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SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ AFET YÖNETİMİNDEKİ İKAMETLERİNİ SORGULAMAK: BALIKESİR İLİ ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2024, Volume: 25 Issue: 46, 267 - 312, 31.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1326498

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, afet temalı sivil toplum kuruluşlarının (STK) afet yönetimindeki rollerini nasıl değerlendirdikleri, Balıkesir ili örneğinde ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca bazı ülkelerde geçerli olan afet yönetimi anlayışı ile STK’ların afet yönetimindeki konumları Balıkesir’le ve Türkiye geneliyle kıyaslanarak değerlendirilmektedir. Böylece Balıkesir’de afet yönetiminin işleyiş açısından sağlıklı olup olmadığının saptanması amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında afet alanında faaliyet gösteren STK’ların bulunması ve dolayısıyla en verimli görüşmelerin bu grupla gerçekleştirileceği ön kabulüyle araştırmada amaçlı örneklem tercih edilmiş ve Balıkesir ilindeki 19 STK’ya bağlı temsilciler ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşmeler MAXQDA programı aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Buna göre, Balıkesir’deki STK’ların afet yönetimindeki rolleri için katılımcılar tarafından en sık yapılan iki vurgu, halka afet farkındalığının aşılanması ve afetlerden sonra oluşan toplumsal yaraların sarılmasıdır. Katılımcıların görüşleri değerlendirildiğinde ABD ve Japonya gibi afet yönetiminde öncü ülkelere kıyasla Türkiye’deki ve Balıkesir’deki STK’ların afet yönetimindeki rollerinin problemli olduğu anlaşılıp, bu problemlerin dış faktörler kadar kendi bünyelerindeki kusurlardan da kaynaklandığı görülmektedir.

References

  • Abdus Sabur, A. (2012). Disaster management system in Bangladesh: An overview. India Quarterly, 68(1), 29-47.
  • Acer, Y. & Okumuş, D. (2023, Mart 1). Türkiye’nin uluslararası yardım çağrısı ve karşılığı. https://kriterdergi.com/dosya-deprem-ve-afet-yonetimi/turkiyenin-uluslararasi-yardim-cagrisi-ve-karsiligi
  • AFAD (2023a, Şubat 4). Türkiye Afet Müdahale Planı. https://www.afad.gov.tr/turkiye-afet-mudahale-plani
  • AFAD (2023b, Mart 14). AFAD akreditasyon sistemi. https://akreditasyon.afad.gov.tr
  • Ahrens, J. & Rudolph, P. M. (2006). The importance of governance in risk reduction and disaster management. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 14(4), 207-220.
  • Akgüngör, Ç. (2010). Toplumbilim perspektifinden afeti düşünmek. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 3-22.
  • Alexander, D. (2005). The meaning of disaster: A reply to Wolf Dombrowsky. R. W. Perry, E. L. Quarantelli (Ed.), What Is A Disaster? New Answers to Old Questions içinde (97-103. ss.), Xlibris Press.
  • Ammann, W. J., Dannenmann, S., Vulliet, L. (2006). RISK21 - Coping with risks due to Natural Hazards in the 21st century: Proceedings of the RISK21 workshop. CRC Press.
  • Anadolu Ajansı (2023, Şubat 9). Kahramanmaraş merkezli depremlerde enkaz altında kalanları kurtarma çalışmaları sürüyor. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/kahramanmaras-merkezli-depremlerde-enkaz-altinda-kalanlari-kurtarma-calismalari-suruyor/2812374
  • Arslan, O. (2001). Kuramsal ve tarihsel aşamalarıyla sivil toplum ve Türkiye gerçegi. Bayrak Yayıncılık.
  • Aydıner, T. & Özgür, H. (2014). Yönetişim ve doğal afetler: Türkiye’de doğal afet yönetişimi ne kadar ve hangi biçimde mümkün?. F. N. Genç (Ed.). Kamu Yönetiminde Değişim Kayfor XII Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (395-404. ss.), Aydın Menderes Üniversitesi.
  • Balıkesir Birlik Gazetesi (2023, Şubat 7). GÖNDAK, Kahramanmaraş’a gidiyor. https://balikesirbirlikgazetesi.com/mansetler/gondak-kahramanmaras-a-gidiyor-17535.html
  • Bankoff, G. & Hilhorst, D. (2009). The politics of risk in the Philippines: Comparing state and NGO perceptions of disaster management. Disasters, 33(4), 686-704.
  • BBC. (2023, Şubat 16). Deprem sonrası uluslararası yardımlar ve iş birliği Türk diplomasisini nasıl etkileyecek? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c3gnn8epzg8o
  • Benson, C., Twigg, J., Myers, M. (2001). NGO initiatives in risk reduction: An overview. Disasters, 25(3), 199-215.
  • Brand, L. A. (2001). Displacement for development? The impact of changing state - society relations. World Development, 29(6), 961-976.
  • Buckland, J. (1998). From relief and development to assisted self-reliance: Nongovernmental organizations in Bangladesh. Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, (8), 236-248.
  • Castells, M. (1996). The rise of network society. Blackwell.
  • Chazan, N. (1992). Africa’s democratic challenge. World Policy Journal, 9(2), 279-307.
  • Coles, E. & Buckle, P. (2004). Developing community resilience as a foundation for effective disaster recovery. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 19(4), 6-15.
  • Comfort, L. K. (2002). Managing intergovernmental responses to terrorism and other extreme events. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 32(4), 29-50.
  • Comfort, L. K. (2005). Risk, security, and disaster management. Annual Review of Political Science, (8), 335-356.
  • Çakı, F. (2020). Afet yönetişiminde sivil toplum ve güven algıları. Sosyal ve Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(12), 1-45.
  • Dollery, B., Kinoshita, Y., Yamazaki, K. (2020). Humanitarian co-production in local government: The case of natural disaster volunteering in Japan. Local Government Studies, 46(6), 959-978.
  • Emergency Management Institute (2013). Developing and managing volunteers. Emmitsburg.
  • Ergünay, O. (2009). Doğal afetler ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma. M. Tunçer, B. Tercan, H. Kaya, N. Başkaya (Ed.), Ulusal Deprem Sempozyumu Kitabı içinde (1-11. ss.), Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi.
  • FEMA (2000). Federal response plan. Federal Emergency Management Agency.
  • Gall, M., Cutter, S. L., Nguyen, K. (2014). Governance in disaster risk management. Integrated Research on Disaster Risk.
  • Gemmill, B. & Bamidele-Izu, A. (2002). The role of NGOs and civil society in global environmental governance. D. C. Esty, M. H. Ivanova (Ed.), Global environmental governance: Options and opportunities içinde (77-100. ss.), Forestry and Environmental Studies Publications Series.
  • GFNDR (1994, Nisan 2). Global forum of NGOs for natural disaster reduction. http://www.jacindia.org/global.htm
  • Grandi, F., Lough, B., Bannister, T. (2018). Global Trends in volunteering infrastructure a background paper for the 2018 state of the world’s volunteerism report: the thread that binds. United Nations Volunteers (UNV).
  • Haddow, G. D., Bullock, J. A., Coppola, D. P. (2017). Introduction to emergency management. Cambridge.
  • Hirata, K. (2002). Civil society in Japan: The growing role of NGO’s in Tokyo’s aid and Development policy. Springer.
  • IDNDR (1994). Yokohama strategy and plan of action for a safer world. International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction Secretariat.
  • Jalali, R. (2002). Civil society and the State: Turkey after the Earthquake. Disasters, 26(2), 120-139.
  • Japan’s National Land Agency (1997). Disaster countermeasures basic act. JNLA.
  • Jung, D. Y. & Ha, K. M. (2021). A comparison of the role of voluntary organizations in disaster management. Sustainability, 13(4), 1669.
  • Kaldor, M. (2003). Civil society and accountability. Journal of Human Development, 4(1), 5-27.
  • Kapucu, N. & Garayev, V. (2011). Collaborative decision-making in emergency and disaster management. International Journal of Public Administration, 34(6), 366-375.
  • Kaya, İ. (2014). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Y. Arı, İ. Kaya (Ed.), Coğrafya Araştırma Yöntemleri içinde (267-301. ss.), Coğrafyacılar Derneği.
  • Kelman, I., Mercer, J., Gaillard, J. C. (2012). Indigenous knowledge and disaster risk reduction. Geography, 97(1), 12-21.
  • Lassa, J. A. (2018). Roles of non-government organizations in disaster risk reduction. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science.
  • Maskrey, A. (1989). Disaster mitigation: A community based approach. Oxfam.
  • Mercer, C. (2002). NGOs, civil society and democratisation: A critical review of the literature. Progress in Development Studies, 2(1), 5-22.
  • Odabaş, Z., Y. (2016, Mayıs 20). Depremin sosyolojik incelemesi: 2011 Van Depremi. https://docplayer.biz.tr/48524032-Depreminsosyolojik-incelenmesi-2011-van-depremi.html
  • OECD-DAC (1994). Guidelines for aid agencies on disaster mitigation. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • Osa, Y. (2013). The growing role of NGOs in disaster relief and humanitarian assistance in East Asia. A Growing Force: Civil Society’s Role in Asian Regional Security, (5), 66-89.
  • Özerdem, A. & Jacoby, T. (2006). Disaster management and civil society earthquake relief in Japan, Turkey and India. I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
  • Park, E. S. & Yoon, D. K. (2022). The value of NGOs in disaster management and governance in South Korea and Japan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, (69), 1-15.
  • Pearce, L. (2003). Disaster management and community planning, and public participation: How to achieve sustainable hazard mitigation. Natural Hazards, 28(2), 211-228.
  • Pelling, M. & High, C. (2005). Understanding adaptation: What can social capital offer assessments of adaptive capacity? Global Environmental Change, (15), 308-319.
  • Salamon, L., Anheier, H., List, R., Toepler, S., Sokolowski, S. W. (1999). La sociedad civil global: las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo. BBVA.
  • Salehin, F., Hossain, M. N., Nayeem, A. R., Hassan, M. R. (2020). The role of the constitution in effective disaster management of Bangladesh. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 3(2), 57-69.
  • Sandoval, V. & Voss, M. (2016). Disaster governance and vulnerability: The case of Chile. Politics and Governance, 4(4), 107-116.
  • Sassen, S. (2002). Global cities and diasporic networks: Microsites in global civil society. M. Glasius, M. Kaldor, H. Anheier (Ed.), Global civil society 2002 içinde (217-238. ss.), Oxford University Press.
  • Shaw, R. (2003). Role of non-government organizations in earthquake disaster management: An Asian Perspective. Regional Development Dialogue, 24(1), 117-129.
  • Smith, W. & Dowell, J. (2000). A case study of coordinative decisionmaking in disaster management. Ergonomics, 43(8), 1153-1166.
  • Taylor, P. J. (2004). The new geography of global civil society: NGOs in the world city network. Globalizations. 1(2), 265-277.
  • Thomas, C. Y. (1995). Social development and the social summit: A look at Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. Institute of Development Studies.
  • Tierney, K. (2012). Disaster governance: Social, political, and economic dimensions. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37(37), 341-363.
  • Yavaş, H. (2005). Türkiye’de doğal afetlerin merkez-yerel ilişkiler açısından yönetim sorunları. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(3), 280-301.
  • Yıldırım, M. (2003). Sivil toplum ve devlet. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27(2), 226-242.

Questioning Non-Governmental Organizations’ Residences in Disaster Management: The Case of Balıkesir Province

Year 2024, Volume: 25 Issue: 46, 267 - 312, 31.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1326498

Abstract

In this study, how disaster-themed non-governmental organizations (NGOs) evaluate their role in disaster management is discussed in the example of Balıkesir province. In addition, the disaster management approach valid in some countries and the positions of NGOs in disaster management are evaluated by comparing them with Balıkesir and Türkiye. Thus, the aim is to determine whether the disaster management system in Balıkesir is functioning effectively or not. Purposive sampling was preferred in the study with the assumption that finding NGOs operating in the disaster field would provide the most efficient interviews. Accordingly, semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of 19 NGOs in Balıkesir. Interviews were analyzed through the MAXQDA program. Accordingly, the two most common emphases for the disaster management roles of NGOs in Balıkesir, according to the participants, are raising awareness among the public about disasters and healing the social wounds that arise after disasters. When the opinions of the participants are evaluated, it can be understood that the roles of NGOs in disaster management in Türkiye and Balıkesir are problematic compared to leading countries in disaster management such as the United States and Japan, and these problems arise not only from external factors but also from defects within their own structures.

References

  • Abdus Sabur, A. (2012). Disaster management system in Bangladesh: An overview. India Quarterly, 68(1), 29-47.
  • Acer, Y. & Okumuş, D. (2023, Mart 1). Türkiye’nin uluslararası yardım çağrısı ve karşılığı. https://kriterdergi.com/dosya-deprem-ve-afet-yonetimi/turkiyenin-uluslararasi-yardim-cagrisi-ve-karsiligi
  • AFAD (2023a, Şubat 4). Türkiye Afet Müdahale Planı. https://www.afad.gov.tr/turkiye-afet-mudahale-plani
  • AFAD (2023b, Mart 14). AFAD akreditasyon sistemi. https://akreditasyon.afad.gov.tr
  • Ahrens, J. & Rudolph, P. M. (2006). The importance of governance in risk reduction and disaster management. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 14(4), 207-220.
  • Akgüngör, Ç. (2010). Toplumbilim perspektifinden afeti düşünmek. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 3-22.
  • Alexander, D. (2005). The meaning of disaster: A reply to Wolf Dombrowsky. R. W. Perry, E. L. Quarantelli (Ed.), What Is A Disaster? New Answers to Old Questions içinde (97-103. ss.), Xlibris Press.
  • Ammann, W. J., Dannenmann, S., Vulliet, L. (2006). RISK21 - Coping with risks due to Natural Hazards in the 21st century: Proceedings of the RISK21 workshop. CRC Press.
  • Anadolu Ajansı (2023, Şubat 9). Kahramanmaraş merkezli depremlerde enkaz altında kalanları kurtarma çalışmaları sürüyor. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/kahramanmaras-merkezli-depremlerde-enkaz-altinda-kalanlari-kurtarma-calismalari-suruyor/2812374
  • Arslan, O. (2001). Kuramsal ve tarihsel aşamalarıyla sivil toplum ve Türkiye gerçegi. Bayrak Yayıncılık.
  • Aydıner, T. & Özgür, H. (2014). Yönetişim ve doğal afetler: Türkiye’de doğal afet yönetişimi ne kadar ve hangi biçimde mümkün?. F. N. Genç (Ed.). Kamu Yönetiminde Değişim Kayfor XII Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (395-404. ss.), Aydın Menderes Üniversitesi.
  • Balıkesir Birlik Gazetesi (2023, Şubat 7). GÖNDAK, Kahramanmaraş’a gidiyor. https://balikesirbirlikgazetesi.com/mansetler/gondak-kahramanmaras-a-gidiyor-17535.html
  • Bankoff, G. & Hilhorst, D. (2009). The politics of risk in the Philippines: Comparing state and NGO perceptions of disaster management. Disasters, 33(4), 686-704.
  • BBC. (2023, Şubat 16). Deprem sonrası uluslararası yardımlar ve iş birliği Türk diplomasisini nasıl etkileyecek? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c3gnn8epzg8o
  • Benson, C., Twigg, J., Myers, M. (2001). NGO initiatives in risk reduction: An overview. Disasters, 25(3), 199-215.
  • Brand, L. A. (2001). Displacement for development? The impact of changing state - society relations. World Development, 29(6), 961-976.
  • Buckland, J. (1998). From relief and development to assisted self-reliance: Nongovernmental organizations in Bangladesh. Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, (8), 236-248.
  • Castells, M. (1996). The rise of network society. Blackwell.
  • Chazan, N. (1992). Africa’s democratic challenge. World Policy Journal, 9(2), 279-307.
  • Coles, E. & Buckle, P. (2004). Developing community resilience as a foundation for effective disaster recovery. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 19(4), 6-15.
  • Comfort, L. K. (2002). Managing intergovernmental responses to terrorism and other extreme events. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 32(4), 29-50.
  • Comfort, L. K. (2005). Risk, security, and disaster management. Annual Review of Political Science, (8), 335-356.
  • Çakı, F. (2020). Afet yönetişiminde sivil toplum ve güven algıları. Sosyal ve Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(12), 1-45.
  • Dollery, B., Kinoshita, Y., Yamazaki, K. (2020). Humanitarian co-production in local government: The case of natural disaster volunteering in Japan. Local Government Studies, 46(6), 959-978.
  • Emergency Management Institute (2013). Developing and managing volunteers. Emmitsburg.
  • Ergünay, O. (2009). Doğal afetler ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma. M. Tunçer, B. Tercan, H. Kaya, N. Başkaya (Ed.), Ulusal Deprem Sempozyumu Kitabı içinde (1-11. ss.), Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi.
  • FEMA (2000). Federal response plan. Federal Emergency Management Agency.
  • Gall, M., Cutter, S. L., Nguyen, K. (2014). Governance in disaster risk management. Integrated Research on Disaster Risk.
  • Gemmill, B. & Bamidele-Izu, A. (2002). The role of NGOs and civil society in global environmental governance. D. C. Esty, M. H. Ivanova (Ed.), Global environmental governance: Options and opportunities içinde (77-100. ss.), Forestry and Environmental Studies Publications Series.
  • GFNDR (1994, Nisan 2). Global forum of NGOs for natural disaster reduction. http://www.jacindia.org/global.htm
  • Grandi, F., Lough, B., Bannister, T. (2018). Global Trends in volunteering infrastructure a background paper for the 2018 state of the world’s volunteerism report: the thread that binds. United Nations Volunteers (UNV).
  • Haddow, G. D., Bullock, J. A., Coppola, D. P. (2017). Introduction to emergency management. Cambridge.
  • Hirata, K. (2002). Civil society in Japan: The growing role of NGO’s in Tokyo’s aid and Development policy. Springer.
  • IDNDR (1994). Yokohama strategy and plan of action for a safer world. International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction Secretariat.
  • Jalali, R. (2002). Civil society and the State: Turkey after the Earthquake. Disasters, 26(2), 120-139.
  • Japan’s National Land Agency (1997). Disaster countermeasures basic act. JNLA.
  • Jung, D. Y. & Ha, K. M. (2021). A comparison of the role of voluntary organizations in disaster management. Sustainability, 13(4), 1669.
  • Kaldor, M. (2003). Civil society and accountability. Journal of Human Development, 4(1), 5-27.
  • Kapucu, N. & Garayev, V. (2011). Collaborative decision-making in emergency and disaster management. International Journal of Public Administration, 34(6), 366-375.
  • Kaya, İ. (2014). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Y. Arı, İ. Kaya (Ed.), Coğrafya Araştırma Yöntemleri içinde (267-301. ss.), Coğrafyacılar Derneği.
  • Kelman, I., Mercer, J., Gaillard, J. C. (2012). Indigenous knowledge and disaster risk reduction. Geography, 97(1), 12-21.
  • Lassa, J. A. (2018). Roles of non-government organizations in disaster risk reduction. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science.
  • Maskrey, A. (1989). Disaster mitigation: A community based approach. Oxfam.
  • Mercer, C. (2002). NGOs, civil society and democratisation: A critical review of the literature. Progress in Development Studies, 2(1), 5-22.
  • Odabaş, Z., Y. (2016, Mayıs 20). Depremin sosyolojik incelemesi: 2011 Van Depremi. https://docplayer.biz.tr/48524032-Depreminsosyolojik-incelenmesi-2011-van-depremi.html
  • OECD-DAC (1994). Guidelines for aid agencies on disaster mitigation. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • Osa, Y. (2013). The growing role of NGOs in disaster relief and humanitarian assistance in East Asia. A Growing Force: Civil Society’s Role in Asian Regional Security, (5), 66-89.
  • Özerdem, A. & Jacoby, T. (2006). Disaster management and civil society earthquake relief in Japan, Turkey and India. I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
  • Park, E. S. & Yoon, D. K. (2022). The value of NGOs in disaster management and governance in South Korea and Japan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, (69), 1-15.
  • Pearce, L. (2003). Disaster management and community planning, and public participation: How to achieve sustainable hazard mitigation. Natural Hazards, 28(2), 211-228.
  • Pelling, M. & High, C. (2005). Understanding adaptation: What can social capital offer assessments of adaptive capacity? Global Environmental Change, (15), 308-319.
  • Salamon, L., Anheier, H., List, R., Toepler, S., Sokolowski, S. W. (1999). La sociedad civil global: las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo. BBVA.
  • Salehin, F., Hossain, M. N., Nayeem, A. R., Hassan, M. R. (2020). The role of the constitution in effective disaster management of Bangladesh. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 3(2), 57-69.
  • Sandoval, V. & Voss, M. (2016). Disaster governance and vulnerability: The case of Chile. Politics and Governance, 4(4), 107-116.
  • Sassen, S. (2002). Global cities and diasporic networks: Microsites in global civil society. M. Glasius, M. Kaldor, H. Anheier (Ed.), Global civil society 2002 içinde (217-238. ss.), Oxford University Press.
  • Shaw, R. (2003). Role of non-government organizations in earthquake disaster management: An Asian Perspective. Regional Development Dialogue, 24(1), 117-129.
  • Smith, W. & Dowell, J. (2000). A case study of coordinative decisionmaking in disaster management. Ergonomics, 43(8), 1153-1166.
  • Taylor, P. J. (2004). The new geography of global civil society: NGOs in the world city network. Globalizations. 1(2), 265-277.
  • Thomas, C. Y. (1995). Social development and the social summit: A look at Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. Institute of Development Studies.
  • Tierney, K. (2012). Disaster governance: Social, political, and economic dimensions. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37(37), 341-363.
  • Yavaş, H. (2005). Türkiye’de doğal afetlerin merkez-yerel ilişkiler açısından yönetim sorunları. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(3), 280-301.
  • Yıldırım, M. (2003). Sivil toplum ve devlet. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27(2), 226-242.
There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Human Geography (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Oğuzhan Özkan 0000-0001-5099-4064

Alper Uzun 0000-0002-1304-1683

Publication Date January 31, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 25 Issue: 46

Cite

APA Özkan, O., & Uzun, A. (2024). SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ AFET YÖNETİMİNDEKİ İKAMETLERİNİ SORGULAMAK: BALIKESİR İLİ ÖRNEĞİ. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25(46), 267-312. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1326498