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HEALTHISM (SAĞLIKÇILIK) İDEOLOJİSİ VE SAĞLIK HAREKETİNİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ: SAĞLIKLI OLMAK VE SAĞLIK ARAYIŞININ DEĞİŞEN SOSYOKÜLTÜREL DİNAMİKLERİ

Year 2020, , 67 - 103, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.818960

Abstract

Son dönemlerde sağlık alanındaki yaygın tartışmaların çoğunlukla sağlıkta neoliberal dönüşüm, ilaç endüstrisi, zararlı gıdalar, bozulan hasta-hekim ilişkisi vb. eksenli yaşandığı görülmektedir. Bu tartışmalar belli ölçülerde yararlı ve gerekli olmakla birlikte, toplumsal ve kültürel alana ilişkin değerlendirmelerin ise ihmal edildiği söylenebilir. Son on yılda gerek medya organlarında gerekse de sosyal bilimsel literatürdeki tartışmalarda sağlık-hastalık, beden-benlik, gençlik-yaşlılık, hayat ve ölüm hakkındaki algıların, anlamların, beklentiler ve değer sistemlerinin önemli ölçüde dönüşmüş olduğunu belirtmemiz gerekir. 80’lerin sonlarında ABD’de ortaya çıkan Healthism (Sağlıkçılık) ideolojisine de sağlığı her şeyin üzerinde bir değer noktasına yükselterek aslında paradoksal olarak ulaşılması imkânsız bir hedef oluşturmuştu. Dahası, sağlığın öncelikli olarak bireyin bir sorumluluğu olarak tanımlanması, artan bireyselleşme, uzmanlara ve sistemlere duyulan güvenin aşınması, gibi faktörlerin de mevcut tartışmalarda hiç hesaba katılmadığı görülmektedir. Bu makalenin temel amacı Healthism ideolojisinin de ötesine geçen risk toplumu yani reflexive modernite koşullarında sağlık-hastalık, sağlıklı olmak, iyi olmak durumlarının ne olduğu ve ne olması gerektiğine ilişkin değişen anlamlandırmalar, algılar, beklentiler ve yaygın korkuların sosyokültürel temellerinin ortaya konulmasıdır.

References

  • Anderson,L., B.(2009), “Whatdetermines the behaviour and performance of health professionals? Public service motivation, professional norms and/or economic incentives”, International Review of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 75 No. 1, pp. 79-97.
  • Ayo, N. (2012) Understanding health promotion in a neoliberal climate and the making of health conscious citizens, Critical Public Health, 22:1, 99-105.
  • Baudrillard J. (2004) Tüketim Toplumu. Ayrıntı yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Bauman, Z. (1992). Mortality, immortality and other life strategies. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. Trans. R. Ritter. London: Sage Publications.
  • Beck U., Giddens A. and Lash, S. (1994) Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Traditions and aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bentley, T. (2005) Everday Democrasy: Why We Get the Politicians We Deserve, London: Demos.
  • Bricklin, M. (1976) The Practical Encyclopedia of Nature Healing. Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pa. US.
  • Burgess, A. (2004) Cellular phones, public fears, and a culture of precaution. New York: Cambridge University Pres.
  • Calnan, M.W. and Sanford, E. (2004), “Public trust in health care: the system or the doctor?”, Quality and Safety in Health Care, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 92-97.
  • Cockerham W. C. ve Ritchey, F. C. (1997). Dictionary of Medical Sociology, Westport: Greenwood Pres.
  • Conrad, P (2007) The Medicalization of Society On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  • Conrad, P ve Barker, K (2010). “The Social Construction of Illness: Key Insights and Policy Implications.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51:67–79.
  • Crawford R (1980) Healthism and the medicalization of everyday life. International Journal of Health Services 10 (3): 365–388.
  • Crawford R (2004) Risk ritual and the management of control and anxiety in medical culture. Health 8(4): 505–528.
  • Crawford, R. (1977) You are dangerous to your health: The ideology and politics of victim blaming. Int. J. Health Serv. 7(4): 663-680, 1977, and Social Policy 8(4): 10-20, 1978.
  • Delibaş K. (2013) “Sağlığa İlişkin Korkular: Güven Erozyonu Bağlamında Sağlık Korkularını Anlamlandırmak”, (içinde)
  • Elbek, O. “Kapitalizm Sağlığa Zararlıdır”, Hayy Kitap, İstanbul
  • Delibaş K., (2015) The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey: Urban Poverty, Grassroots Activism and Islamic Fundamentalism, I.B.Tauris, London
  • Delibaş, K. (2017), “Risk Toplumu: Belirsizlikler ve Söylentiler Sosyolojisi”, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Douglas M, ve Wildavsky A (1983) Risk and culture: An essay on the selection of technological and environmental dangers. (Berkeley and London: Univ. of California Press
  • Eagleton-Pierce, M., (2016) Neoliberalism: The Key Concepts, Routledge. London.
  • Elbek, O (2010), “Performans” ve Hekimlik, Toplum ve Hekim, 26 (6): 432-447.
  • Eralp, A., Tünay, M. and Yeşilada, B., 1993, The Political and Socio-economic Transformation of Turkey, Praeger, London.
  • Ericson, R., Barry, D., ve Doyle, A., (2000) The moral hazards of neo-liberalism: lessons from the private insurance industry. Economy and Society, 29 (4), 532–558.
  • Evetts, J. (2006), “Trust and professionalism: challenges and occupational changes”, Current Sociology, Vol. 54 No. 4, pp. 515-531.
  • Featherstone Mike (1991) Consumer Culture & Postmodernism, SAGE Publication, London.
  • Foucault, M (1965) Madness and Civilization. A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Pantheon Books, New York.
  • Foucault, M (2014), Kliniğin Doğuşu, Epos Yayınları, (3. Basım), Ankara.
  • Filho, S. A., and Johnston,D., (2005) Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader, Pluto Press
  • Fukuyama, F (1995) Trust, The Free Press, New York.
  • Ferudi, F. (1997). The culture of fear. London: Cassell.
  • Ferudi, F. (2018) How Fear Works: Culture of Fear in the Twenty-First Century, London: Bloomsbury Continuum.
  • Gabriel Y, Lang T. (1995) The Unmanageable Consumer: Contemporary Consumption and its Fragmentation. London: Sage.
  • Galvin, R., (2002) Disturbing notions of chronic illness and individual responsibility: towards a genealogy of morals. Health, 6 (2), 107–137.
  • Giddens, A (1994) Modernliğin Sonuçları, Ayrıntı Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Gordon, J. (1979), The paradigm of holistic medicine. In Holistic Medicine, edited by A.
  • Greenhalgh T ve Wessel S (2004) ‘Health for me’: a sociocultural analysis of healthism in the middle classes, British Medical Bulletin 2004; 69: 197–213 British Medical Bulletin, Vol. 69 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldh013.
  • Harvey, D. (2005) Space of Neoliberalism: Towards of TheoryUneven Geographical Development, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • Harvey, D. (2007). A Brief of Neoliberalism, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Henderson S ve Peterson A (2002) Consuming Health: The Commodification of Health Care. London: Routledge.https://fullfact.org/media/uploads/political-trust-in-the-uk.pdf
  • Illich I (1976) Medical Nemesis The Expropriation of Health, Pantheon Books, New York.
  • Illich, I (2014) Sağlığın Gaspı, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • IPSOS (2019) Public Trust In Doctors Remains High https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/public-trust-doctors-remains-high
  • Kılıçaslan, A ve Kılıçarslan, Z (2013) “Aşırı Tanı ve Tedavi”, (içinde) Elbek, O. “Kapitalizm Sağlığa Zararlıdır”, Hayy Kitap, İstanbul
  • Kuhlmann, E. (2006), “Traces of doubt and sources of trust: health professions in an uncertain society”, Current Sociology, Vol. 54 No. 4, pp. 606-620.
  • Luhmann, N. (1979) Trust and Power, Wiley, New York, NY.
  • Lupton D (1995) The Imperative of Health: Public Health and the Regulated Body. London: SAGE.
  • Lupton D (1997) Consumerism, reflexivity and the medical encounter. Social Science & Medicine 45(3): 373–381.
  • Lupton, D. (2003). Medicine as culture, 2nd edn. London: Sage Publications.
  • Mechanic, D. (1996), “Changing medical organization and the erosion of trust”, The Milbank Quarterly, Vol. 74 No. 2, pp. 171-189
  • Moynihan R. ve Cassels A. (2010) Satılık Hastalıklar. Hayy Kitapevi, Üçüncü Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Nazlı, A (2013) “Bedenin Ölümü ve Tıp”, (içinde) Elbek, O. “Kapitalizm Sağlığa Zararlıdır”, Hayy Kitap, İstanbul
  • OECD (2020) Trustlab is an innovative OECD https://www.oecd.org/sdd/trustlab.htm
  • Onis, Z and Senses, F. (2009) Turkey and the Global Economy: Neo-Liberal Restructuring and Integration in THE POST-Crisis era, Routledge. London.
  • Parsons, T (1951) The Social System, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
  • Parsons, T (2001) The Social System, Routledge: Oxon.
  • Plehwe, D., Walpen, B., Neunhoffer, G., and Neunhöffer, G., (edited) (2006) Neoliberal Hegemony: A Global Critique, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London.
  • Rose N (2010) Normality and pathology in a biomedical age. In: Carter B and Charles N (eds) Nature, Society and Environmental Crisis. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 66–83.
  • Saarinen, A. O, and Räsänen P., 2016 Two dimensions of trust in physicians in OECD-countries, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance Vol. 29 No. 1, 2016 pp. 48-61.
  • Sippitt, A (2019) Political trust in the UK, Published by Full Fact, June 2019
  • Skrabanek, P (1998) The Death Of Humane Medicine And The Rise of Coercive Healthism, The Social Affairs Unit, St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
  • Steger, Manfred B. (2004). Küreselleşme. (Çev: A. Ersoy). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Sztompka, P., (1999) Trust A Sociological Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres.
  • Warren, M. (1999) (Der.) Democrasy and Trust, Cambrige: Cambrige University Pres.
  • Yalman, G., (2009) Transition to Neo-liberalism: The Case of Turkey in the 1980s, İstanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul.
  • Zola, I. (1977) Healthism and disabling medicalization. In Disabling Professions, edited by I. Illich et al. Marion Boyars, London.
Year 2020, , 67 - 103, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.818960

Abstract

References

  • Anderson,L., B.(2009), “Whatdetermines the behaviour and performance of health professionals? Public service motivation, professional norms and/or economic incentives”, International Review of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 75 No. 1, pp. 79-97.
  • Ayo, N. (2012) Understanding health promotion in a neoliberal climate and the making of health conscious citizens, Critical Public Health, 22:1, 99-105.
  • Baudrillard J. (2004) Tüketim Toplumu. Ayrıntı yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Bauman, Z. (1992). Mortality, immortality and other life strategies. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. Trans. R. Ritter. London: Sage Publications.
  • Beck U., Giddens A. and Lash, S. (1994) Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Traditions and aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bentley, T. (2005) Everday Democrasy: Why We Get the Politicians We Deserve, London: Demos.
  • Bricklin, M. (1976) The Practical Encyclopedia of Nature Healing. Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pa. US.
  • Burgess, A. (2004) Cellular phones, public fears, and a culture of precaution. New York: Cambridge University Pres.
  • Calnan, M.W. and Sanford, E. (2004), “Public trust in health care: the system or the doctor?”, Quality and Safety in Health Care, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 92-97.
  • Cockerham W. C. ve Ritchey, F. C. (1997). Dictionary of Medical Sociology, Westport: Greenwood Pres.
  • Conrad, P (2007) The Medicalization of Society On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  • Conrad, P ve Barker, K (2010). “The Social Construction of Illness: Key Insights and Policy Implications.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51:67–79.
  • Crawford R (1980) Healthism and the medicalization of everyday life. International Journal of Health Services 10 (3): 365–388.
  • Crawford R (2004) Risk ritual and the management of control and anxiety in medical culture. Health 8(4): 505–528.
  • Crawford, R. (1977) You are dangerous to your health: The ideology and politics of victim blaming. Int. J. Health Serv. 7(4): 663-680, 1977, and Social Policy 8(4): 10-20, 1978.
  • Delibaş K. (2013) “Sağlığa İlişkin Korkular: Güven Erozyonu Bağlamında Sağlık Korkularını Anlamlandırmak”, (içinde)
  • Elbek, O. “Kapitalizm Sağlığa Zararlıdır”, Hayy Kitap, İstanbul
  • Delibaş K., (2015) The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey: Urban Poverty, Grassroots Activism and Islamic Fundamentalism, I.B.Tauris, London
  • Delibaş, K. (2017), “Risk Toplumu: Belirsizlikler ve Söylentiler Sosyolojisi”, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Douglas M, ve Wildavsky A (1983) Risk and culture: An essay on the selection of technological and environmental dangers. (Berkeley and London: Univ. of California Press
  • Eagleton-Pierce, M., (2016) Neoliberalism: The Key Concepts, Routledge. London.
  • Elbek, O (2010), “Performans” ve Hekimlik, Toplum ve Hekim, 26 (6): 432-447.
  • Eralp, A., Tünay, M. and Yeşilada, B., 1993, The Political and Socio-economic Transformation of Turkey, Praeger, London.
  • Ericson, R., Barry, D., ve Doyle, A., (2000) The moral hazards of neo-liberalism: lessons from the private insurance industry. Economy and Society, 29 (4), 532–558.
  • Evetts, J. (2006), “Trust and professionalism: challenges and occupational changes”, Current Sociology, Vol. 54 No. 4, pp. 515-531.
  • Featherstone Mike (1991) Consumer Culture & Postmodernism, SAGE Publication, London.
  • Foucault, M (1965) Madness and Civilization. A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Pantheon Books, New York.
  • Foucault, M (2014), Kliniğin Doğuşu, Epos Yayınları, (3. Basım), Ankara.
  • Filho, S. A., and Johnston,D., (2005) Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader, Pluto Press
  • Fukuyama, F (1995) Trust, The Free Press, New York.
  • Ferudi, F. (1997). The culture of fear. London: Cassell.
  • Ferudi, F. (2018) How Fear Works: Culture of Fear in the Twenty-First Century, London: Bloomsbury Continuum.
  • Gabriel Y, Lang T. (1995) The Unmanageable Consumer: Contemporary Consumption and its Fragmentation. London: Sage.
  • Galvin, R., (2002) Disturbing notions of chronic illness and individual responsibility: towards a genealogy of morals. Health, 6 (2), 107–137.
  • Giddens, A (1994) Modernliğin Sonuçları, Ayrıntı Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Gordon, J. (1979), The paradigm of holistic medicine. In Holistic Medicine, edited by A.
  • Greenhalgh T ve Wessel S (2004) ‘Health for me’: a sociocultural analysis of healthism in the middle classes, British Medical Bulletin 2004; 69: 197–213 British Medical Bulletin, Vol. 69 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldh013.
  • Harvey, D. (2005) Space of Neoliberalism: Towards of TheoryUneven Geographical Development, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • Harvey, D. (2007). A Brief of Neoliberalism, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Henderson S ve Peterson A (2002) Consuming Health: The Commodification of Health Care. London: Routledge.https://fullfact.org/media/uploads/political-trust-in-the-uk.pdf
  • Illich I (1976) Medical Nemesis The Expropriation of Health, Pantheon Books, New York.
  • Illich, I (2014) Sağlığın Gaspı, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • IPSOS (2019) Public Trust In Doctors Remains High https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/public-trust-doctors-remains-high
  • Kılıçaslan, A ve Kılıçarslan, Z (2013) “Aşırı Tanı ve Tedavi”, (içinde) Elbek, O. “Kapitalizm Sağlığa Zararlıdır”, Hayy Kitap, İstanbul
  • Kuhlmann, E. (2006), “Traces of doubt and sources of trust: health professions in an uncertain society”, Current Sociology, Vol. 54 No. 4, pp. 606-620.
  • Luhmann, N. (1979) Trust and Power, Wiley, New York, NY.
  • Lupton D (1995) The Imperative of Health: Public Health and the Regulated Body. London: SAGE.
  • Lupton D (1997) Consumerism, reflexivity and the medical encounter. Social Science & Medicine 45(3): 373–381.
  • Lupton, D. (2003). Medicine as culture, 2nd edn. London: Sage Publications.
  • Mechanic, D. (1996), “Changing medical organization and the erosion of trust”, The Milbank Quarterly, Vol. 74 No. 2, pp. 171-189
  • Moynihan R. ve Cassels A. (2010) Satılık Hastalıklar. Hayy Kitapevi, Üçüncü Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Nazlı, A (2013) “Bedenin Ölümü ve Tıp”, (içinde) Elbek, O. “Kapitalizm Sağlığa Zararlıdır”, Hayy Kitap, İstanbul
  • OECD (2020) Trustlab is an innovative OECD https://www.oecd.org/sdd/trustlab.htm
  • Onis, Z and Senses, F. (2009) Turkey and the Global Economy: Neo-Liberal Restructuring and Integration in THE POST-Crisis era, Routledge. London.
  • Parsons, T (1951) The Social System, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
  • Parsons, T (2001) The Social System, Routledge: Oxon.
  • Plehwe, D., Walpen, B., Neunhoffer, G., and Neunhöffer, G., (edited) (2006) Neoliberal Hegemony: A Global Critique, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London.
  • Rose N (2010) Normality and pathology in a biomedical age. In: Carter B and Charles N (eds) Nature, Society and Environmental Crisis. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 66–83.
  • Saarinen, A. O, and Räsänen P., 2016 Two dimensions of trust in physicians in OECD-countries, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance Vol. 29 No. 1, 2016 pp. 48-61.
  • Sippitt, A (2019) Political trust in the UK, Published by Full Fact, June 2019
  • Skrabanek, P (1998) The Death Of Humane Medicine And The Rise of Coercive Healthism, The Social Affairs Unit, St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
  • Steger, Manfred B. (2004). Küreselleşme. (Çev: A. Ersoy). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Sztompka, P., (1999) Trust A Sociological Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres.
  • Warren, M. (1999) (Der.) Democrasy and Trust, Cambrige: Cambrige University Pres.
  • Yalman, G., (2009) Transition to Neo-liberalism: The Case of Turkey in the 1980s, İstanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul.
  • Zola, I. (1977) Healthism and disabling medicalization. In Disabling Professions, edited by I. Illich et al. Marion Boyars, London.
There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kayhan Delibaş 0000-0002-5698-2846

Şeyda Kankurdan This is me 0000-0002-1382-8232

Publication Date October 31, 2020
Submission Date August 23, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Delibaş, K., & Kankurdan, Ş. (2020). HEALTHISM (SAĞLIKÇILIK) İDEOLOJİSİ VE SAĞLIK HAREKETİNİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ: SAĞLIKLI OLMAK VE SAĞLIK ARAYIŞININ DEĞİŞEN SOSYOKÜLTÜREL DİNAMİKLERİ. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 23(2), 67-103. https://doi.org/10.18490/sosars.818960

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Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Sociological Research

SAD / JSR