IDENTIFYING DIMENSIONS OF REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE AND TRANSFORMATION: A REFERENCE FRAMEWORK FOR STUDIES ON REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS

Abstract

There are revolution theories that formulate why and how the revolution occurred, which has a deep-rooted tradition of thought. Each attempt to theorize the revolution has some fundamental problems. No revolution theory covers all variables, but it is possible to reach some objective revolutionary criteria that try to understand and explain revolutionary change and transformation. In this work, we will examine the revolution theories and arrive at objective revolutionary criteria that will guide our understanding of revolutionary change and transformation. In this direction, we will begin our work by examining the theories of revolution and revealing the basic premises at the center of each revolution theory. Next, we will consider the main problems of the revolution theories we have examined. Finally, we will reveal the dimensions of revolutionary change and transformation that we can see in many revolutions, based on the revolution theories we have examined.

Keywords

• revolution
• the natural history of revolution
• psychological approach to revolution
• systemic approach to revolution
• structural approach to revolution

Devrimci Değişimin ve Dönüşümün Boyutlarını Belirleme: Devrim Hareketleri Üzerine Çalışmalar İçin Bir Referans Çerçevesi

Abstract

Köklü bir düşünce geleneğine sahip olan devrimin niçin meydana geldiğini, nasıl ortaya çıktığını formülleştirmeye çalışan pek çok devrim teorileri vardır. Devrimi her bir teorileştirme çabası ise bazı temel problemlere sahiptir. Bütün değişkenleri içine alan bir devrim teorisi söz konusu değildir, ancak bu devrim teorilerinden hareketle devrimci değişimi ve dönüşümü anlamaya ve açıklamaya çalışan nesnel birtakım devrimci ölçütlere ulaşılabilir. Bu çalışmada biz de devrim teorilerinin bir incelemesini gerçekleştirip, devrimci değişimi ve dönüşümü anlamamızda kılavuz rolü oynayacak nesnel devrimci ölçütlere ulaşmaya çalışacağız. Bu doğrultuda, ilk olarak devrim teorilerini incelemekle başlayacağız. Devrim teorilerini inceleyip her bir devrim teorisinin merkezinde yer alan temel öncülleri açığa çıkarmaya çalışacağız. Ardından, incelediğimiz devrim teorilerinin temel problemlerini ele alacağız. Son olarak, incelediğimiz devrim teorilerinden hareketle, pek çok devrimde görebileceğimiz devrimci değişimin ve dönüşümün boyutlarını açığa çıkarmaya çalışacağız.

Keywords

• devrim
• doğal devrim tarihi
• devrime psikolojik yaklaşım
• devrime sistemik yaklaşım
• devrime yapısalcı yaklaşım

References

1. Aulard, A. (2011). Fransa İnkılabının siyasi tarihi. (Trans: N. Poroy), I, Türk Tarih Kurumu Press.
2. Aya, R. (1990). Rethinking revolution and collective violence: studies on concept, theory and method. Het Spinhus.
3. Brinton, C. (1952). The anatomy of revolution. Vintage Books.
4. Burke, E. (1951). Reflections on the French Revolution. J. M. Dent & Sons Limited.
5. Camus, A. (1991). The rebel: an essay on man in revolt. Vintage Books.
6. Cobban, A. (1999). The social interpretation of the French Revolution. Cambridge University Press.
7. Cohan, A. S. (1975). Theories of revolution: an introduction. A Halsted Press Book.
8. Condorcet, M. (1996). İnsan zekasının ilerlemeleri üzerine tarihi bir tablo taslağı II. (Trans: O. Peltek), Milli Eğitim Press.

9. Davies, J. C. (1962). Toward a Theory of revolution. American Sociological Review, 27(1), 5-19.
10. Edwards, L. P. (1970). The natural history of revolution. The University of Chicago Pres.
11. Erikson, E. H. (1977). Childhood and society. Paladin Grafton Books.
12. Fein, M. (2015). Evolution versus revolution. Transaction Publishers.
13. Foran, J. (1993). Theories of revolution revisited: toward a fourth generation? Sociological Theory, 11(1), 1-20.
14. Foran, J. (2005). Taking power: on the origins of third world revolutions. Cambridge University Press.
15. Goldstone, J. A. (1994). Revolutions: theoretical, comparative, and historical studies. Harcourt Brace & Company.
16. Goldstone, J. A. (2001). Toward a fourth generation of revolutionary theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 4(1), 139-187.
17. Goodwin, J. (1997). State-centred approaches to social revolutions: strengths and limitations of a theoretical tradition. In J. Foran (Ed.), Theorizing Revolutions (pp. 9-35), Routledge.
18. Gurr, R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton University Press.
19. Gurr, T. (1968). Psychological factors in civil violence. World Politics, 20(2), 245-278.
20. Hopper, R. D. (1950). The revolutionary process: a frame of reference for the study of revolutionary movements. Social Forces, 28(3), 270-279.
21. Huntington, S. (1968). Political order in changing societies. Yale University Press.
22. Jaures, J. (2015). A socialist history of the French Revolution. Pluto Press.
23. Johnson, C. (1964). Revolution and social system. Hoover Institution Studies.
24. Johnson, C. (1966). Revolutionary change. Little, Brown and Company Inc.
25. Kimmel, M. S. (1990). Revolution: a sociological interpretation. Polity Press.
26. Kotowski, C. M. (1984). Revolution. G. Sartori (Ed.), In Social Science Concepts: A Systematic Analysis (pp. 403-451). Sage Publications.
27. Lasswell, H. D. (1936). Politics: Who gets what, when, how. McGraw Hall.
28. Lasswell, H. D. (1986). Psychopathology and politics. University of Chicago Press.
29. Le Bon, G. (2002). The crowd: a study of the popular mind. Dover Publications, INC.
30. Lefebvre, G. (2005). The French Revolution. (Trans: E. M. Evanson), Routledge.
31. Mignet, F. (1926). The history of the French Revolution. J. M. Dent & Sons Limited.
32. Mousnier, R. (1970). The Fronde. R. Forster, J. P. Greene (Eds.), In Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Johns Hopkins University Press.
33. Neumann, S. (1949). The international civil war. World Politics, 1(3), 333-350.
34. Sade, M. (2019). Yatak Odasında Felsefe. (Trans: S. İ. Ortaer Montanari), İthaki.
35. Skocpol, T. (1979). States and social revolutions: a comparative analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge University Press.
36. Sorokin, P. A. (1925). The sociology of revolution. J. B. Lippincott.
37. Tilly, C. (1978). From mobilization to revolution. Random House.
38. Tilly, C. (1995). European revolutions, 1492-1992. Blackwell Publishers.
39. Voltaire. (1965). Felsefe sözlüğü III. (Trans: L. Ay). Milli Eğitim Press.
40. Yeniçırak, H. (2020). On revolution: What is revolution? What are the differences that distinguish revolution from other forms of political violent? Van Yüzüncü Yıl University the Journal of Social Sciences Institute, (50), 329-342.