: Channel View Publications.

Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The Location of Culture. Routledge.
Barad, K. (2007). Meeting the Universe halfway: Quantum physics and entan- glement of matter and meaning. London: Duke University Press.
Barton, J., & Pretty, J. (2010). What is the best dose of nature for the mind and body? A review of ecological interventions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 286-295
Bhaskar, R. (2008). A Realist Theory of Science. Routledge.
Bizzari, C. (2016). Opportunities and costs of tourism for new humanism. Miscelenea Geographica – Regional Studies on Development, 20(2), 13–18.
Boorstin, D. J. (1961). The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. New York: Harper & Row.
Boorstin, D. J. (2012). The image: A guide to pseudo-events in America. Nueva York: Vintage.
Botterill, T. D. (1989). Humanistic tourism? Personal constructions of a tourist: Sam visits Japan. Leisure Studies, 8(3), 281–293. doi: 10.1080/02614368900390281.
Botton, A. de. (2002). The art of travel. Penguin Books.
Boztug, Y., Babakhani, N., Laesser, C., & Dolnicar, S. (2015). The hybrid Tourist. Annals of Tourism Research, 54, 190–203.
Briones-Juarez, A., Tejeida-Padilla, R., & Morales-Matamoros, O. (2009). Toward the Evolution of the Tourism’s Conceptual System. In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the ISSS (Vol. 1). Australia: Brisbane.
Bruner, E. M. (1991). Transformation of self in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(2), 238–250.
Buchanan, R. D. (1998). Beyond positivism: Humanistic perspectives on theory and research in health education. Health and Education Research: Theory and Practice, 13(3), 439–450.
Butler, R. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24: 5–12. 
Butler, W. R. (1999). Sustainable tourism: A state‐of‐the‐art review. Tourism Geographies, 1(1), 7–25. doi: 10.1080/14616689908721291.
Cartwright, R. Y. (1992). “The Epidemiology of Travelers’ Diar- rhoea in British Package Holiday Tourists.” PHLS Microbiology Digest, 9 (3): 121-24. 
Cater, E. (2007) Ecotourism as a western construct. In: Higham, J. (ed.) Critical Issues in Ecotourism. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 46-69. ISBN 9780750668781
Caton, K. (2012). Taking the moral turn in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 1906–1928.
Cavallera, G. M., & Giudici, S. (2008). Morningness and Eveningness personality: A survey in literature from 1995 up till 2006. Journal of the International Society for the Study of Individual Differences, 44, 3-21.
Chen, H. S., Severt, K., Shin, Y. H., Knowlden, A., & Hilliard, T. W. (2018). “How’d you sleep?” measuring business travelers’ sleep quality and satisfaction in hotels. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 1(3), 188–202.
Chronis, A. (2016) Ideology. In jafari, & Xiao, H. (2016). Encylopedia of Tourism. Spirnger.
Clawson, M., & Knetsch, J. L. (1966). Economics of outdoor recreation.Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press.
Cohen, E. (1972) Toward a Sociology of International Tourism. Social Research 39:164– 182.
Cohen, E. (1974). Who is a tourist? A conceptual Clarification. Sociological Review, 22, 527–555.
Cohen, E. (2002). Authenticity, equity and sustainability in tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10(4): 267ñ276. 
Cohen, E. (2007). Authenticity in tourism studies: Après la lutte. Tourism Recreation Research, 32(2), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2007.11081537
Cohen, Erik, Olsen, Kjell and Pearce, Philip L.. (2012) "Chapter 10. The Dilemma of Authenticity and Inauthenticity". Critical Debates in Tourism, edited by Tej Vir Singh, Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Channel View Publications, pp. 249-276.
Cohrane, G. (2001). Effects of sleep deprivation. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 70(7), 22-25.
Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 408-424.
De Bloom, J., Geurts, S., & Kompier, M. (2010a). Vacation from work as prototypical recovery opportunity. Gedrag & Organisatie, 23(4), 333–349.
De Bloom, J., Kompier, M. A. J., Geurts, S. A. E., De Weerth, C., Taris, T. W., & Sonnentag, S. (2010b). Effects of vacation from work on health and well-being: Lots of fun, quickly gone. Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, 24(2), 196–216.
De Bloom, J., Kompier, M. A. J., Geurts, S. A. E., De Weerth, C., Taris, T., & Sonnentag, S. (2009). Do we recover from vacation? Meta-analysis of vacation effects on health and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health, 51(1), 13–25.
De Botton, A. (2002). The art of travel. New York, NY: Vintage International.
De Langhe, B., Puntoni, S., & Larrick, R. (2017, May). Linear thinking in a nonlinear world. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2017/05/linear-thinking-in-a-nonlinear-world
Decrop, A. (2008). Les paradoxes du consommateur postmoderne. Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Économique, 47(2), 85-93.
Decrop, A., & Woodside, A. (2017). Consumer behavior in tourism and hospitality research (Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 13). Emerald Publishing.
Defrank, R. S., Konopaske, R., & Ivancevich, J. M. (2000). Executive travel stress: Perils of the road warrior. Academy of Management Perspectives, 14(2), 58–71. https://doi.org/10.5465/AME.2000.3819306
Deng, T., & Ma, M. (2014). Resource curse in tourism economies? An investigation of China's world cultural and natural heritage sites. Asian Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(7), 809-822.
Díaz-Morales, J. F. (2007). Morning and evening-types: Exploring their personality styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(4), 769-778.
Dolnicar, S., & Leisch, F. (2004b). Segmenting markets by bagged clustering. Australasian Marketing Journal, 12(1), 51–65.
Dolnicar, S., Grün, B., & Leisch, F. (2018). Market segmentation analysis. Springer.
Dredge, D., & Jenkins, J. (2007). Tourism planning and policy. John Wiley & Sons. Eco, U. 1986 Travels in Hyperreality. London:
Eden, D. (1990). Acute and chronic job stress, strain, and vacation relief. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 45, 175–193.
Eden, D. (2001). Vacations and other respites: Studying stress on and off the job. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 16, pp. 121–146). New York: Wiley.
Edensor, T. (2010). Introduction: Thinking about rhythm and space. In T. Edensor (Ed.), Geographies of Rhythm: Nature, Place, Mobilities and Bodies (pp. 1–18). Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
ENP. (2014). Post-holidays and the broken promise effect – An EAP’s perspective page 2. Insights from the Shepell·fgi Research Group (2007). Post-holidays and the broken promise effect – an EAP’s perspective. Retrieved from http://www.shepellfgi.com/EN- CA/AboutUs/News/Research%20Report/pdf/PostHolidayResearchReportENGFinal.pdf.
Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Cappuccio, F. P., Brunner, E., Miller, M. A., Kumari, M., & Marmot, M. G. (2007). A prospective study of change in sleep duration: Associations with mortality in the Whitehall II cohort. Sleep, 30(12), 1659–1666. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.12.1659
Filep, S. (2009). Tourists’ happiness through the lens of positive psychology (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
Filep, S. (2014). Moving beyond subjective well-being: A tourism critique. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 38(1), 10-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348012436609
Firat, A. F., & Venkatesh, A. (1993). Postmodernity: The age of marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 10(3), 227–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(93)90009-N
Firat, A. F., & Venkatesh, A. (1995). Liberatory postmodernism and the reenchantment of consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(3), 239-267.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Vintage Books.
Franklin, A. (2004). Tourism as an ordering: Towards a new ontology of tourism. Tourist Studies, 4(3), 277–301.
Franklin, A. (2007). The problem with tourism theory. In I. Ateljevic, A. Pritchard, & N. Morgan (Eds.), The critical turn in tourism studies: Innovative research methods (pp. 131–148). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Franklin, A., & Crang, M. (2001). The trouble with tourism and travel theory. Tourist Studies, 1(1), 5–22. Fredrickson, B. L. (2000). Extracting meaning from past affective experiences: The importance of peaks, ends, and specific emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 14(4), 577-606.
Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2005). Recovery, health, and job performance: Effects of weekend experiences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(3), 187–199.
Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2006). Recovery, well-being and performance related outcomes: The role of workload and vacation experiences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 936–945.
Frochot, I., & Batat, W. (2013). Marketing and designing the tourist experience (Vol. 7): Goodfellow Publishers.
Fung, C. P. Y., & Hon, A. H. Y. (2019). How to provide an optimal environment for tourists to manage their sleep? The roles of sleep amenities, sleep environment cleanliness, and sleep atmosphere. Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism. 10(2), 9–19.
García A, Angel JD, Borrani J, Ramirez C, Valdez P. (2021). Sleep deprivation effects on basic cognitive processes: which components of attention, working memory, and executive functions are more susceptible to the lack of sleep? Sleep Science, 14(2), 107-118. doi: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200049.
Georges Van Den Abbeele L'Esprit Créateur, Vol. 25, No. 3, The Discourse of Travel (Fall 1985), pp. 64-74 (11 pages)
Geurts, S. A., & Sonnentag, S. (2006). Recovery as an explanatory mechanism in the relation between acute stress reactions and chronic health impairment. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 32(6), 482-492. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1053
Ghanem, J. (2017). Conceptualizing “the tourist”: A critical review of UNWTO definition. Unpublished thesis, University of Girona.
Gilbert, D. T., & Abdullah, S. (2015). The surprising power of neighborly advice. Psychological Science, 26(3), 313-324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614562863
Gomez-Herrera, C., Schultsz, C., Reusken, C., & Reicher, S. (2020). Infectious disease risks associated with travel: The case of vacation. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 34, 101638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.101638
Goytia, A. P., & de la Rica, A. (2014). Personal experience tourism: A postmodern understanding. In R. Sharpley & P. R. Stone (Eds.), Contemporary tourist experience: Concepts and consequences. London: Routledge.
Graburn, N. (1989) (orig. published 1977) Tourism: The Sacred Journey. In Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, V. Smith, ed., pp. 21–36. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Gump, B. B., & Matthews, K. A. (2000). Are vacations good for your health? The 9-year mortality experience after the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(5), 608–612.
Gunn, C. (1987) ‘A perspective in the purpose and nature of tourism research methods’. In J. Ritchie and C. Goeldner (eds) Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Research. Chichester: Wiley.
Gunn, C. (1988). Vacationscapes. Designing Tourist Regions. Van Vostrand Reinhold, New York.
Guttentag, D. (2010). Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism. Tourism Management, 31(5), 637–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.003
Hagger, J. C., & Murray, D. (2009). The contribution of multiple cycles of tourism experiences to post-retirement life satisfaction: An Australian study. Paper presented at the Tourist Experiences: Meanings, Motivations, Behaviours Conference, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.
Halevi, G., & Bar-Ilan, J. (2016). Post retraction citations in context. In BIRNDL 2016 bibliometric-enhanced information retrieval and natural language processing for digital libraries (pp. 23–29). Newark: CEUR.
Hall, C. M . (2004). Reflexivity and tourism research: Situating myself and/with others. In Jenny Phillimore - Lisa Goodson - Qualitative research in tourism _ ontologies, epistemologies and methodologies-Routledge (2010).pdf
Hall, C. M. (2011a). A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4–5), 437–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.570346
Hall, C. M. (2011b). Publish and perish? Bibliometric analysis, journal ranking and the assessment of research quality in tourism. Tourism Management, 32, 16–27. 
Hall, C. M. (Ed.). (2007). Pro-poor tourism: Who benefits? Perspectives on tourism and poverty reduction. Channel View Publications.
Halpern, S.D.; Doraısw Amy , P .M.; Tupler, L.A.; Holland, J.M.; Ford, S.M. & Ellınwood, E.H. (1994). Emergency patterns in psychiatric visits during the holiday season. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 24(5): 939-943, November.
Hamer, M., & Chida, Y. (2009). Active commuting and cardiovascular risk: A meta-analytic review. Preventive Medicine, 46(1), 9-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.12.006
Hamilton, N. A., Nelson, C. A., Stevens, N., & Kitzman, H. (2007). Sleep and psychological well-being. Social Indicators Research, 82(1), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-9030-1
Hartig, T., Catalano, R., Ong, M., & Syme, S. L. (2013). Vacation, collective restoration, and mental health in a population. Society and Mental Health, 3(3), 221–226.
Heidegger, M. (1927). Being and time. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Hirschman, E. C. (1986). Humanistic inquiry in marketing research: Philosophy, method, and criteria. Journal of Marketing Research, 23(3), 237–249.
Hobfoll, S. E., & Wells, J. D. (1998). Conservation of resources, stress, and aging: Why do some slide and some spring? In J. Lomranz (Ed.), Handbook of aging and mental health: An integrative approach (pp. 121–134). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0098-2_6
Hobson J.A. (2005) Sleep is of the brain, by the brain and for the brain Nature, 437 (7063) (2005), pp. 1254-1256
Hom Cary, S. (2004). The tourist moment. Annals of Tourism Research. 31. 61-77. 10.1016/j.annals.2003.03.001.
Hoopes, L. L., & Lounsbury, J. W. (1989). An investigation of life satisfaction following a vacation: A domain-specific approach. Journal of Community Psychology, 17(3), 129–140.
Hornik, J., Ofir, C., & Shaanan-Satchi, R. (2010). The effect of consumers' diurnal preferences on temporal behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology 20: 53–65
Hublin C, Partinen M, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J. Sleep and mortality: a population-based 22-year follow-up study. Sleep. (2007). 30(10):1245-53. doi: 10.1093/sleep/30.10.1245. PMID: 17969458; PMCID: PMC2266277.
Humberstone, B. (2004). Standpoint research: Multiple versions of reality in tourism theorizing and research. In J. Phillimore & L. Goodson (Eds.), Qualitative research in tourism: Ontologies, epistemologies and methodologies (pp. 119–136). London: Routledge.
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine, 2(8), e124.
Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1982). Toward a social psychological theory of tourism motivation: A rejoinder. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(2), 256-262.
Jafari, J. (2001). Scientification of tourism. In V. Smith & M. Brent (Eds.), Host and guests revisited: Tourism issues of the 21st century (pp. 28–41). Elmsford: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
Kahn, M., Sheppes, G., & Sadeh, A. (2013). Sleep and emotions: Bidirectional links and underlying mechanisms. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 89(2), 218–228.
Koç, E., & Boz, H. (2014). Psychoneurobiochemistry of tourism marketing. Tourism Management, 44(October), 140–148.
Kollat, D. T., Blackwell, R. D., & Engel, J. F. (1972). The current status of consumer behaviour research: Development during the 1968-1972 period. In M. Venkatesan (Ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference of the association of consumer research (pp. 576–584).
Kop, W. J., Vingerhoets, A., Kruithof, G.-J., & Gottdiener, J. S. (2003). Risk factors for myocardial infarction during vacation travel. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(3), 396–401.
Korstanje, M & Bursby, G. (2010). Understandıng The Bıble As The Roots Of Physıcal Dısplacement: The Orıgın Of Tourısm e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Vol. 8, No. 3, 2010
Korstanje, M. & George, B. (2015). Post-vacatıon dıvorce syndrome: are holıdays leadıng to dıvorces? Turydeys.Vol 8, No 19.
Krippendorf, J. (1987). The holiday makers: Understanding the impact of leisure and travel. London: Heinemann.
Larsen, R. J. (2000). Toward a science of mood regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11(3), 129–141.
Larsen, S. (2007). Aspects of a psychology of the tourist experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 7-18.
Leiper, N. (2000). Are destinations ‘The heart of tourism’? The advantages of an alternative description. Current Issues in Tourism, 3, 364–368.
Lester, D. (1987). Suicide and homicide rates on national holidays. Psychological Reports, 60, 414. Lewis-Beck, M. S., Bryman, A., & Liao, T. F. (2004). The SAGE encyclopedia of social science research methods. London, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Incorporated.
Lohmann, G., & Panosso Netto, A. (2017). Tourism theory: Concepts, models and systems. CABI.
Lowenthal, D. (1965). Introduction. In G. P. Marsh, Man and nature: Or, physical geography as modified by human action (pp. xiii–xlvii). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Löfgren, O. (2008). The secret lives of tourists: Delays, disappointments and daydreams. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 8(1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250701880752
Lundberg, S. (2007). Finns cheerful and sociable. Dagens Nyheter, September 18, A:18.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131.
Macbeth, J. (2005) Towards an ethics platform for tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 32, 962–984.
MacCannel, D. (2018). The making of tourist. Via Tourism Review. https://journals.openedition.org/viatourism/2239#ftn1 https://doi.org/10.4000/viatourism.2239
MacCannel, D. (2001). Tourist Agency. Tourist Studies 1:23–37.
MacCannell, D. (1976). The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. New York, NY: Schocken Books.
Mao, Z., Yang, Y., & Wang, M. (2018). Sleepless nights in hotels? Understanding factors that influence hotel sleep quality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 74, 189–201.
Maslow, A. H. (1967). A theory of metamotivation. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 7(2), 93–127. Reprinted as chapter 23 in The farther reaches of human nature, 1971.
Maturana, H. R., & Varela, F. J. (1980). Autopoiesis and cognition: The realization of the living. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing.
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the Five-Factor Model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175-215.
McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840, 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x
Medic, G., Wille, M., & Hemels, M. E. H. (2017). Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption. Nature and Science of Sleep, 9, 151.
Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In P. J. D. Drenth, H. Thierry, & C. J. de Wolff (Eds.), Handbook of work and organizational: Work psychology (2nd ed., pp. 5–33). Psychology Press/Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis.
Minh-ha, T. T. (2011). Elsewhere, within here: Immigration, refugeeism and the boundary event. New York: Routledge.
Milan, A. (1997). The impact of tourism and travel experience on senior travelers’ psychological well-being. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 166–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759703700212
Nash, D. (1981). Tourism as an Anthropological Subject. Current Anthropology, 22(5), 461–481.
Nawijn, J. (2010). The Holiday Happiness Curve: A preliminary investigation into mood during a holiday abroad. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(3), 281-290.
Nawijn, J. (2011a). Determinants of daily happiness on vacation. Journal of Travel Research, 50(5), 559–566.
Nawijn, J. (2011b). Happiness through vacationing: Just a temporary boost or long-term benefits? Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(4), 651–665.
Nawijn, J. (2011c). The after-effects of holiday return: Adaptation or contrast? Tourism Management, 32(6), 1411-1416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.11.014
Nawijn, J., Bloom, J., & Geurts, S. (2013a). Pre-Vacation Time: Blessing or Burden? Leisure Sciences, 35, 33-44. doi: 10.1080/01490400.2013.739875.
Nawijn, J., De Bloom, J., & Geurts, S. (2013b). Effects of vacation from work on health and well-being: Lots of fun, quickly gone. In M. Peeters, J. de Jonge, & T. Taris (Eds.), An Introduction to Contemporary Work Psychology (pp. 201-215). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN: 978-0470973418
Nawijn, J., De Bloom, J., & Geurts, S. (2013c). Vacation effects on behaviour, cognition and emotions of employees. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(2), 613-633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9352-3
Nawijn, J., De Bloom, J., & Geurts, S. A. (2013d). Vacation effects on behavior, attitudes and emotions. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 258-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.02.007
Nawijn, J., De Bloom, J., & Geurts,S. A. (2013e). Effects of vacation from work on health and well-being: Lots of fun, quickly gone. Stress and Health, 29(2), 199-204. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2439
Nawijn, J., Marchand, M., Veenhoven, R., & Vingerhoets, A. (2010). Vacationers happier, but most not happier after a holiday. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 5(1), 35–47.
Nawijn, J., Mitas, O., Lin, Y., & Kerstetter, D. (2013). How do we feel on vacation? A closer look at how emotions change over the course of a trip. Journal of Travel Research, 52(2), 265–274.
Ness, S. A. (2003). Where Asia Smiles: An Ethnography of Philippine Tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2001) Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pallesen, S., Larsen, S., & Bjorvatn, B. (2016). “I wish I’d slept better in that hotel” – Guests’ self-reported sleep patterns in hotels. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 16(3), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2016.1180172
Palmer, C. (1994). Tourism and colonialism: The experience of the Bahamas. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(4), 792–811.
Patterson, T. (2006). The principles of sustainable tourism. In The Practice of Sustainable Tourism: Resolving the Paradox (pp. 7–20). New York: Wiley.
Pearce, P. (1993). Defining tourism as a specialism: A justification and implications. Téorors International, 1(1), 25–32.
Pearce, P. & Stringer, P. F. (1991). Psychology and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research.
Pearce, P. L. (1981). Tourist Health: The Effects of Travel on Health and the Healthcare System. Journal of Travel Research, 19(1), 2–5.
Pearce, P. L. (1981a). Environment shock: A study of tourists’ reactions to two tropical islands. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 11(3), 268–280.
Pearce, P. L. (1981b). The Ulysses factor: Evaluating visitors in tourist settings. New York: Springer.
Pearce, P. L., & Jafari, J. (2011). The Study of Tourism (Foundations from Psychology). Emerald Group Publishing, ISBN 9781849507424. Psychology. [on-line] Available at: http://hotelmule.com/wiki/Psychology.
Pernecky, T. (2007). Immersing in Ontology and the Research Process: Constructivism the Foundation for Exploring the (In)credible Obe? In L. Ateljevic, A. Pritchard, & N. Morgan (Eds.), The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies: Innovative Research Methodologies (pp. 211-226). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080470986-23.
Pernecky, T. (2012). Constructionism: Critical pointers for Tourism Studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1116–1137. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.12.010
Pernecky, T. (2013). Towards post-disciplinary ways of knowing. Symposium conducted at the “Wel- coming Encounters: Tourism Research in a Postdiscipli- nary Era” conference, Neuchatel, Switzerland.
Pernecky, T. (2014). Realist and constructionist shades of grey. Annals of Tourism Research, 48(5), 295–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.06.011
Pernecky, T. (forthcoming). Paradigm, tourism. In J. Jafari & H. Xiao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of tourism. New York, NY: Springer (Quoted with permission from the author).
Pernecky, T., & Jamal, T. (2010). (Hermeneutic) phenomenology in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 37, 1055–1075.
Pernecky, T., Munar, A. M., & Wheeller, B. (2016). Existential postdisciplinarity: Personal journeys into tourism, art, and freedom. Tourism Analysis, 21(4), 389–401. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354216X14600320851730
Phillips, D. P., Jarvinen, J. R., Abramson, I. S., & Phillips, R. R. (2004). Cardiac mortality is higher around Christmas and New Year’s than at any other time: The holidays as a risk factor for death. Circulation, 110(23), 3781–3788.
Piper, A. (2015). Sleep duration and life satisfaction. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2599565
Rantala, O., & Valtonen, A. (2014). A rhythmanalysis of touristic sleep in nature. Annals of Tourism Research, 47, 18–30.
Reason, J. T. (1974). Man in motion: The psychology of travel. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Reid, D. G. (2003). Tourism, Globalization, and Development: Responsible Tourism Planning. London: Pluto Press.
Restak, R. (2001). The secret life of the brain. Joseph Henry Press.
Robbins, T. (2001). Awaken the Giant Within: How to Take Immediate Control of Your Mental, Emotional, Physical and Financial Destiny! New York: Free Press
Rossiter, J. R. (2011). Measurement for the social sciences: The C-OAR-SE method and why it must replace psychometrics. New York: Springer.
Ryan, C. (1991). Recreational tourism: A social science approach. London: Routledge.
Ryan, C. (1997). Tourist experience. Continuum, London.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Scheyvens, R. 2011. Tourism and Poverty. London: Routledge.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press.
Silva, A. & Santos, R. (2022). Rethinking touristification as a long-term process The impact of tourism on the Madeiran cuisine (19th-21st century). Herança. 5. 10.29073/heranca.v5
Simkin, M., & Roychowdhury, V. (2002). Read before you cite! Complex Systems, 14, 269.
Šimková, E. (2014). Psychology and its Application in Tourism. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 114. 317-321. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.704.
Simondon, G. (2019). Individuation in Light of Notions of Form and Information. University of Minesota Press.
Singh, S. (2016). The paradoxes of tourism: A brief critique. Annals of Tourism Research, 61, 19-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.07.009.
SOID. (2020). Philosophical issues in tourism and its research in the midst of stagnation and degrowth: Problems and prospects. SOID Journal. Retrieved from http://www.soidergi.com.tr/index.php/special-issue-3/
Sonnentag, S. (2001). Work, recovery activities, and individual well-being: A diary study. Journal of
Occupational Health Psychology, 6(3), 196–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.3.196 Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 518–528.
Sorell, T. (1991). Scientism: Philosophy and the infatuation with science. New York: Routledge.
Spika. J. S., F. Dabis. N. Hargrett-Bean, (1987). Shigellosis at a Caribbean. American Journal of Epidemiology. 126:1173-1180.
Squire, S. (1994). Accounting for Cultural Meanings; The interface between geography and tourism studies. Progress in Human Geography, 18(1), 1-16.
Standing, G. (2019). Tourism and the precariat. Turismo: Estudos & Práticas (RTEP/UERN), 8(2), 6-10.
Stebbins, R.A. (2007). Leisure studies: The happy science . Leisure Studies Association Newsletter , 76 (March), 20–22. Retrieved from www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure
Steyn, S., Saayman, M., & Nienaber, A. (2004). The impact of tourist and travel activities on facets of psychological well-being. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 26(1): 97-106.
Strauss-Blasche, G., Ekmekcioglu, C., & Marktl, W. (2000). Does vacation enable recuperation? Changes in well-being associated with time away from work. Occupational Medicine, 50(3), 167–172.
Strauss-Blasche, G., Ekmekcioglu, C., & Marktl, W. (2002). Moderating effects of vacation on reactions to work and domestic stress. Leisure Sciences, 24(2), 237–249.
Tarumi, K., & Hagihara, A. (1999). An inquiry into the causal relationship among leisure vacation, depression, and absence from work. Journal of UOEH, 21(4), 289–307.
Tellegen, A., Lykken, D., Bouchard, T. J., Wilcox, K. J., Segal, N. L., & Rich, S. (1988). Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1031-1039.
Timothy, D., & Olsen, D. (Eds.). (2006). Tourism, religion and spiritual journeys. Routledge.
Tonelo, D., Providência, R., & Gonçalves, L. (2013). Holiday heart syndrome revisited after 34 years. Arg Bras Cardiol, 10(12), 183–189. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3998158/
Tribe, J. (1997). The indiscipline of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 638–657.
Tribe, J. (2006). The truth about tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), 1–20.
Tribe, J. (2010). Tribes, territories and networks in the tourism academy. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 7–33.
Tribe, J. (1997). The indiscipline of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3): 638–657.
Tribe, J., & Airey, D. (2007). Developments in tourism research: New directions, challenges and applications. New York: Elsevier Science.
Tribe, J., Dann, G., & Jamal, T. (2015). Paradigms in tourism research: A trialogue. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(1), 28–47.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2021. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2021/demo/families/cps-2021.html
UN. (2024). The Sustainable Development Goals Report. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2024/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2024.pdf
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2001). Sustainable Tourism in Cultural World Heritage Sites. Retrieved from https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-456-1.pdf
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2001). Sustainable Tourism in Cultural World Heritage Sites. Retrieved from https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-456-1.pdf
Unsever, İ., Yılmaz, H., & Arıkan, İ. (2018). Tourism paradox vs. sustainability and cittaslow concept. Retrieved from http://cittaslowturkiye.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Tourism-Paradox-vs-Sustainability.pdf
UNWTO. (2020). News: International tourist numbers could fall 60-80% in 2020. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020
Urry, J. (1990). The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage. Van den Abbeele G., 1980, “The Tourist as Theorist,” Diacritics, vol. 10 (December), 2-18.
Van Heck, G. L., & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2007a). Post-vacation blues: The negative effects of vacationing. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(4), 553-573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9022-4
Van Heck, G. L., & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2007b). Psychological distress of the first postvacation work day: The role of individual differences in sensitivity to reward and punishment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(4), 798-823. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00186.x
Van Heck, G. L., & Vingerhoets, J. J. M. (2007c). Leisure sickness: A biopsychosocial perspective. Psychological Topics, 16(2), 87–200.
Van Raaij, W. F., & Francken, D. A. (1984). Vacation destinations,activities and satisfactions. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(1),101–112
Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., van Huijgevoort, M., & van Heck, G. L. (2002). Leisure sickness: A pilot study on its prevalence, phenomenology, and background. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 71(6), 311–317.
Wamoth, A. (1998). Humanistic psychology and humanistic social science. Humanity & Society, 22(3), 313–319.
Wang, L. E., et al. (2017). The weight of unfinished plate: A survey-based characterization of restaurant food waste in Chinese cities. Waste Management, 66, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.014
Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 349-370.
Westman, M. (2004). Strategies for coping with business trips: A qualitative exploratory study. International Journal of Stress Management, 11, 167-176.
Westman, M. (2005). The impact of short business travels on the individual, the family and the organization. In A. Antoniou & C. Cooper (Eds.), Research Companion to Organizational Health Psychology (pp. 478-491). Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Westman, M., & Eden, D. (1997). Effects of a respite from work on burnout: Vacation relief and fade out. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(4), 516–527.
Westman, M., & Etzion, D. (2001). The impact of vacation and job stress on burnout and absenteeism. Psychology and Health, 16(5), 595–606.
Williams, R. (1980) Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press). 
Winfree, A. T. (1982). The timing of biological clocks. Scientific American Library.
Wirtz, D., Kruger, J., Scollon, C. N., & Diener, E. (2003). What to do on Spring Break? The role of predicted, on-line, and remembered experience in future choice. Psychological Science, 14(5), 520-524.
Yang Yang, Zhenxing Mao, Xiaowei Zhang, (2021). Better sleep, better trip: The effect of sleep quality on tourists' experiences, Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 87, 2021
Yang, Y., Mao, Z., & Zhang, X. (2021). Better sleep, better trip: The effect of sleep quality on tourists' experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103104
Yüksel, A. (2016). Tatil, Sağlık ve iş performansı: Tarvma ya da tedavi? Soid, 13(2), 123–120.
Yüksel, A. (2017). A critique of “Response Bias” in the tourism, travel and hospitality research. Tourism Management, 59(April), 376–384.
Yüksel, A., & Yanık, A. (2014). Co-creation of value on social media: How? In N. Prebensesn, J. Chen, & M. Uysal (Eds.), Creating experience, value and tourism. Oxfordshire: Cabi Publishing.
Zhou, J. (2017). Study on the development of humanistic tourism resources in the development of tourism industry. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 185. 6th international conference on social science, education and humanities research (SSEHR 2017).
Zubaid, M., Thalib, L., & Suresh, C. G. (2006). Incidence of acute myocardial infarction during Islamic holiday seasons. European Journal of Epidemiology, 21, 191-195.

Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Recreation, Leisure and Tourism Geography , Tourism (Other)

Journal Section

Case Report

Authors

Atila Yuksel ^*
0000-0001-5916-1464
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

December 10, 2024

Publication Date

December 20, 2024

Submission Date

November 24, 2024

Acceptance Date

November 27, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2024 Volume: 21 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.24010/soid.1590571

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA64BK72NA

APA

Yuksel, A. (2024). Turizmin Gerçekliğini Açığa Çıkarmak: Tanrısal bir Armağan, Hayali bir Uçuş, Neoliberal Manipülasyon yoksa Karabasan mı? - 2. Seyahat Ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 21(3), 747-778. https://doi.org/10.24010/soid.1590571

Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği (Journal of Travel Business) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).

26935

Our journal is indexed by EBSCOhost, Index Copernicus, Ulakbim, DRJI, Research Bible, SOBİAD and ASOS.

Turizmin Gerçekliğini Açığa Çıkarmak: Tanrısal bir Armağan, Hayali bir Uçuş, Neoliberal Manipülasyon yoksa Karabasan mı? - 2

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Early Pub Date

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite