GÖÇMEN KİMLİKLERİNİN İNŞASI: BİR ÇOKKÜLTÜRLÜLÜK VE TANINMA TEORİSİ ELEŞTİRİSİ

Abstract

Bu makalede ilk olarak çokkültürlü politikalar hakkındaki tartışmaların ve Honneth’in tanınmaya dayalı eleştirel teorisinin kısa bir özeti verilecektir. İkinci olarak Honneth’in teorisine iki açıdan eleştiri getirilecektir. İlk eleştiri, Honneth’in Meadçi sosyopsikolojik öz-oluşum analizinin, ev sahibi ülkelerdeki yeni gelen göçmenlerin saygısızlık ve yanlış tanınma deneyimlerini anlamamız için gerekli teorik yapı açısından eksik olduğudur. İkinci temel eleştiri, Honneth’in tanınma teorisini pratik sosyolojik bir bakış açısıyla uygulanabilir kılmak için siyasi kurumların bireysel kendini gerçekleştirme ve tanınma üzerindeki etkilerini göz ardı ettiğidir. Hegel’in etik düzen fikrini kullanmasına rağmen Honneth’in teorisi bireysel veya grup mücadelelerinin özgürleşme potansiyeli üzerinde siyasi kurumların rolüne vurgu yapmak konusunda yetersiz kalmaktadır. Farklı göçmen deneyimlerine referanslar verilerek bu eleştirilerin temel aldığı esas noktalar gösterilecektir. Son olarak göçmenlerin özgürleştirici potansiyelini veya topluma dâhil edilme süreçlerini daha iyi anlamak için tanınma teorisinin birkaç temel değişiklikle birlikte liberal veya komünitaryan teorilerden daha iyi bir teorik açıklama sağladığı savunulacaktır.

Keywords

• tanınma teorisi
• göçmen kimliği
• Axel Honneth
• çokkültürlülük
• komünitaryanism

The Construction of Immigrant Identity: A Criticism of Multiculturalism and Recognition Theory

Abstract

In this paper, first I will give a brief outline of Honneth’s recognition-based critical theory and debate on multicultural policies. Second, I will challenge Honneth’s theory from two perspectives. First, I will claim that Honneth’s Meadian socio-psychological analysis of self-formation lacks the necessary theoretical construct for us to understand newcomer immigrant experiences of disrespect and misrecognition in the host countries. Second, I will point out the fact that while trying so hard to make his theory applicable from a practical sociological point of view, Honneth dismisses the effects of political institutions on individual self-realization and recognition. Even though Honneth uses Hegel’s basic idea of ethical life, his theory falls short to incorporate the role of political institutions on the emancipation potential of the individual or group struggles. By giving empirical references to different immigrant experiences, I will show the basic tenants of my criticisms. In the end, I will briefly review the alternatives to recognition theory for a better understanding of the emancipatory potential of or inclusion of new immigrants into the host society. I will claim that with basic modifications, Honneth’s recognition theory still provides a better theoretical and analytical explanation for the case of immigrants.

Keywords

• recognition theory
• immigrant identity
• Axel Honneth
• multiculturalism
• communitarianism

References

1. Abrams, Z. (2019, Aralık 1). Countering stereotypes about Asian Americans. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/12/countering-stereotypes
2. Europe and right-wing nationalism: A country-by-country guide. (2019, Kasım 13). https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36130006
3. Behdad, A. (2005). A forgetful nation. Duke University Press.
4. Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5-34.
5. Brown, W. (1995). States of injury: power and freedom in late modernity. Princeton Press.
6. Chambers, I. (1994). Migrancy, culture and identity. Routledge.
7. Cross, S. & Gore, J. (2003). Cultural models of the self. M. R. Leary, J. P. Tangley (Ed.), Handbook of Self and Identity içinde (536-567. ss.), Guilford Press.
8. Deranty, J. P. & Renault, R. (2007). Politicizing Honneth’s ethics of recognition. Thesis Eleven, (88), 92-111.

9. Fraser, N. & Honneth, A. (2003). Redistribution or recognition? A political-philosophical exchange. Verso.
10. Göksel, G. U. (2019). Göçmen entegrasyonu ve tanınma teorisi “adil entegrasyon”. Pinhan Yayınevi.
11. Gutmann, A. (1992). Multiculturalism and “the politics of recognition. Princeton University Press.
12. Habermas, J. (1998). The inclusion of the other. Mitt Press.
13. Haddad, Y. Y. & Balz, M. J. (2006). The october riots in France: A failed immigration policy or the empire strikes back?. International Migration, (44), 23-34.
14. Honig, B. (2007). Democracy and foreignness: democratic cosmopolitanism and the myth of an immigrant America. A. S. Laden, D. Owen (Ed.), Multiculturalism and political theory içinde (373-407. ss.), Cambridge University Press.
15. Honneth, A. (1996). The struggles of recognition. (Çev: J. Anderson), Polity Press.
16. Honneth, A. (1998). Democracy as reflexive cooperation: John Dewey and the theory of democracy today. Political Theory, 26(6), 763-783.
17. Honneth, A. (2001). The pathologies of freedom Hegel’s social theory. (Çev: L. Lob), Princeton University Press.
18. Honneth, A. (2007). Disrespect: normative foundations of critical theory. Polity.
19. Korteweg, A. C. (2008). The Sharia debate in Ontario: Gender, Islam, and representations of Muslim women’s agency. Gender & Society, 22(4), 434-454.
20. Krzyżanowski, M. (2020). Discursive shifts and the normalisation of racism: imaginaries of immigration, moral panics and the discourse of contemporary right-wing populism. Social Semiotics, 30(4), 503-527.
21. Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural citizenship. Oxford University Press.
22. Markell, P. (2007). The potential and the actual: Mead, Honneth and the “ I”. B. van den Brink, D. Owen (Ed.), Recognition and Power içinde (100-135. ss.), Cambridge University Press.
23. Mead, G. H. (1963). Mind, self and society. University of Toronto Press.
24. Phillips, A. (2007). Multiculturalism without Culture. Princeton University Press.
25. Phinney, J. S., Horenczyk, G., Liebkind, K., Vedder, P. (2001). Ethnic identity, immigration, and well-being: an interactional perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 493-510.
26. Sandel, M. (1984). The procedural republic and the unencumbered self. Political Theory, 12(1), 81-96. Van Den Brink, B. & Owen, D. (2007). Introduction. B. van den Brink, D. Owen (Ed.), Recognition and Power içinde (1-30. ss.), Cambridge University Press.
27. Yar, M. (2003). Honneth and the communitarians: towards a recognitive critical theory of community. Res Publica, (9), 101-125.
28. Zhou, M. (2004). Are Asian Americans becoming “white”? Context, 3(1), 29-37.