ROMANTİK İLİŞKİLERDE İZLENİM AYARLAMACILIĞI VE ÖZBİLİNÇ: YATIRIM MODELİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Abstract

Araştırmada Yatırım Modeli unsurları olan ilişki doyumu, seçeneklerin niteliğini değerlendirme ve ilişki yatırımı değişkenleri, izlenim ayarlamacılığı, özbilinç ölçeğinin alt boyutları olan stil bilinçliliği, görünüm bilinçliliği, kendini düşünme, içsel özfarkındalık, sosyal kaygı boyutları ve konuyla alakalı bazı kişisel değişkenler kullanılarak aşamalı regresyon analizi ile yordanmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan değişkenler cinsiyet ve medeni duruma ilişkin farklar açısından da incelenmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bazı sonuçlar izlenim ayarlamacılığının ilişki doyumunu negatif, seçeneklerin niteliğini değerlendirmeyi pozitif; stil bilinçliliğinin seçeneklerin niteliğini değerlendirme ve ilişki yatırımını pozitif, içsel özfarkındalığın ilişki doyumunu ve seçeneklerin niteliğini değerlendirmeyi pozitif olarak yordadığıdır. Erkeklerin partnerleriyle ilişkilerinde ve genelde daha yüksek izlenim ayarlamacılar oldukları, seçeneklerin niteliğini daha olumlu değerlendirdikleri, kadınların ise ilişki doyumu puanlarının daha yüksek oldukları görülmüştür. Bulgular literatür çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

• Yatırım Modeli,yakın ilişkiler,izlenim ayarlamacılığı,özbilinç

Self-Monitoring and Self-Consciousness in Romantic Relationships: An Analysis on Investment Model

Abstract

In this study the components of Investment Model (relationship satisfaction, quality of alternatives, relationship investment) are predicted by self-monitoring, the components of self-consciousness (style consciousness, appearance consciousness, self-reflectiveness, internal self-awareness, social anxiousness) and some relational variables by using hierarchic regression analysis. The variables used in the analysis are also examined in terms of gender and marital status differences. Some of the results of the analysis show that, self-monitoring predicts relationship satisfaction positively, quality of alternatives negatively; style consciousness predicts quality of alternatives and relationship investment positively, internal self-awareness predicts relationship satisfaction and quality of alternatives positively. Men are higher in self-monitoring both generally and in their relationship with their partners and they evaluate quality of alternatives positively. Women score higher in relationship satisfaction. The results are discussed within the frame of the literature.

Keywords

• Investment Model,close relationships,self-monitoring,self-consciousness

References

1. Akın, Ahmet vd. (2007). “Özbilinç Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Formunun Yapı Geçerliği ve Güvenirliği”. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 40, S. 2, s. 257-276.
2. Allport, Gordon Willard (1943). “The Ego in Contemporary Psychology”. Psychological Review, C. 50, S. 5, s. 451-478.
3. -------------------- (1955). Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4. Bacanlı, Hasan (1990). Kendini Ayarlama Becerisinin Çeşitli Değişkenlerle İlişkisi. Doktora Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
5. Bilecen, Nur (2007). Yakın İlişkilerde Stres ve Stresle Başa Çıkma: Yatırım Modeline Göre Bir İnceleme. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
6. Bookwala, Jamila ve Jamie Jacobs (2004). “Age, Marital Processes, and Depressed Affect”. The Gerontologist, C. 44, S. 3, s. 328-338.
7. Bowlby, John (1969) Attachment and Loss: Vol.1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
8. ------------------- (1973) Attachment and Loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety Andanger. New York: Basic Books.

9. -------------------- (1980). Attachment and Loss: Vol.3. Loss. New York: Basic Books.
10. -------------------- (1988). “Developmental Psychiatry Comes of Age”. American Journal of Pschiatry, S. 145, s. 1-10.
11. Burnkrant, Robert E. ve Thomas J. Page (1984). “A Modification of the Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss Self-consciousness Scales”. Journal of Personality Assessment, C. 48, S. 6, s. 629-637.
12. Buss, Arnold H. (1980). Self-consciousness and Social Anxiety. San Francisco: Freeman.
13. Buss, Arnold H. ve Stephen R. Briggs (1984). “Drama and the Self in Social Interaction”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S. 47, s. 1310-1324.
14. Buss, David M. ve Michael F. Scheier (1976). “Self-consciousness, Self-Awareness, and Self-Attribution”. Journal of Research in Psychology, S. 10, s. 463-468.
15. Büyükşahin, Ayda (2006). Yakın İlişkilerde Bağlanım: Yatırım Modelinin Bağlanma Stilleri ve Bazı İlişkisel Değişkenler Yönünden İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
16. -------------------- (2009). “Impact of Self Monitoring and Gender on Coping Strategies in Intimate Relationships Among Turkish University Students”. Sex Roles, C. 60, S. 9/10, s. 708-720.
17. Büyükşahin, Ayda ve Selim Hovardaoğlu (2004). “Çiftlerin Aşka İlişkin Tutumlarının Lee’nin Çok Boyutlu Aşk Biçimleri Kapsamında İncelenmesi”. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, S. 19, s. 59-72.
18. Büyükşahin Sunal, Ayda ve Ali Dönmez (2011). “Self Monitoring in Romantic Relationships: Stress and Psychological Symptoms”. Education & Science / Egitim ve Bilim, C. 36, S. 162, s. 149-158.
19. Büyükşahin, Ayda vd. (2005). “İlişki İstikrarı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, C. 8, S.16, s. 25-37.
20. Büyükşahin, Ayda ve Selim Hovardaoğlu (2007). “Yatırım Modelinin Bazı İlişkisel Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi”. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, C. 22, S.59, s. 69-86.
21. Campbell, W. Keith vd. (2006). “Narcissism, Interpersonal Self-regulation, and Romantic Relationships: An Agency Model Approach”. In K. D. Vohs, & E. J. Finkel (Eds.), Self and Relationships: Connecting Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Processes, New York: Guilford Press, s. 57-83.
22. Clark, Margaret S. ve Harry T. Reis (1988). “Interpersonal Processes in Close Relationships”. Annual Review of Psychology, S. 36, s. 609-672.
23. Cole, Tim (2001). “Lying to the One You Love: The Use of Deception in Romantic Relationships”. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, S.18, s. 107- 129.
24. Cooley, Charles Horton (1902) Human Nature and The Social Order. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York.
25. Çimen, Ş. Eser (2007). Görücü Usulü ve Anlaşarak Evlenen Bireylerin Çeşitli Sosyal Psikolojik Faktörler Yönünden Karşılaştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
26. Day, David V. v.d. (2002). “Self-Monitoring and Personality at Work: A meta-Analytic Investigation of Construct Validity”. Journal of Applied Psychology, C. 87, S. 2, s. 390-401.
27. DePaulo, Bella M. vd. (2004). “Serious Lies”. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, C. 26, S. 2/3, s. 147-167.
28. Edelmann, Robert J. (1981). “Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety (Book Review)”. British Journal of Psychology, C. 72, S. 4, s. 515.
29. Fenigstein, Allan (1979). “Self-consciousness, self-attention, and social interaction”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C. 37, S.1, s. 75-86.
30. Fenigstein, Allan vd. (1975). “Public and Private Self-Consciousness: Assessment and Theory”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, S. 43, s. 522–527.
31. Finkel, Eli J. ve W. Keith Campbell (2001). “Self-control and Accomodation in Close Relationships: An Interdependence Analysis”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S. 81, s. 263-277.
32. Fitzsimons, Grainne (2006). “Pursuing Goals and Perceiving Others: A Self-Regulatory Perspective on Interpersonal Relationships”. In Vohs, Kathleen D. ve Eli J. Finkel (Eds.) Self and Relationships, Connecting Intrapersonel and Interpersonal Processes, The Guilford Press, NY, s. 32-53.
33. Gould, Stephen J. (1987). “Gender Differences in Advertising Response and Self-Consciousness Variables”. Sex Roles, C. 16, S. 5/6, s. 215-225.
34. Haferkamp, Claudia J. (1991). Orientations to Conflict: Gender, Attributions, Resolution Strategies, and Self-Monitoring. Current Psychology, C. 10, S. 4, s. 227.
35. Hendrick, Clyde vd. (1998). The Love Attitudes Scale: Short Form. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, C. 15, S. 2, s. 147-159.
36. Hovardaoğlu, Selim (1994). Davranış Bilimleri İçin İstatistik. Ankara: Hatiboğlu Yayınları.
37. ------------ (1996). “Sosyal Mübadele: Evlilikle İlgili Değerlendirmelere Etkisi”. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, C. 11, S. 36, s. 12-24.
38. ------------ (2000). Davranış Bilimleri İçin Araştırma Teknikleri. Ve-Ga Yayınları, Ankara.
39. Işınsu Halat, Melahat (2009). Yatırım Kuramı Bağlamında Evli Çiftlerde Uyum, Nedensel ve Sorumluluk Yüklemeleri ile Yalnızlık Arasındaki Bağlantılar. Doktora Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
40. Knee, C. Raymond ve Amy A. Canavello (2006). “Implicit Theories of Relationships and Coping in Romantic Relationships”. In Vohs, Kathleen D. ve Eli J. Finkel (Eds.) Self and Relationships, Connecting Intrapersonel and Interpersonal Processes, The Guilford Press, NY, s.160-176.
41. Le, Benjamin ve Christopher R. Agnew (2003). “Commitment and its Theorized Determinants: A Meta-Analysis of the Investment Model”. Personal Relationships, S. 10, s. 37-57.
42. Levenson, Robert W. vd. (1993). “Long-term Marriage: Age, Gender, and Satisfaction”. Psychology And Aging, C. 8, S. 2, s. 301-313.
43. Mead, George Herbert (1934). Mind, Self, and Society. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
44. Mittal, Banwari ve Sive K. Balasubramanian (1987). “Testing the Dimensionality of the Self-Consciousness Scales”. Journal of Personality Assessment, C. 51, S. 1, s. 53.
45. Öner, Bengi (2001). “Factors Predicting Future Time Orientation for Romantic Relationships With the Opposite Sex”. Journal of Psychology, C. 135, S. 4, s. 430-438.
46. Park, Lora E. vd. (2006). “Contingencies of Self-Worth and Self-Validitation Goals: Implications for Close Relationships”. In Vohs, Kathleen D. ve Eli J. Finkel (Eds.) Self and Relationships, Connecting Intrapersonel and Interpersonal Processes, The Guilford Press, NY, s. 84-103.
47. Rawn, Catherine D. ve Kathleen D. Vohs (2006). “The Importance of Self-Regulation for Interpersonal Functioning”. In Vohs, Kathleen D. ve Eli J. Finkel (Eds.) Self and Relationships, Connecting Intrapersonel and Interpersonal Processes, The Guilford Press, NY, s. 219-236.
48. Reno, Raymond R ve David A. Kenny (1992). “Effects of Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety on Self-Disclosure among Unacquainted Individuals: An Application of the Social Relations Model”. Journal of Personality, C. 60, S.1, s. 79-94.
49. Rugancı, R.Neslihan (1995). “Private and Public Self-Consciousness Subscales of Fenigstein, Scheier and Buss Self-Consciousness Scale: A Turkish Translation”. Personality and Individual Differences, C. 18, S. 2, s. 279-282.
50. Rusbult, C. E. (1980). “Commitment and Satisfaction in Romantic Associations: A Test of the Investment Model”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, S. 16, s. 172 - 186.
51. Rusbult, Caryl E. (1983). “A Longitudinal Test of the Investment Model: The Development (and Deterioration) of Satisfaction and Commitment in Heterosexual Involvements”. Journal of Personality And Social Psychology, C. 45, S. 1, s. 101-117.
52. Rusbult, Caryl E. (1988). “Commitment in Close Relationships: The Investment Model”. In L. Peplau, D. Sears, S. Taylor, & J. Freedman (Eds.), Readings in Social Psychology, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, s.147-157.
53. Rusbult, Carly E. vd. (1986). “Predicting Satisfaction and Commitment in Adult Romantic Involvements: An Assessment of the Generalizability of the Investment Model”. Social Psychology Quarterly, C. 49, S.1, s. 81-89.
54. Rusbult, Carly E. vd. (1991). “Accomodation Processes in Close Relationships: Theory and Preliminary empirical evidence”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S. 60, s. 53-78.
55. Rusbult, Carly E. vd. (1998). “The Investment Model Scale: Measuring Commitment Level, Satisfaction Level, Quality of Alternatives, and Investment Size”. Personal Relationships, S. 5, s. 357-391.
56. Sakallı Uğurlu, Nuray (2003). “How Do Romantic Relationship Satisfaction, Gender Stereotypes, and Gender Relate to Future Time Orientation in Romantic Relationships”. Journal of Psychology, C. 137, S. 3, s. 294.
57. Scheier, Michael F. ve Charles S. Carver (1985). “The Self-Consciousness Scale: A Revised Version for Use With General Populations”. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, C. 15, S.8, s. 687-699.
58. Schlenker, Barry R. ve Michael F. Weigold (1990). “Self-Consciousness and Self-Presentation: Being Autonomous Versus Appearing Autonomous”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C. 59, S. 4, s. 820-828.
59. Showers, Carolyn J. (1992). “Compertmentalization of Positive and Negative Self-Knowledge: Keeping Bad Apples Out of The Bunch”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S. 62, s. 1036-1049.
60. Showers, Carolyn J. (1995). “The Evaluative Organization of Self-Knowledge: Origins, Processes, and Implications for Self-Esteem”. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.) Efficacy, Agency and Self-Esteem, New York: Plenum Press, s. 101-120.
61. Showers, Carolyn J. (2002). “Integration and Compartmentalizition: A Model of Self-Structure and Self-Change”. In. D. Cervone & W. Mischel (Eds.) Advances in Personality Science, New York: Guilford Press, s. 271-291.
62. Showers, Carolyn J. ve Susanne B. Kevlyn (1999). “Organization of Knowledge About a Relationship Partner: Implications for Liking and Loving”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S. 76, s. 958-971.
63. Snyder, Mark (1974). “Self-monitoring of Expressive Behavior”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, C. 30, S. 4, s. 526-537.
64. Sprecher, Susan (1998). “Social Exchange Theories and Sexuality”. The Journal of Sex Research, C. 35, S. 1, s. 32-43.
65. Swann Jr., William B. (1990). “To Be Known or To Be Adored: The Interplay of Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification”. In Higgins, E. T & Sorrentino, R. M. (eds.), Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: C. 2, New York: Guilford, s. 408-448.
66. Sherif, Muzaffer ve Carolyn Wood Şerif (1956). An Outline of Social Psychology. New York: Harpers & Brothers.
67. Thibaut, John W. ve Harold H. Kelley (1959). Social Psychology of Groups, New York: Wiley.
68. Wenzel, Amy v.d. (2005). “Communication and Social Skills in Socially Anxious and Non-anxious Individuals in the Context of Romantic Relationships”. Behaviour Research and Therapy, S. 43, s. 505-519.
69. Weinstein, Lawrence vd. (2010). “College students’ Chronological Age Predicts Marital Happiness Regardless of Length of Marriage”. College Student Journal, C. 44, S. 2, s. 413-416.