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UZMANLIK VE BİLİŞSEL ESNEKLİK

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 45, 857 - 872, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1228263

Abstract

Uzmanlık çalışmaları, bir alanda üstün performans gösteren kişilerin performanslarına odaklanmaktadır. Bir alanda uzmanlaşmış kişilerin alana özgü görevleri gerçekleştirirken sıklıkla kullandıkları yöntemler, bazı becerilerin kazanımı açısından üstünlük sağlasa da bazen pek yararlı olmayan sonuçlar doğurabilir. Bu durumdan etkilenen becerilerden biri de bilişsel esnekliktir. Bilişsel esneklik, davranışı yeni ve değişen çevreye göre adapte etme becerisidir. Bir kişi kendi alanında ne kadar uzmanlaşırsa, alana özgü görevlerde o kadar bilişsel esneklik gösterebilir. Ayrıca uzmanların uzmanlık düzeyi, sıklıkla kullanılan yöntemin yarattığı bozucu etki olarak tanımlanan Einstellung etkisinin görülmemesinde de önemli rol oynamaktadır. Mevcut derlemenin amacı, uzmanlık alanındaki çalışmalarda bilişsel esnekliğin etkisini incelemektir. Literatürdeki çalışmalar incelendiğinde, farklı uzmanlıklarda yapılmış çalışmalarda, uzmanlık düzeylerinin değişkenlik gösterdiği; bu nedenle bu çalışmaların sonuçlarından yola çıkarak uzmanların bilişsel esneklik düzeyleri hakkında kesin sonuca varılamayacağı anlaşılmaktadır. Buna karşın, henüz uzmanlaşma sürecinde olan kişilerde bilişsel esnekliğin daha düşük; uzmanlaşma düzeyi yüksek olanlarda bilişsel esnekliğin daha yüksek olduğunu öne süren araştırmalar da bulunmaktadır.

References

  • Allard, F., Graham, S., Paarsalu, M. E. (1980). Perception in sport: Basketball. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2(1), 14-21.
  • Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255(5044), 556-559.
  • Baddeley, A. D. & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. G.A. Bower (Ed.) Psychology of Learning and Motivation içinde (47-89. ss.), Academic Press.
  • Barbey, A. K., Colom, R., Grafman, J. (2013). Architecture of cognitive flexibility revealed by lesion mapping. NeuroImage, 82, 547-554.
  • Batey, M. & Furnham, A. (2006). Creativity, intelligence, and personality: A critical review of the scattered literature. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 132(4), 355-429.
  • Bavelier, D., Bediou, B., Green, C. S. (2018). Expertise and generalization: lessons from action video games. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 20, 169-173.
  • Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., Gobet, F. (2008a). Inflexibility of experts-Reality or myth? Quantifying the Einstellung effect in chess masters. Cognitive Psychology, 56(2), 73-102.
  • Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., Gobet, F. (2008b). Why good thoughts block better ones: The mechanism of the pernicious Einstellung (set) effect. Cognition, 108(3), 652-661.
  • Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., Gobet, F. (2010). The mechanism of the Einstellung (set) effect: A pervasive source of cognitive bias. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(2), 111-115.
  • Bilalić, M. & McLeod, P. (2014). Why good thoughts block better ones. Scientific American, 310(3), 74-79.
  • Bilalić, M. (2018). The brains of experts. Psychologist, 31, 24-28.
  • Braem, S. & Egner, T. (2018). Getting a grip on cognitive flexibility. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(6),470-476.
  • Campitelli, G. & Gobet, F. (2004). Adaptive expert decision making: Skilled chess players search more and deeper. Journal of the International Computer Games Association, 27(4), 209-216.
  • Canas, J. J., Fajardo, I., Salmeron, L. (2006). Cognitive flexibility. International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, 1(3), 297-301.
  • Charness, N. (1979). Components of skill in bridge. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 33(1), 1-16.
  • Chase, W. G. & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4(1), 55-81.
  • Chein, J. M. & Schneider, W. (2005). Neuroimaging studies of practice-related change: fMRI and meta-analytic evidence of a domain-general control network for learning. Cognitive Brain Research, 25(3), 607-623.
  • Chi, M. (2006). Two approaches to study of experts’ characteristics. K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich, R. Hoffman (Ed.), Expertise and Expert Performance içinde (21-30. ss.), Cambridge University Press.
  • Clerc, J. & Clément, É. (2016). Metacognition and cognitive flexibility in transfer of learning. Metacognition: Theory, Performance and Current Research içinde (17-42. ss.), Nova Science Publishers.
  • Clement, E. (2022). Cognitive flexibility: The cornerstone of learning. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Dajani, D. R. & Uddin, L. Q. (2015). Demystifying cognitive flexibility: Implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience. Trends in Neurosciences, 38(9), 571-578.
  • de Groot A. D. (1965). Thought and choice in chess. Mouton. (Orijinal basım tarihi 1946).
  • Demirtaş, A. S. (2019). Stresli durumlarda bilişsel kontrol ve bilişsel esneklik: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 39(2), 345-368.
  • Demirci, O. O. & Güneri, E. (2020). Bilişsel esnekliğin bilişsel duygu düzenleme üzerindeki etkisi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(39), 651-684.
  • Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135-168.
  • Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363-406.
  • Ericsson, K. A. & Charness, N. (1994). Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition. American Psychologist, 49(8), 725-747.
  • Ericsson, K. A. (2018). An introduction to Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance: Its development, organization, and content. K.A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P.J. Feltovich, R. R. Hoffman (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance içinde (3-20. ss.), Cambridge University Press.
  • Evans, K. K., Haygood, T. M., Cooper, J., Culpan, A. M., Wolfe, J. M. (2016). A half-second glimpse often lets radiologists identify breast cancer cases even when viewing the mammogram of the opposite breast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(37), 10292-10297.
  • Eysenck, M. W. & Keane, M. T. (2015). Cognitive psychology: A student's handbook. Psychology Press.
  • Fitts, P. M. & Posner, M. I. (1967). Human performance. Brooke/Cole Publishing Co.
  • Fuster, J. (2015). The prefrontal cortex. Academic Press.
  • Gade, M. & Schlemmer, K. (2021). Music modulates cognitive flexibility? An investigation of the benefits of musical training on markers of cognitive flexibility. Brain Sciences, 11(4), 451.
  • Garcia-Garcia, M., Barceló, F., Clemente, I., Escera, C. (2010). The role of the dopamine transporter DAT1 genotype on the neural correlates of cognitive flexibility. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 31(4), 754-60.
  • Gobet, F. (2017). Understanding expertise: A multi-disciplinary approach. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Gobet, F. & Simon, H. A. (1996). Templates in chess memory: A mechanism for recalling several boards. Cognitive Psychology, 31(1), 1-40.
  • Gobet, F., Retschitzki, J., De Voogt, A. (2004). Moves in mind: The psychology of board games. Psychology Press.
  • Hatano, G. & Inagaki, K. (1986). Two courses of expertise. H. Stevenson, H. Azmuma, K. Hakuta (Ed.), Child Development and Education in Japan içinde (262-272. ss.), Freeman and Company.
  • Hecht, H. & Proffitt, D. R. (1995). The price of expertise: Effects of experience on the water level task. Psychological Science, 6(2), 90-95.
  • Helsdingen, A., Van Gog, T., Van Merriënboer, J. (2011). The effects of practice Schedule and critical thinking prompts on learning and transfer of complex judgment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(2), 383-398.
  • Ionescu, T. (2012). Exploring the nature of cognitive flexibility. New Ideas in Psychology, 30(2), 190-200.
  • Kehagia, A. A., Murray, G. K., Robbins, T. W. (2010). Learning and cognitive flexibility: frontostriatalfunction and monoaminergic modulation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 20(2), 199-204.
  • Krems, J. F. (1995). Cognitive flexibility and complex problem solving. P. A. Frensch, J. Funke (Ed.), Complex problem solving: The European perspective içinde (201-218. ss.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Lewandowsky, S. & Kirsner, K. (2000). Knowledge partitioning: Context-dependent use of expertise. Memory & Cognition, 28(2), 295-305.
  • Luchins, A. S. (1942). Mechanization in problem solving: The effect of Einstellung. Psychological Monographs, 54(6), i-95.
  • Mayr, U. & Kliegl, R. (2000). Task-set switching and long-term memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 1124 -1140.
  • Miller, P., Brody, C. D., Romo, R., Wang, X. J. (2003). A recurrent network model of somatosensory parametric working memory in the prefrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 13(11), 1208-1218.
  • Necka, E. & Kubik, T. (2012). How non-experts fail where experts do not: Implications of expertise for resistance to cognitive rigidity. Studia Psychologica, 54(1), 3-13.
  • Norman, G. R., Brooks, L. R., Allen, S. W. (1989). Recall by expert medical practitioners and novices as a record of processing attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(6), 1166-1174.
  • Runco, M. A. (2004). Creativity. Annual review of psychology, 55(1), 657-687.
  • Sakai, K. (2008). Task set and prefrontal cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 31, 219-245.
  • Saariluoma, P. (1990). Apperception and restructuring in chess players’ problem solving. K. J. Gilhooly, M. T. Keane, R. H. Logie, G. Erdos (Ed.), Lines of thinking: Reflections on the psychology of thought içinde (41-57. ss.), John Wiley &Sons.
  • Sheridan, H. & Reingold, E. M. (2013). The mechanisms and boundary conditions of the Einstellung effect in chess: evidence from eye movements. PloS one, 8(10), e75796.
  • Schneider, D. W. & Logan, G. D. (2009). Task Switching. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 869-874.
  • Schliemann, A. D. & Carraher, D. W. (1993). Proportional reasoning in and out of school. P. Light, G. Butterworth (Ed.), Context and cognition: Ways of Learning and Knowing içinde (47-73. ss.), Erlbaum.
  • Slama, H., Rebillon, E., Kolinsky, R. (2017). Expertise and cognitive flexibility: A Musician’s Tale. Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science, 1, 119-127.
  • Sternberg, R. J. & Frensch, P. A. (1992). On being an expert: A cost-benefit analysis. R. Hoffman (Ed.), The psychology of expertise: Cognitive Research and Empirical AI içinde (191-204. ss.), Springer-Verlag.
  • Sternberg, R. J. (1996). Costs of expertise. K. A. Ericsson (Ed.), The Road to Excellence: The Acquisition of Expert Performance in the Arts and Sciences, Sports, and Games içinde (347- 354. ss.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Thomas, C., Didierjean, A., Kuhn, G. (2018). It is magic! How impossible solutions prevent the discovery of obvious ones? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(12), 2481-2487.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlükleri (2022, Aralık 5). https://sozluk.gov.tr/
  • Vandierendonck, A., Liefooghe, B., Verbruggen, F. (2010). Task switching: Interplay of reconfiguration and interference control. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 601-626.
  • Wason, P. C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(3), 129-140.
  • Wiley, J. (1998). Expertise as mental set: The effects of domain knowledge in creative problem solving. Memory & Cognition, 26(4), 716-730.
  • Yeung, N. & Monsell, S. (2003). The effects of recent practice on task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29(5), 919-936.

Expertise and Cognitive Flexibility

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 45, 857 - 872, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1228263

Abstract

Expertise studies focus on people with superior performance in a domain. Although the methods that experts in a domain frequently use while performing domain-specific tasks provide superiority in acquiring some skills, they can sometimes produce ineffective results. One of the skills affected by this condition is cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility is an ability to adapt behavior to new changing environment. The more a person specializes in their field, the more cognitive flexibility they can display in domain-specific tasks. In addition, expertise level plays an essential role in preventing the Einstellung effect, defined as the disruptive effect created by frequently used methods. The aim of review is to examine the effect of cognitive flexibility in expertise studies. When the studies in the literature are examined, it is seen that the expertise level varies in these studies conducted in different expertise fields. Therefore, based on these studies, it is understood that it is not possible to reach a definite conclusion about the cognitive flexibility levels of the experts. On the other hand, studies indicate that people still in the process of expertise have lower cognitive flexibility; also, cognitive flexibility is higher in individuals with higher levels of expertise.

References

  • Allard, F., Graham, S., Paarsalu, M. E. (1980). Perception in sport: Basketball. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2(1), 14-21.
  • Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255(5044), 556-559.
  • Baddeley, A. D. & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. G.A. Bower (Ed.) Psychology of Learning and Motivation içinde (47-89. ss.), Academic Press.
  • Barbey, A. K., Colom, R., Grafman, J. (2013). Architecture of cognitive flexibility revealed by lesion mapping. NeuroImage, 82, 547-554.
  • Batey, M. & Furnham, A. (2006). Creativity, intelligence, and personality: A critical review of the scattered literature. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 132(4), 355-429.
  • Bavelier, D., Bediou, B., Green, C. S. (2018). Expertise and generalization: lessons from action video games. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 20, 169-173.
  • Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., Gobet, F. (2008a). Inflexibility of experts-Reality or myth? Quantifying the Einstellung effect in chess masters. Cognitive Psychology, 56(2), 73-102.
  • Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., Gobet, F. (2008b). Why good thoughts block better ones: The mechanism of the pernicious Einstellung (set) effect. Cognition, 108(3), 652-661.
  • Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., Gobet, F. (2010). The mechanism of the Einstellung (set) effect: A pervasive source of cognitive bias. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(2), 111-115.
  • Bilalić, M. & McLeod, P. (2014). Why good thoughts block better ones. Scientific American, 310(3), 74-79.
  • Bilalić, M. (2018). The brains of experts. Psychologist, 31, 24-28.
  • Braem, S. & Egner, T. (2018). Getting a grip on cognitive flexibility. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(6),470-476.
  • Campitelli, G. & Gobet, F. (2004). Adaptive expert decision making: Skilled chess players search more and deeper. Journal of the International Computer Games Association, 27(4), 209-216.
  • Canas, J. J., Fajardo, I., Salmeron, L. (2006). Cognitive flexibility. International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, 1(3), 297-301.
  • Charness, N. (1979). Components of skill in bridge. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 33(1), 1-16.
  • Chase, W. G. & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4(1), 55-81.
  • Chein, J. M. & Schneider, W. (2005). Neuroimaging studies of practice-related change: fMRI and meta-analytic evidence of a domain-general control network for learning. Cognitive Brain Research, 25(3), 607-623.
  • Chi, M. (2006). Two approaches to study of experts’ characteristics. K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich, R. Hoffman (Ed.), Expertise and Expert Performance içinde (21-30. ss.), Cambridge University Press.
  • Clerc, J. & Clément, É. (2016). Metacognition and cognitive flexibility in transfer of learning. Metacognition: Theory, Performance and Current Research içinde (17-42. ss.), Nova Science Publishers.
  • Clement, E. (2022). Cognitive flexibility: The cornerstone of learning. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Dajani, D. R. & Uddin, L. Q. (2015). Demystifying cognitive flexibility: Implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience. Trends in Neurosciences, 38(9), 571-578.
  • de Groot A. D. (1965). Thought and choice in chess. Mouton. (Orijinal basım tarihi 1946).
  • Demirtaş, A. S. (2019). Stresli durumlarda bilişsel kontrol ve bilişsel esneklik: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 39(2), 345-368.
  • Demirci, O. O. & Güneri, E. (2020). Bilişsel esnekliğin bilişsel duygu düzenleme üzerindeki etkisi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(39), 651-684.
  • Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135-168.
  • Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363-406.
  • Ericsson, K. A. & Charness, N. (1994). Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition. American Psychologist, 49(8), 725-747.
  • Ericsson, K. A. (2018). An introduction to Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance: Its development, organization, and content. K.A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P.J. Feltovich, R. R. Hoffman (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance içinde (3-20. ss.), Cambridge University Press.
  • Evans, K. K., Haygood, T. M., Cooper, J., Culpan, A. M., Wolfe, J. M. (2016). A half-second glimpse often lets radiologists identify breast cancer cases even when viewing the mammogram of the opposite breast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(37), 10292-10297.
  • Eysenck, M. W. & Keane, M. T. (2015). Cognitive psychology: A student's handbook. Psychology Press.
  • Fitts, P. M. & Posner, M. I. (1967). Human performance. Brooke/Cole Publishing Co.
  • Fuster, J. (2015). The prefrontal cortex. Academic Press.
  • Gade, M. & Schlemmer, K. (2021). Music modulates cognitive flexibility? An investigation of the benefits of musical training on markers of cognitive flexibility. Brain Sciences, 11(4), 451.
  • Garcia-Garcia, M., Barceló, F., Clemente, I., Escera, C. (2010). The role of the dopamine transporter DAT1 genotype on the neural correlates of cognitive flexibility. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 31(4), 754-60.
  • Gobet, F. (2017). Understanding expertise: A multi-disciplinary approach. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Gobet, F. & Simon, H. A. (1996). Templates in chess memory: A mechanism for recalling several boards. Cognitive Psychology, 31(1), 1-40.
  • Gobet, F., Retschitzki, J., De Voogt, A. (2004). Moves in mind: The psychology of board games. Psychology Press.
  • Hatano, G. & Inagaki, K. (1986). Two courses of expertise. H. Stevenson, H. Azmuma, K. Hakuta (Ed.), Child Development and Education in Japan içinde (262-272. ss.), Freeman and Company.
  • Hecht, H. & Proffitt, D. R. (1995). The price of expertise: Effects of experience on the water level task. Psychological Science, 6(2), 90-95.
  • Helsdingen, A., Van Gog, T., Van Merriënboer, J. (2011). The effects of practice Schedule and critical thinking prompts on learning and transfer of complex judgment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(2), 383-398.
  • Ionescu, T. (2012). Exploring the nature of cognitive flexibility. New Ideas in Psychology, 30(2), 190-200.
  • Kehagia, A. A., Murray, G. K., Robbins, T. W. (2010). Learning and cognitive flexibility: frontostriatalfunction and monoaminergic modulation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 20(2), 199-204.
  • Krems, J. F. (1995). Cognitive flexibility and complex problem solving. P. A. Frensch, J. Funke (Ed.), Complex problem solving: The European perspective içinde (201-218. ss.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Lewandowsky, S. & Kirsner, K. (2000). Knowledge partitioning: Context-dependent use of expertise. Memory & Cognition, 28(2), 295-305.
  • Luchins, A. S. (1942). Mechanization in problem solving: The effect of Einstellung. Psychological Monographs, 54(6), i-95.
  • Mayr, U. & Kliegl, R. (2000). Task-set switching and long-term memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 1124 -1140.
  • Miller, P., Brody, C. D., Romo, R., Wang, X. J. (2003). A recurrent network model of somatosensory parametric working memory in the prefrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 13(11), 1208-1218.
  • Necka, E. & Kubik, T. (2012). How non-experts fail where experts do not: Implications of expertise for resistance to cognitive rigidity. Studia Psychologica, 54(1), 3-13.
  • Norman, G. R., Brooks, L. R., Allen, S. W. (1989). Recall by expert medical practitioners and novices as a record of processing attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(6), 1166-1174.
  • Runco, M. A. (2004). Creativity. Annual review of psychology, 55(1), 657-687.
  • Sakai, K. (2008). Task set and prefrontal cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 31, 219-245.
  • Saariluoma, P. (1990). Apperception and restructuring in chess players’ problem solving. K. J. Gilhooly, M. T. Keane, R. H. Logie, G. Erdos (Ed.), Lines of thinking: Reflections on the psychology of thought içinde (41-57. ss.), John Wiley &Sons.
  • Sheridan, H. & Reingold, E. M. (2013). The mechanisms and boundary conditions of the Einstellung effect in chess: evidence from eye movements. PloS one, 8(10), e75796.
  • Schneider, D. W. & Logan, G. D. (2009). Task Switching. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 869-874.
  • Schliemann, A. D. & Carraher, D. W. (1993). Proportional reasoning in and out of school. P. Light, G. Butterworth (Ed.), Context and cognition: Ways of Learning and Knowing içinde (47-73. ss.), Erlbaum.
  • Slama, H., Rebillon, E., Kolinsky, R. (2017). Expertise and cognitive flexibility: A Musician’s Tale. Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science, 1, 119-127.
  • Sternberg, R. J. & Frensch, P. A. (1992). On being an expert: A cost-benefit analysis. R. Hoffman (Ed.), The psychology of expertise: Cognitive Research and Empirical AI içinde (191-204. ss.), Springer-Verlag.
  • Sternberg, R. J. (1996). Costs of expertise. K. A. Ericsson (Ed.), The Road to Excellence: The Acquisition of Expert Performance in the Arts and Sciences, Sports, and Games içinde (347- 354. ss.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Thomas, C., Didierjean, A., Kuhn, G. (2018). It is magic! How impossible solutions prevent the discovery of obvious ones? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(12), 2481-2487.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlükleri (2022, Aralık 5). https://sozluk.gov.tr/
  • Vandierendonck, A., Liefooghe, B., Verbruggen, F. (2010). Task switching: Interplay of reconfiguration and interference control. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 601-626.
  • Wason, P. C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(3), 129-140.
  • Wiley, J. (1998). Expertise as mental set: The effects of domain knowledge in creative problem solving. Memory & Cognition, 26(4), 716-730.
  • Yeung, N. & Monsell, S. (2003). The effects of recent practice on task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29(5), 919-936.
There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hatice Kübra Aydın 0000-0002-2324-7247

Handan Can 0000-0003-4991-9803

Publication Date July 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 24 Issue: 45

Cite

APA Aydın, H. K., & Can, H. (2023). UZMANLIK VE BİLİŞSEL ESNEKLİK. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(45), 857-872. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1228263