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Russian General Kuropatkin’s Great Invasion Project from Turkestan to India as Reported by British Diplomat Arthur Nicolson (1886)

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 45, 629 - 645, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1293449

Abstract

In the 19th century, Britain and Tsarist Russia were engaged in a struggle for influence in Turkestan, one of the most important parts of Asia. On the one hand, Russia was organizing expeditions to the region to occupy Turkestan, while on the other hand, Britain was conducting some policies to stop the Russian advances. As a matter of fact, the gradual occupation of Turkestan from the second half of the 19th century onwards and the expansion of Tsarist Russia’s borders to the north of Afghanistan caused the Government of British India to take certain measures. During this period, while the British were trying to ensure the security of India, the Russians were also looking for ways to reach India. Therefore, the geographical location of Afghanistan, which was a buffer zone between the two states, was of great importance. The Russian military authorities were working on the shortest and most easily conquered routes to India, especially by determining routes through Afghanistan. This study deals with the 1886 report of the British diplomat Arthur Nicolson on the project of invasion of India prepared by the Russian General Alexei Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (1848-1925). In addition, the measures taken by the Government of British India against this invasion plan constitute the subject of this article.

References

  • British Documents on Foreign Affairs (1985). Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 12, Britain, Russia and Central Asia, 1879-1907, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America.
  • British Documents on Foreign Affairs (1985). Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 13, Persia, Britain and Russia, 1886-1907, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America. Dilke, C. H. (1890). Problems of Greater Britain. Vol. II, Second Edition, Macmillan and Co.
  • Great Britain, Foreign Office, British Documents on the Origins of War 1898-1914, (1929). Vol. IV, The Anglo-Russian Rapprochement 1903-1907, Ed: G. P. Gooch & Harold Temperly, H. M. Stationery Off.
  • Khan (Ed.), M. M. S. M. (1901). The Life of Abdur Rahman Amir of Afghanistan, Vol. I., John Murray.
  • Kuropatkin, A. N. (1882). Kashgaria: (Eastern or Chinese Turkistan.). (Tr. Walter E. Gown), W. Thacker and Co.
  • Kuropatkin, A. N. (1909). The Russian Army and The Japanese War. (Tr. Captain A. B. Lindsay, Ed. E. D. Swington), E. P. Dutton and Company.
  • Kuropatkin, A. N. (2016). “Asya’nın Kalbi” Doğu Türkistan. (Yayına Hazırlayan: Feyzullah Uygur), İlgi Kültür Sanat. London School of Economics Pamphlets. (1885). Russia’s intrigues for possession of Afghanistan and India. Diprose & Bateman.
  • Story, D. (1904). The Campaign with Kuropatkin. T. Werner Laurie Clifford’s Inn.
  • The National Archives. Kew., Asia: Various Papers, 1871-1901. 1871-1901. (Government Papers), FO 539/106.
  • The National Archives. (1885). Russia’s intrigues for possession of Afghanistan and India. Diprose & Bateman. Yate, C. E. (1887). England and Russia face to face in Asia travels with the Afghan Boundary Comission. William Blackwood and Sons.
  • Yate, C. E. (1888). Northern Afghanistan or Letters from the Afghan Boundary Commission. William Blackwood and Sons.
  • Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, Ocak 22). Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, 2nd Baronet. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Charles-Wentworth-Dilke-2nd-Baronet
  • Çapraz, H. (2011). Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da hâkimiyet kurması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (24), 51-78.
  • Edwardes, M. (1963). The last years of British India. Cassel & Company Ltd.
  • Forbes, A. (1892). The Afghan wars 1839-42 and 1878-80. Seeley & Co. Limited.
  • Hayit, B. (1975). Türkistan Rusya ile Çin arasında. (Çev: A. Sadak), Otağ Yayınları.
  • Johnson, R. A. (2003). “Russians at the gates of India”? Planning the defence of India, 1885-1900. The Journal of Military History, 67(3), 697-743.
  • Kakar, M. H. (2006). A political and diplomatic history of Afghanistan 1863-1901. Brill.
  • Külünk, F. (2019). İngiliz Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin yerli birlikleri: Sepoy Ayaklanması. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 34(1), 139-160.
  • MacGregor, L. (1888). The life and opinions of Major-General Sir Charles Metcalfe MacGregor. Vol. II, William Blackwood and Sons.
  • Marshall, A. (2006). The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1800-1917. Routledge.
  • McCarthy, M. J. F. (1905). The coming power 1989-1905. Hodder and Stoughton.
  • Nicolson, H. (1930). Sir Arthur Nicolson, Bart. First Lord Carnock. Constable & Company Ltd.
  • Nurullayev, H. F. İ. (2014). Şeyhülislamlık zirvesi: Hacı Allahşükür Paşazade, Nurlar.
  • Özkan, M. (2020). Türkistan’ın işgal çağı Beyaz General Skobelev (1843-1882). Kronik Kitap.
  • Pozefsky, P. (1985). General Aleksei Nikolaevich Kuropatkin and the Imperial Russian Army. UCLA Historical Journal, 6, 50-82.
  • Preston, A. (1969). Sir Charles Macgregor and the defence of India, 1857-1887. The Historical Journal, 12(1), 58-77.
  • Rich, D. A. (1998). The Tsar’s colonels professionalism, strategy, and subversion in late Imperial Russia. Harvard University Press.
  • Saray, M. (1987). Rusya tarihi başlangıçtan 1917’ye kadar. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Thornton, T. H. (1895). Colonel Sir Robert Sandeman: His life and work on our Indian Frontier. John Murray.
  • Yazıcı, S. & Çelik, M. B. (2008). Türk tarihinde bir Rus General: Aleksey Nikolayeviç Kuropatkin (1848-1925). Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Dergisi, (1), 233-245.
  • Yıldırım, A. (2020). Kadîm komşumuz İran ve Şiî kültürüne dair gezi notları. Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies, 2(2), 224-272.

İNGİLİZ DİPLOMAT ARTHUR NICOLSON’UN RAPORUNDA RUS GENERAL KUROPATKİN’İN TÜRKİSTAN’DAN HİNDİSTAN’A UZANAN BÜYÜK İŞGAL PROJESİ (1886)

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 45, 629 - 645, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1293449

Abstract

19. yüzyılda İngiltere ve Çarlık Rusya, Asya’nın önemli noktalarından bir tanesi olan Türkistan’da bir nüfuz mücadelesi içerisine girmişlerdi. Bir yandan Rusya, Türkistan’ı işgal etmek için bölgeye seferler düzenlerken öte yandan İngiltere Rusların bu ilerleyişlerini durdurabilmek için bazı politikalar yürütmekteydi. Nitekim Türkistan’ın 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren kademeli olarak işgal edilmesiyle Çarlık Rusya sınırlarının Afganistan’ın kuzeyine dek ulaşması İngiliz Hindistan’ı Hükümeti’nin birtakım tedbirler almasına neden olmuştu. Bu dönemde İngilizler Hindistan’ın güvenliğini sağlamaya çalışırken Ruslar da Hindistan’a ulaşabilmenin yollarını aramıştır. Bu yüzden iki devlet arasında bir tampon bölge olan Afganistan’ın coğrafi konumu oldukça önem arz etmiştir. Rus askerî makamları özellikle Afganistan toprakları üzerinden rotalar belirleyerek Hindistan’a en kısa yoldan ve zapt edebilecek güzergâhlar üzerinde çalışıyorlardı. Bu çalışma İngiliz diplomat Arthur Nicolson’un 1886 yılında Rus General Aleksey Nikolayeviç Kuropatkin (1848-1925) tarafından hazırlanan Hindistan’ı işgal projesi ile ilgili raporunu ele almaktadır. Ayrıca bu işgal planı karşısında İngiliz Hindistan’ı Hükümeti’nin aldığı tedbirler bu makalenin konusunu teşkil etmektedir.

References

  • British Documents on Foreign Affairs (1985). Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 12, Britain, Russia and Central Asia, 1879-1907, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America.
  • British Documents on Foreign Affairs (1985). Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 13, Persia, Britain and Russia, 1886-1907, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America. Dilke, C. H. (1890). Problems of Greater Britain. Vol. II, Second Edition, Macmillan and Co.
  • Great Britain, Foreign Office, British Documents on the Origins of War 1898-1914, (1929). Vol. IV, The Anglo-Russian Rapprochement 1903-1907, Ed: G. P. Gooch & Harold Temperly, H. M. Stationery Off.
  • Khan (Ed.), M. M. S. M. (1901). The Life of Abdur Rahman Amir of Afghanistan, Vol. I., John Murray.
  • Kuropatkin, A. N. (1882). Kashgaria: (Eastern or Chinese Turkistan.). (Tr. Walter E. Gown), W. Thacker and Co.
  • Kuropatkin, A. N. (1909). The Russian Army and The Japanese War. (Tr. Captain A. B. Lindsay, Ed. E. D. Swington), E. P. Dutton and Company.
  • Kuropatkin, A. N. (2016). “Asya’nın Kalbi” Doğu Türkistan. (Yayına Hazırlayan: Feyzullah Uygur), İlgi Kültür Sanat. London School of Economics Pamphlets. (1885). Russia’s intrigues for possession of Afghanistan and India. Diprose & Bateman.
  • Story, D. (1904). The Campaign with Kuropatkin. T. Werner Laurie Clifford’s Inn.
  • The National Archives. Kew., Asia: Various Papers, 1871-1901. 1871-1901. (Government Papers), FO 539/106.
  • The National Archives. (1885). Russia’s intrigues for possession of Afghanistan and India. Diprose & Bateman. Yate, C. E. (1887). England and Russia face to face in Asia travels with the Afghan Boundary Comission. William Blackwood and Sons.
  • Yate, C. E. (1888). Northern Afghanistan or Letters from the Afghan Boundary Commission. William Blackwood and Sons.
  • Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, Ocak 22). Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, 2nd Baronet. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Charles-Wentworth-Dilke-2nd-Baronet
  • Çapraz, H. (2011). Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da hâkimiyet kurması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (24), 51-78.
  • Edwardes, M. (1963). The last years of British India. Cassel & Company Ltd.
  • Forbes, A. (1892). The Afghan wars 1839-42 and 1878-80. Seeley & Co. Limited.
  • Hayit, B. (1975). Türkistan Rusya ile Çin arasında. (Çev: A. Sadak), Otağ Yayınları.
  • Johnson, R. A. (2003). “Russians at the gates of India”? Planning the defence of India, 1885-1900. The Journal of Military History, 67(3), 697-743.
  • Kakar, M. H. (2006). A political and diplomatic history of Afghanistan 1863-1901. Brill.
  • Külünk, F. (2019). İngiliz Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin yerli birlikleri: Sepoy Ayaklanması. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 34(1), 139-160.
  • MacGregor, L. (1888). The life and opinions of Major-General Sir Charles Metcalfe MacGregor. Vol. II, William Blackwood and Sons.
  • Marshall, A. (2006). The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1800-1917. Routledge.
  • McCarthy, M. J. F. (1905). The coming power 1989-1905. Hodder and Stoughton.
  • Nicolson, H. (1930). Sir Arthur Nicolson, Bart. First Lord Carnock. Constable & Company Ltd.
  • Nurullayev, H. F. İ. (2014). Şeyhülislamlık zirvesi: Hacı Allahşükür Paşazade, Nurlar.
  • Özkan, M. (2020). Türkistan’ın işgal çağı Beyaz General Skobelev (1843-1882). Kronik Kitap.
  • Pozefsky, P. (1985). General Aleksei Nikolaevich Kuropatkin and the Imperial Russian Army. UCLA Historical Journal, 6, 50-82.
  • Preston, A. (1969). Sir Charles Macgregor and the defence of India, 1857-1887. The Historical Journal, 12(1), 58-77.
  • Rich, D. A. (1998). The Tsar’s colonels professionalism, strategy, and subversion in late Imperial Russia. Harvard University Press.
  • Saray, M. (1987). Rusya tarihi başlangıçtan 1917’ye kadar. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Thornton, T. H. (1895). Colonel Sir Robert Sandeman: His life and work on our Indian Frontier. John Murray.
  • Yazıcı, S. & Çelik, M. B. (2008). Türk tarihinde bir Rus General: Aleksey Nikolayeviç Kuropatkin (1848-1925). Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Dergisi, (1), 233-245.
  • Yıldırım, A. (2020). Kadîm komşumuz İran ve Şiî kültürüne dair gezi notları. Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies, 2(2), 224-272.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Late Modern Asian History
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Furkan Külünk 0000-0002-9844-283X

Publication Date July 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 24 Issue: 45

Cite

APA Külünk, F. (2023). İNGİLİZ DİPLOMAT ARTHUR NICOLSON’UN RAPORUNDA RUS GENERAL KUROPATKİN’İN TÜRKİSTAN’DAN HİNDİSTAN’A UZANAN BÜYÜK İŞGAL PROJESİ (1886). Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(45), 629-645. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1293449