The Effect of Ethical Leadership and Materialist Tendencies on Employees' Perception of Corporate Social Responsibility
Yıl 2019,
, 136 - 153, 15.03.2019
Faruk Kerem Şentürk
,
Erhan Boğan
,
Mehmet Bayırlı
Öz
This study
investigates the effect of materialist tendencies at the individual level and
ethical leadership at the organizational level on the perception of corporate
social responsibility (CSR) activities of the enterprise. In this context,
hotel enterprises have been preferred from tourism enterprises which have high
demand elasticity and data from employees of 5 star hotel enterprises have been
collected. The center of Alanya which is a leading tourist destination was
preferred as research area. Quantitative methods used in the research and data
were collected through questionnaires. According to the findings, ethical
leadership is the variable that has the most positive effect on the perception
towards all CSR dimensions, and followed by success-oriented materialist
tendency. Happiness-oriented materialist tendency has a negative impact on CSR
perception for employees and the state. No significant effect was found between
the tendency to put materialism at the center of his life and the perception of
all CSR sub-dimensions.
Kaynakça
- Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., Yıldırım, E. (2007). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri-SPSS Uygulamalı, 5. Baskı, Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
- Ahuvia, A.C. ve Wong, N.Y. (2002). “Personality and Values Based Materialism: Their Relationship and Origins”. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(4), 389-402.
- Aronson, E. (2001). “Integrating Leadership Styles and Ethical Perspectives”. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 18(4), 244-256.
- Baştürk, S. (2013). Değer Dönüşümünün Paradoksları: Post-materyalist Çalışma Yönelimlerinin Eleştirisi. İş Ahlakı Dergisi, 6(2), 9-53.
- Belk, R.W. (1985). “Materialism: Trait Aspects of Living in the Material World”. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 265-280.
- Belk, R.W. (1984), “Three Scales to Measure Constructs Related to Materialism: Reliability, Validity, and Relationships to Measures of Happiness”, in NA - Advances in Consumer Research, Vol.11, eds. Thomas C. Kinnear, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 291-297.
- Belk, R.W. (1983), “Worldly Possessions: Issues and Criticisms,” in Advances in Consumer Research, Vol.10, ed. Richard P. Bagozzi and Alice M. Tybout, Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research, 514-519.
- Boğan, E. ve Dedeoğlu, B.B. (2017). “The Link between Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility, Commitment to the Tourism Industry and Willigness to Recommend the Organization”, 7th Advances in Hospitality & Tourism Marketing and Management (AHTMM) Conference, Fagamusta, Cyprus.
- Boğan, E., Ulama, Ş. ve Sarıışık, M. (2016). “Zincir Ve Grup Otel İşletmelerinin Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk Faaliyetlerini Duyurmada Web Sitelerinin Etkinliği Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Türkiye Örneği”, International Conference on Eurasian Economies, Kaposvar, Hungary.
- Brammer, S., Millington, A. ve Rayton, B. (2007). “The Contribution of Corporate Social Responsibility to Organizational Commitment”. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18: 1701–1719.
- Brook, P. (2013). “Emotional Labour and the Living Personality at Work: Labour Power, Materialist Subjectivity and the Dialogical Self”. Culture and Organization, 19(4), 332-352.
- Brown, M.E., Treviño, L.K. ve Harrison, D.A. (2005). “Ethical Leadership: A Social Learning Perspective for Construct Development and Testing”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 97, 117–134.
- Carroll, A.B. (1979). “A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance”, Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 497-505.
- Carroll, A.B. (1991). “The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders”, Business Horizons, 34(4), 39-48.
- Carroll, A.B. (1999). “Corporate Social Responsibility Evolution of A Definitional Construct”. Business & Society, 38(3), s. 268-295.
- Commission of the European Communities (2001). Green Paper: Promoting a European Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility, No. 366, Brussels, http://europa eu.int
- Conaway, R.N. ve Fernandez, T.L. (2000). “Ethical Preferences among Business Leaders: Implications for Business Schools”. Business Communication Quarterly, 63(1), 23-31.
- Cowper-Smith, A., De Grosbois, D. (2011). “The Adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in the Airline Industry”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1), 59-77.
- Çalıșkan, O. ve Ünüsan, Ç. (2011). “Hotel Employee Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility and Its Effects on Job Satisfaction and Intention to Stay”. Anatolia: Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi, 22(2), 154-166.
- Çelik, S., Dedeoğlu, B.B. ve İnanır, A. (2015). “Relationship Between Ethical Leadership, Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction at Hotel Organizations”. Ege Akademik Bakis, 15(1), 53-63.
- Çopur, Z. (2011). “Effects of Financial Socialization and Perceived Norms on Materialism: College Students Sample”. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 32(4), 1-20.
- Dahlsrud, A. (2008). “How Corporate Social Responsibility is Defined: An Analysis of 37 Definitions”, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15(1), 1-13.
- De Hoogh, A.H. ve Den Hartog, D.N. (2008). Ethical and Despotic Leadership, Relationships with Leader's Social Responsibility, Top Management Team Effectiveness and Subordinates' Optimism: A Multi-Method Study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 297-311.
- Doğan, S.Y. (2010). “Materyalist Eğilimlerin Demografik Özelliklere Göre Farklılaşmasına Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 57-70.
- Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A. ve Sen, S. (2013). “The Roles of Leadership Styles in Corporate Social Responsibility”. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(1), 155-169.
- Engelbrecht, A.S., Heine, G. ve Mahembe, B. (2017). “Integrity, Ethical Leadership, Trust and Work Engagement”. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(3), 368-379.
- Farooq, M., Farooq, O. ve Jasimuddin, S.M. (2014). “Employees Response to Corporate Social Responsibility: Exploring the Role of Employees’ Collectivist Orientation”, European Management Journal, 32(6), 916-927.
- Freeman, R.E. (1984). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, Cambridge University Press, New York.
- Fu, H., Ye, B.H. ve Law, R. (2014). “You Do Well and I Do Well? The Behavioral Consequences of Corporate Social Responsibility”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 40, 62-70.
- George, D. ve Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Boston: Pearson
- Godfrey, P.C., Merrill, C.B. ve Hansen, J.M. (2009). “The Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Shareholder Value: An Empirical Test of the Risk Management Hypothesis”. Strategic Management Journal, 30(4), 425-445.
- Groves, K.S. ve LaRocca, M.A. (2011). “An Empirical Study of Leader Ethical Values, Transformational and Transactional Leadership, and Follower Attitudes Toward Corporate Social Responsibility”. Journal of Business Ethics, 103(4), 511-528.
- Hirsh, J.B. ve Dolderman, D. (2007). “Personality Predictors of Consumerism and Environmentalism: A Preliminary Study”. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(6), 1583-1593.
- John, D. R. (1999). Consumer Socalization of Children: A Retrospective Look at Twenty-Five Years of Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 26 (December), 183-213.
- Kang, K.H., Lee, S. ve Huh, C. (2010). “Impacts of Positive and Negative Corporate Social Responsibility Activities on Company Performance in the Hospitality Industry”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 72-82.
- Kasser, T. ve Ahuvia, A. (2002). “Materialistic Values and Well‐Being in Business Students”. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(1), 137-146.
- Kim, E. ve Ham, S. (2016). “Restaurants’ Disclosure of Nutritional Information as A Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative: Customers’ Attitudinal and Behavioral Responses.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 96-106.
- Kim, H.L., Rhou, Y., Uysal, M. ve Kwon, N. (2017). “An Examination of the Links between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Its Internal Consequences”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 61, 26-34.
- Kim, J.S., Song, H.J. ve Lee, C.K. (2016). “Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility and Internal Marketing on Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intentions”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 25-32.
- Kucukusta, D., Mak, A. ve Chan, X. (2013). “Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in Four and Five-Star Hotels: Perspectives from Hong Kong Visitors”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 19-30.
- Küçüksille, E. (2010). Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Modeli içinde Ş. Kalaycı (Ed.), SPPS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri, 5. Baskı, Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
- Lee, S., Seo, K. ve Sharma, A. (2013). “Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance in the Airline Industry: The Moderating Role of Oil Prices”. Tourism Management, 38, 20-30.
- Lee, S., Singal, M. ve Kang, K.H. (2013). “The Corporate Social Responsibility–Financial Performance Link in the US Restaurant Industry: Do Economic Conditions Matter?”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 2-10.
- Lin, C.P. ve Liu, M.L. (2017). “Examining the Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethical Leadership on Turnover Intention”. Personnel Review, 46(3), 526-550.
- Martínez, P., Pérez, A. ve Rodríguez del Bosque, I. (2013). “Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility in Tourism: Development and Validation of An Efficient Measurement Scale in the Hospitality Industry”, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(4), 365-385.
- Mattingly, J.E. ve Berman, S.L. (2006). “Measurement of Corporate Social Action Discovering Taxonomy in the Kinder Lydenburg Domini Ratings Data”. Business & Society, 45(1), 20-46.
- McKeage, K.K.R., Richins, M.L. ve Debevec, K. (1993). “Self-Gifts and the Manifestation of Material Values”. Advances in Consumer Research, Vol.20, 359-364.
- McKendrick, N., Brewer, J. ve Plumb, J.H. (1982). The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth Century England, London: Europa Publications Limited.
- Özgüngör, S. (2009). Postmodern Değerler, Kimlik Oluşumu Ve Yaşam Doyumu. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(31), 32-42.
- Park, S.Y. ve Levy, S.E. (2014). “Corporate Social Responsibility: Perspectives of Hotel Frontline Employees”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(3), 332-348.
- Piccolo, R.F., Greenbaum, R., Den Hartog, D.N. ve Folger, R. (2010). “The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Core Job Characteristics”. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 259-278.
- Quadir, S.E. (2012). “Materyalistik Değerlerin Gelişiminde Tüketici Sosyalizasyonunun Rolü”. Eğitim ve İnsani Bilimler Dergisi, 3(6), 31-50.
- Richins, M.L. (2004). “The Material Values Scale: Measurement Properties and Development of a Short Form”. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(1), 209-219.
- Richins, M.L. ve Dawson, S. (1992). “A Consumer Values Orientation for Materalism and Its Measurement: Scale Development and Validation”, Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 303-316.
- Roberts, J. A. ve Clement, A. (2007). “Materialism and Satisfaction with Over-All Quality of Life and Eight Life Domains”. Social Indicators Research, 82(1), 79-92.
- Rupp, D.E. ve Mallory, D.B. (2015). “Corporate Social Responsibility: Psychological, Person-centric, and Progressing”. The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2, 211–236.
- Ryan, L. ve Dziurawiec, S. (2001). “Materialism and its Relationship to Life Satisfaction”. Social Indicators Research, 55(2), 185-197.
- Siu, N.Y.M., Zhang, T.J.F. ve Kwan, H.Y. (2014). “Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility, Customer Attribution and Prior Expectation on Post-Recovery Satisfaction.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 43, 87-97.
- TDK (Türk Dil Kurumu), “Maddecilik”, http://www.tdk.gov.tr, 18.09.2017.
- Trevino, L.K., Hartman, L.P. ve Brown, M. (2000). “Moral Person and Moral Manager: How Executives Develop a Reputation for Ethical Leadership”. California Management Review, 42(4), 128-142.
- Türker, D. (2006). The Impact of Employee Perception of Corporate Social Responsibility on Organizational Commitment: A Scale Development Study. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme ABD, İzmir.
- Türker, D. (2009). “Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility: A Scale Development Study”, Journal of Business Ethics, 85(4), 411-427.
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- Wang, C.J. (2014). “Do Ethical and Sustainable Practices Matter? Effects of Corporate Citizenship on Business Performance in the Hospitality Industry”. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(6), 930-947.
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- World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). (1999). “Corporate Social Responsibility: Meeting changing expectations”, Cenevre.
- Youn, H., Hua, N. ve Lee, S. (2015). “Does Size Matter? Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance in the Restaurant Industry”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 51, 127-134.
- Yüce, Y. (2009). Hilmi Ziya Ülken'in Materyalizm ve Spiritualizme Eleştirel Yaklaşımı. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Estitüsü, Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı.
- Zientara, P., Kujawski, L. ve Bohdanowicz-Godfrey, P. (2015). “Corporate Social Responsibility and Employee Attitudes: Evidence from A Study of Polish Hotel Employees”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(6), 859-880.
Etik Liderlik ve Materyalist Eğilimlerin Otel Çalışanlarının Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk Algısına Etkisi: Alanya Örneği
Yıl 2019,
, 136 - 153, 15.03.2019
Faruk Kerem Şentürk
,
Erhan Boğan
,
Mehmet Bayırlı
Öz
Bu çalışma bireysel
düzeyde materyalist eğilimlerin, örgütsel düzeyde ise etik liderliğin
işletmenin ortaya koyduğu kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk (KSS) faaliyetlerinin
algılanmasına etkisini araştırmaktadır. Araştırma evreni Alanya merkezde
faaliyet gösteren 5 yıldızlı otel çalışanlarından oluşmaktadır. Evren içinden
hesaplanarak örneklem alınmış ve 318 otel çalışanı üzerinde çalışma
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre etik
liderlik tüm KSS boyutlarına yönelik algıyı pozitif yönde en çok etkileyen
değişken iken onu başarı odaklı materyalist eğilim takip etmektedir. Mutluluk
odaklı materyalist eğilimin ise çalışana ve devlete yönelik KSS algısına
negatif yönde etki ettiği ortaya çıkmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., Yıldırım, E. (2007). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri-SPSS Uygulamalı, 5. Baskı, Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
- Ahuvia, A.C. ve Wong, N.Y. (2002). “Personality and Values Based Materialism: Their Relationship and Origins”. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(4), 389-402.
- Aronson, E. (2001). “Integrating Leadership Styles and Ethical Perspectives”. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 18(4), 244-256.
- Baştürk, S. (2013). Değer Dönüşümünün Paradoksları: Post-materyalist Çalışma Yönelimlerinin Eleştirisi. İş Ahlakı Dergisi, 6(2), 9-53.
- Belk, R.W. (1985). “Materialism: Trait Aspects of Living in the Material World”. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 265-280.
- Belk, R.W. (1984), “Three Scales to Measure Constructs Related to Materialism: Reliability, Validity, and Relationships to Measures of Happiness”, in NA - Advances in Consumer Research, Vol.11, eds. Thomas C. Kinnear, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 291-297.
- Belk, R.W. (1983), “Worldly Possessions: Issues and Criticisms,” in Advances in Consumer Research, Vol.10, ed. Richard P. Bagozzi and Alice M. Tybout, Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research, 514-519.
- Boğan, E. ve Dedeoğlu, B.B. (2017). “The Link between Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility, Commitment to the Tourism Industry and Willigness to Recommend the Organization”, 7th Advances in Hospitality & Tourism Marketing and Management (AHTMM) Conference, Fagamusta, Cyprus.
- Boğan, E., Ulama, Ş. ve Sarıışık, M. (2016). “Zincir Ve Grup Otel İşletmelerinin Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk Faaliyetlerini Duyurmada Web Sitelerinin Etkinliği Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Türkiye Örneği”, International Conference on Eurasian Economies, Kaposvar, Hungary.
- Brammer, S., Millington, A. ve Rayton, B. (2007). “The Contribution of Corporate Social Responsibility to Organizational Commitment”. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18: 1701–1719.
- Brook, P. (2013). “Emotional Labour and the Living Personality at Work: Labour Power, Materialist Subjectivity and the Dialogical Self”. Culture and Organization, 19(4), 332-352.
- Brown, M.E., Treviño, L.K. ve Harrison, D.A. (2005). “Ethical Leadership: A Social Learning Perspective for Construct Development and Testing”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 97, 117–134.
- Carroll, A.B. (1979). “A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance”, Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 497-505.
- Carroll, A.B. (1991). “The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders”, Business Horizons, 34(4), 39-48.
- Carroll, A.B. (1999). “Corporate Social Responsibility Evolution of A Definitional Construct”. Business & Society, 38(3), s. 268-295.
- Commission of the European Communities (2001). Green Paper: Promoting a European Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility, No. 366, Brussels, http://europa eu.int
- Conaway, R.N. ve Fernandez, T.L. (2000). “Ethical Preferences among Business Leaders: Implications for Business Schools”. Business Communication Quarterly, 63(1), 23-31.
- Cowper-Smith, A., De Grosbois, D. (2011). “The Adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in the Airline Industry”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1), 59-77.
- Çalıșkan, O. ve Ünüsan, Ç. (2011). “Hotel Employee Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility and Its Effects on Job Satisfaction and Intention to Stay”. Anatolia: Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi, 22(2), 154-166.
- Çelik, S., Dedeoğlu, B.B. ve İnanır, A. (2015). “Relationship Between Ethical Leadership, Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction at Hotel Organizations”. Ege Akademik Bakis, 15(1), 53-63.
- Çopur, Z. (2011). “Effects of Financial Socialization and Perceived Norms on Materialism: College Students Sample”. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 32(4), 1-20.
- Dahlsrud, A. (2008). “How Corporate Social Responsibility is Defined: An Analysis of 37 Definitions”, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15(1), 1-13.
- De Hoogh, A.H. ve Den Hartog, D.N. (2008). Ethical and Despotic Leadership, Relationships with Leader's Social Responsibility, Top Management Team Effectiveness and Subordinates' Optimism: A Multi-Method Study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 297-311.
- Doğan, S.Y. (2010). “Materyalist Eğilimlerin Demografik Özelliklere Göre Farklılaşmasına Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 57-70.
- Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A. ve Sen, S. (2013). “The Roles of Leadership Styles in Corporate Social Responsibility”. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(1), 155-169.
- Engelbrecht, A.S., Heine, G. ve Mahembe, B. (2017). “Integrity, Ethical Leadership, Trust and Work Engagement”. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(3), 368-379.
- Farooq, M., Farooq, O. ve Jasimuddin, S.M. (2014). “Employees Response to Corporate Social Responsibility: Exploring the Role of Employees’ Collectivist Orientation”, European Management Journal, 32(6), 916-927.
- Freeman, R.E. (1984). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, Cambridge University Press, New York.
- Fu, H., Ye, B.H. ve Law, R. (2014). “You Do Well and I Do Well? The Behavioral Consequences of Corporate Social Responsibility”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 40, 62-70.
- George, D. ve Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Boston: Pearson
- Godfrey, P.C., Merrill, C.B. ve Hansen, J.M. (2009). “The Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Shareholder Value: An Empirical Test of the Risk Management Hypothesis”. Strategic Management Journal, 30(4), 425-445.
- Groves, K.S. ve LaRocca, M.A. (2011). “An Empirical Study of Leader Ethical Values, Transformational and Transactional Leadership, and Follower Attitudes Toward Corporate Social Responsibility”. Journal of Business Ethics, 103(4), 511-528.
- Hirsh, J.B. ve Dolderman, D. (2007). “Personality Predictors of Consumerism and Environmentalism: A Preliminary Study”. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(6), 1583-1593.
- John, D. R. (1999). Consumer Socalization of Children: A Retrospective Look at Twenty-Five Years of Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 26 (December), 183-213.
- Kang, K.H., Lee, S. ve Huh, C. (2010). “Impacts of Positive and Negative Corporate Social Responsibility Activities on Company Performance in the Hospitality Industry”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 72-82.
- Kasser, T. ve Ahuvia, A. (2002). “Materialistic Values and Well‐Being in Business Students”. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(1), 137-146.
- Kim, E. ve Ham, S. (2016). “Restaurants’ Disclosure of Nutritional Information as A Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative: Customers’ Attitudinal and Behavioral Responses.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 96-106.
- Kim, H.L., Rhou, Y., Uysal, M. ve Kwon, N. (2017). “An Examination of the Links between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Its Internal Consequences”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 61, 26-34.
- Kim, J.S., Song, H.J. ve Lee, C.K. (2016). “Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility and Internal Marketing on Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intentions”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 25-32.
- Kucukusta, D., Mak, A. ve Chan, X. (2013). “Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in Four and Five-Star Hotels: Perspectives from Hong Kong Visitors”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 19-30.
- Küçüksille, E. (2010). Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Modeli içinde Ş. Kalaycı (Ed.), SPPS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri, 5. Baskı, Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
- Lee, S., Seo, K. ve Sharma, A. (2013). “Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance in the Airline Industry: The Moderating Role of Oil Prices”. Tourism Management, 38, 20-30.
- Lee, S., Singal, M. ve Kang, K.H. (2013). “The Corporate Social Responsibility–Financial Performance Link in the US Restaurant Industry: Do Economic Conditions Matter?”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 2-10.
- Lin, C.P. ve Liu, M.L. (2017). “Examining the Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethical Leadership on Turnover Intention”. Personnel Review, 46(3), 526-550.
- Martínez, P., Pérez, A. ve Rodríguez del Bosque, I. (2013). “Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility in Tourism: Development and Validation of An Efficient Measurement Scale in the Hospitality Industry”, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(4), 365-385.
- Mattingly, J.E. ve Berman, S.L. (2006). “Measurement of Corporate Social Action Discovering Taxonomy in the Kinder Lydenburg Domini Ratings Data”. Business & Society, 45(1), 20-46.
- McKeage, K.K.R., Richins, M.L. ve Debevec, K. (1993). “Self-Gifts and the Manifestation of Material Values”. Advances in Consumer Research, Vol.20, 359-364.
- McKendrick, N., Brewer, J. ve Plumb, J.H. (1982). The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth Century England, London: Europa Publications Limited.
- Özgüngör, S. (2009). Postmodern Değerler, Kimlik Oluşumu Ve Yaşam Doyumu. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(31), 32-42.
- Park, S.Y. ve Levy, S.E. (2014). “Corporate Social Responsibility: Perspectives of Hotel Frontline Employees”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(3), 332-348.
- Piccolo, R.F., Greenbaum, R., Den Hartog, D.N. ve Folger, R. (2010). “The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Core Job Characteristics”. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 259-278.
- Quadir, S.E. (2012). “Materyalistik Değerlerin Gelişiminde Tüketici Sosyalizasyonunun Rolü”. Eğitim ve İnsani Bilimler Dergisi, 3(6), 31-50.
- Richins, M.L. (2004). “The Material Values Scale: Measurement Properties and Development of a Short Form”. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(1), 209-219.
- Richins, M.L. ve Dawson, S. (1992). “A Consumer Values Orientation for Materalism and Its Measurement: Scale Development and Validation”, Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 303-316.
- Roberts, J. A. ve Clement, A. (2007). “Materialism and Satisfaction with Over-All Quality of Life and Eight Life Domains”. Social Indicators Research, 82(1), 79-92.
- Rupp, D.E. ve Mallory, D.B. (2015). “Corporate Social Responsibility: Psychological, Person-centric, and Progressing”. The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2, 211–236.
- Ryan, L. ve Dziurawiec, S. (2001). “Materialism and its Relationship to Life Satisfaction”. Social Indicators Research, 55(2), 185-197.
- Siu, N.Y.M., Zhang, T.J.F. ve Kwan, H.Y. (2014). “Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility, Customer Attribution and Prior Expectation on Post-Recovery Satisfaction.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 43, 87-97.
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- Trevino, L.K., Hartman, L.P. ve Brown, M. (2000). “Moral Person and Moral Manager: How Executives Develop a Reputation for Ethical Leadership”. California Management Review, 42(4), 128-142.
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