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Predictions of Aggression in Late Adolescence: Its Relationship with Academic Success and Traditional and Egalitarian Gender Perception in Sex Context: The Case of Turkey

Year 2022, Issue: 44, 221 - 248, 29.11.2022

Abstract

While gender roles determine people's self-perceptions and how they will behave, it is stated that individuals with sexist or egalitarian attitudes are likely to develop high or low self-images in parallel with these attitudes and tend to negative behaviors such as aggression. In this study, it is aimed to determine the effects of university students' perceptions of academic achievement and traditional and egalitarian gender perceptions on aggressive tendencies in emotional, cognitive and instrumental dimensions. The population of the research consists of 805 (234 female and 635 male) students studying at state universities in 5 regions of Turkey. A questionnaire form, self-perception, gender-perception and aggression scales were used to obtain the data. The data obtained from the research shows that the perceptions of academic achievement are moderate and equal in male and female students; gender perceptions are weak below average in the traditional dimension, but high and strong for both genders at the egalitarian level; shows that traditional perceptions of gender and academic achievement are inversely related to the four dimensions of aggression, but no relationship can be established between the perception of egalitarian gender and any dimension of aggression. When evaluated according to genders, it has been determined that women with sexist attitudes and low academic achievement perception have more anger and hostile tendencies, while men with sexist attitudes and low academic achievement perception have hostile and verbally aggressive tendencies. It was determined that while women experienced their aggression tendencies more in emotional and cognitive dimensions, men experienced their aggression tendencies in cognitive and instrumental dimensions. Regardless of gender, the traditional gender perception of being weak has a decreasing effect on aggressive tendencies, as opposed to a strong perception of traditional gender which has an increasing effect on such tendencies, being a male has a direct positive effect on physically aggressive tendencies.

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References

  • Referans 1 Adams, J. F. (1995). Ergenliği anlamak.(Yayına Haz: B. Onur), Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Referans2 Altınova H. H., Duyan V. (2013). Toplumsal cinsiyet algısı ölçeğinin geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 24(2), 9-24
  • Referans3 Archer J, Haigh AM (1997) Beliefs about aggression among male and female prisoners. Aggress Behav, 23: 605–415.
  • Referans4 Bacchini D, Licenziati Mr, Affuso G, Garrasi A, Corciulo N, Driul D, Et Al.(2017). The Interplay among BMI z-score, peer victmization, and self-concept in outpatient children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. Child Obes, 13, 42–249. Published Online:1 Jun 2017 Https://Doi.Org/10.1089/Chi.2016.0139
  • Referans5 Baumeister, R., Smart, L., & Boden, J. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 5–33. Doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.1.5
  • Referans6 Berg, C.J., Snyder, C. R. (2010). Assessıng self-perceptıons of college students across lıfe domaıns: Development and valıdatıon of the self-theory scale. College Student Journal, 44, 952-969.
  • Referans7 Bernstein IH, Gesn PR (1997) On the dimensionality of the Buss/Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Behav Res Ther, 35: 563–8.
  • Referans8 Blackstone, A. (2003). Gender roles and society. Julia R. Miller, Richard M. Lerner, and Lawrence B. Schiamberg (Eds.). Human Ecology: An encyclopedia of children, families, communities, and environments, (ss, 335- 338). Santa Barbara: Abc-Clıo. Isbn I-57607-852-3. Erişim Tarihi: 3.5.2022 Https://Www.Plannedparenthood.Org/Learn/Gender-İdentity/Sex-Gender-İdentity/What-Are-Gender-Roles-And- Stereotypes
  • Referans9 Bluth ,K., Campo, R.A., Futch ,W.S., Gaylord ,S.A.(2017). Age and gender differences in the associations of self- compassion and emotional well-being in a large adolescent sample. J. Youth Adolescenc. 46, 840-853 Doı 10.1007/S10964-016-0567-2
  • Referans10 Brown, J., Dutton, K. (1995). The thrill of victory, the complexity of defeat. self-esteem and people’s emotional reactions to success nd failure. Journal of Personality And Social Psychology, 68, 712-722.
  • Referans11 Bushman, B.J. and Huesmann, L.R. (2010). Aggression. Fiske, S.T., Gilbert, D.T. and Lindzey, G.,( Eds.), Handbook of social psycholog., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 5,833-863.ErişimTarihi:02.05.2022 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002023
  • Referans12 Buss ,A.H., Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psych, 63, 4529. Referans13 Byrne, D. (1974). An Introduction to personality. (2nd Edition), New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood ,Cliffs.
  • Referans14 Cross, S. E, Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. psychological bulletin, 122, 1, 5- 37.
  • Referans15 Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94(3), 369– 389. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.369
  • Referans16 Dökmen, Z. (2004). Toplumsal cinsiyet: Sosyal psikolojik açıklamalar. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Referans17 Esen, E., Öztürk B., Siyez, D.M. (2018).Toplumsal cinsiyet algısı ölçeği ergen formu’nun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 6, (12), 6: 143-173, Doı: 10.7816/Nesne-06-12-08
  • Referans18 Esnaola, I., Elosua, P., Freeman, J. (2018). Internal structure of academic self-concept through the self- description questionnaire ıı-short (SDQII-S). Learning and individual differences, 62, 174–179. Erşim tarihi: 10.04.2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.02.006
  • Referans19 Estevez, E., Murgui, S., Musitu, G., Moreno, D. (2008). Adolescent aggression: effects of gender and family and school environments. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 433450. Doı: 10.1016/J.Adolescence.2007.09.007.
  • Referans20 Epstein, S. (1973). The self-concept revisited or the self-concept revisited or a theory of a theory. American Psychologist, 28, 404-414.
  • Referans21 Falkenbach ,D.M, Howe, J.R, Falki M. (2013). Using selfesteem to disaggregate psychopathy, narcissism, and aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 54,7, 815–820.
  • Referans22 Fleming, J.S., Courtney, B.E. (1984). The dimensionality of self-esteem hierarchical facet model for revised measurement scales. Jou. of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 404-421.
  • Referans23 Gander, M.J., Gardiner, H.W. (2010). Çocuk ve ergen gelişimi. (7. Baskı), (Yayına Haz.:B.Onur). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Referans24 Garnefski ,N. (2000). Age differences in depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and negative perceptions of family, school and peers among adolescents. J Am Acad Child Psy, 39, 1175-1181.
  • Referans25 Harris MB, Knight-Bohnhoff K (1996) Gender and aggression II: Persona aggressiveness. Sex Roles, 35(1-2): 27-42.
  • Referans26 Hazel M., Wurf, E., (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective Ann. Rev. Psychol. 38, 299-337.
  • Referans27 Hill J.P, Lynch M.E. (1983). The ıntensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence: iolojical and psycsocial perspectives. J. Brooks-Gunn and Anne Petersen (Eds.), Girls at Puberty New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 10, 01-228
  • Referans28 Ifeanacho ,N.C., Emmanuel N.E. (2017). Effects of self-esteem and gender on aggressive behavior among adolescents. J Psychology, 8, 2, 61-67 Doı: 10.1080/09764224.2017.1336322
  • Referans29 Kernis ,M. H., Brockner J., Frankel B. S. (1989). Self-Esteem and Reactions To Failure: The Mediating Role of Overgeneralization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 4, 707–714. Erişim tarihi: 11.04.2022. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.707
  • Referans30 Kernis, M.H., Cornell D.P., Sun C.R., Berry A, Harlow T. (1993). There’s more to self-esteem than whether ıt ıs high or low: the ımportance of stability of selfesteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 6, 1190–1204.
  • Referans31 Madran, A.D. (2012). Buss-perry saldırganlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması, Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23:( ).
  • Referans32 Markus, H. R., Kitayama S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
  • Referans33 Marsh ,H.W., Barnes, J.,Hocevar D. (1985). Self-other agreement on multidimensional self-concept ratings: Factor analysis ve multitrait multimethod analysis. Jou. of Personality and Social Psychology, 49: 1360-1377.
  • Referans34 Matsumato, D., Juang L. (2008) Culture & Psychology. Belmont.Thomson-Wadsworth.
  • Referans35 Mead, G. H. (1972). Mind, self, and society. C. W. Morris (Ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Referans36 Meesters ,C., Muris, P., Bosma, H. Schouten, E., Beuving, S.(1996). Psychometric evaluation of the Dutch version of the Aggression Questionnaire. Behav Res Ther. 34(10):839-43. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(96)00065-4.
  • Referans37 Nakano K (2001). Psychometric evaluation on the Japanese adaptation of the aggression questionnaire. Behav Res Ther, 39: 853–8.
  • Referans38 Oakley, A. (1985). Sex, gender and society: Towards A New Society. USA: Arena.
  • Referans39 Muller D, Bushman B.J., Subra B, Ceaux E. (2012). Are people more aggressive when they are worse off or better off than others? Journal of Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 6, 753-759.
  • Referans40 Pawlowski, W., Hamilton G. (2008).Talking to your adolescent about stds, hıv, & sex. stages of adolescent development retrieved. Erişim tarihi: 5.10.2021 http://www.Proyectoideas.Jsi.Com/Docs/Occ%20notes%20feb.%202008.Pdf
  • Referans41 Ramirez J M, Andreu JM, Fujihara T (2001) Cultural sex differences in aggression: A comparison between Japanese and Spanish students using two different inventories. Aggress Behav, 27: 313–22.
  • Referans42 Rice, K.G, Mulkeen P. (1995). Relationship with parents and peers: A longitudinal study of adolescent intimacy. Adolescent Res,10, 338-357.
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GEÇ ERGENLİKTE SALDIRGANLIĞIN YORDAYICILARI: CİNSİYET BAĞLAMINDA AKADEMİK BAŞARI, GELENEKSEL VE EŞİTLİKÇİ TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET ALGISI İLE İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2022, Issue: 44, 221 - 248, 29.11.2022

Abstract

Cinsiyet rolleri kişilerin kendilik algılarını ve nasıl davranacaklarını belirlerken, cinsiyetçi veya eşitlikçi tutumlara sahip bireylerin bu tutumlarına paralel yüksek ya da düşük benlik imajı geliştirerek saldırganlık gibi olumsuz davranışlara yönelme olasılığının olduğu belirtilmektedir. Çalışmada geç ergenlik döneminde üniversite öğrencilerinin akademik başarı boyutunda kendilik algıları ile geleneksel ve eşitlikçi boyutta toplumsal cinsiyet algılarının duygusal, bilişsel ve araçsal boyutta saldırganlık eğilimlerine etkisi araştırılmaktadır. Evreni Türkiye’de devlet üniversitelerinde öğrenim gören 805 (234 Kadın ve 635 erkek) öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin elde edilmesinde anket formu, akademik başarı algısı, eşitlikçi ve geleneksel toplumsal cinsiyet algısı ölçekleri ile öfke, düşmanlık, sözlü saldırganlık ve fiziksel saldırganlık ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen veriler; akademik başarı algılarının kadın ve erkek öğrencilerde orta düzeyde ve eşit; toplumsal cinsiyet algılarının geleneksel boyutta ortalamanın altında zayıf, fakat eşitlikçi düzeyde her iki cinsiyet için yüksek ve güçlü; geleneksel toplumsal cinsiyet ve akademik başarı algılarının saldırganlığın dört boyutu ile ters yönlü bir ilişki içinde olduğu, fakat eşitlikçi toplumsal cinsiyet algısı ile saldırganlığın hiçbir boyutu arasında bir ilişki kurulamadığını göstermektedir. Cinsiyetlere göre değerlendirildiğinde, cinsiyetçi tutumlara ve düşük akademik başarı algısına sahip kadınların daha çok öfke ve düşmanca eğilimlere, erkeklerin ise yine düşmanca ve sözlü saldırgan eğilimlere sahip oldukları, kadınların saldırganlık eğilimlerini daha çok duygusal ve bilişsel boyutta yaşarken, erkeklerin saldırganlık eğilimlerini bilişsel ve araçsal boyutta yaşadıkları gözlendi. Cinsiyet farkı gözetmeksizin, geleneksel toplumsal cinsiyet algısının zayıf olması, güçlü olmasına göre saldırgan eğilimlerin azalması yönünde etki yaparken, erkek olmanın özellikle fiziksel saldırgan eğilimler üzerinde pozitif yönde ve doğrudan bir etkiye sahip olduğu gözlenmektedir.

References

  • Referans 1 Adams, J. F. (1995). Ergenliği anlamak.(Yayına Haz: B. Onur), Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Referans2 Altınova H. H., Duyan V. (2013). Toplumsal cinsiyet algısı ölçeğinin geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 24(2), 9-24
  • Referans3 Archer J, Haigh AM (1997) Beliefs about aggression among male and female prisoners. Aggress Behav, 23: 605–415.
  • Referans4 Bacchini D, Licenziati Mr, Affuso G, Garrasi A, Corciulo N, Driul D, Et Al.(2017). The Interplay among BMI z-score, peer victmization, and self-concept in outpatient children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. Child Obes, 13, 42–249. Published Online:1 Jun 2017 Https://Doi.Org/10.1089/Chi.2016.0139
  • Referans5 Baumeister, R., Smart, L., & Boden, J. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 5–33. Doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.1.5
  • Referans6 Berg, C.J., Snyder, C. R. (2010). Assessıng self-perceptıons of college students across lıfe domaıns: Development and valıdatıon of the self-theory scale. College Student Journal, 44, 952-969.
  • Referans7 Bernstein IH, Gesn PR (1997) On the dimensionality of the Buss/Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Behav Res Ther, 35: 563–8.
  • Referans8 Blackstone, A. (2003). Gender roles and society. Julia R. Miller, Richard M. Lerner, and Lawrence B. Schiamberg (Eds.). Human Ecology: An encyclopedia of children, families, communities, and environments, (ss, 335- 338). Santa Barbara: Abc-Clıo. Isbn I-57607-852-3. Erişim Tarihi: 3.5.2022 Https://Www.Plannedparenthood.Org/Learn/Gender-İdentity/Sex-Gender-İdentity/What-Are-Gender-Roles-And- Stereotypes
  • Referans9 Bluth ,K., Campo, R.A., Futch ,W.S., Gaylord ,S.A.(2017). Age and gender differences in the associations of self- compassion and emotional well-being in a large adolescent sample. J. Youth Adolescenc. 46, 840-853 Doı 10.1007/S10964-016-0567-2
  • Referans10 Brown, J., Dutton, K. (1995). The thrill of victory, the complexity of defeat. self-esteem and people’s emotional reactions to success nd failure. Journal of Personality And Social Psychology, 68, 712-722.
  • Referans11 Bushman, B.J. and Huesmann, L.R. (2010). Aggression. Fiske, S.T., Gilbert, D.T. and Lindzey, G.,( Eds.), Handbook of social psycholog., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 5,833-863.ErişimTarihi:02.05.2022 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002023
  • Referans12 Buss ,A.H., Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psych, 63, 4529. Referans13 Byrne, D. (1974). An Introduction to personality. (2nd Edition), New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood ,Cliffs.
  • Referans14 Cross, S. E, Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. psychological bulletin, 122, 1, 5- 37.
  • Referans15 Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94(3), 369– 389. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.369
  • Referans16 Dökmen, Z. (2004). Toplumsal cinsiyet: Sosyal psikolojik açıklamalar. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Referans17 Esen, E., Öztürk B., Siyez, D.M. (2018).Toplumsal cinsiyet algısı ölçeği ergen formu’nun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 6, (12), 6: 143-173, Doı: 10.7816/Nesne-06-12-08
  • Referans18 Esnaola, I., Elosua, P., Freeman, J. (2018). Internal structure of academic self-concept through the self- description questionnaire ıı-short (SDQII-S). Learning and individual differences, 62, 174–179. Erşim tarihi: 10.04.2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.02.006
  • Referans19 Estevez, E., Murgui, S., Musitu, G., Moreno, D. (2008). Adolescent aggression: effects of gender and family and school environments. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 433450. Doı: 10.1016/J.Adolescence.2007.09.007.
  • Referans20 Epstein, S. (1973). The self-concept revisited or the self-concept revisited or a theory of a theory. American Psychologist, 28, 404-414.
  • Referans21 Falkenbach ,D.M, Howe, J.R, Falki M. (2013). Using selfesteem to disaggregate psychopathy, narcissism, and aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 54,7, 815–820.
  • Referans22 Fleming, J.S., Courtney, B.E. (1984). The dimensionality of self-esteem hierarchical facet model for revised measurement scales. Jou. of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 404-421.
  • Referans23 Gander, M.J., Gardiner, H.W. (2010). Çocuk ve ergen gelişimi. (7. Baskı), (Yayına Haz.:B.Onur). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Referans24 Garnefski ,N. (2000). Age differences in depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and negative perceptions of family, school and peers among adolescents. J Am Acad Child Psy, 39, 1175-1181.
  • Referans25 Harris MB, Knight-Bohnhoff K (1996) Gender and aggression II: Persona aggressiveness. Sex Roles, 35(1-2): 27-42.
  • Referans26 Hazel M., Wurf, E., (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective Ann. Rev. Psychol. 38, 299-337.
  • Referans27 Hill J.P, Lynch M.E. (1983). The ıntensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence: iolojical and psycsocial perspectives. J. Brooks-Gunn and Anne Petersen (Eds.), Girls at Puberty New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 10, 01-228
  • Referans28 Ifeanacho ,N.C., Emmanuel N.E. (2017). Effects of self-esteem and gender on aggressive behavior among adolescents. J Psychology, 8, 2, 61-67 Doı: 10.1080/09764224.2017.1336322
  • Referans29 Kernis ,M. H., Brockner J., Frankel B. S. (1989). Self-Esteem and Reactions To Failure: The Mediating Role of Overgeneralization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 4, 707–714. Erişim tarihi: 11.04.2022. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.707
  • Referans30 Kernis, M.H., Cornell D.P., Sun C.R., Berry A, Harlow T. (1993). There’s more to self-esteem than whether ıt ıs high or low: the ımportance of stability of selfesteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 6, 1190–1204.
  • Referans31 Madran, A.D. (2012). Buss-perry saldırganlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması, Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23:( ).
  • Referans32 Markus, H. R., Kitayama S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
  • Referans33 Marsh ,H.W., Barnes, J.,Hocevar D. (1985). Self-other agreement on multidimensional self-concept ratings: Factor analysis ve multitrait multimethod analysis. Jou. of Personality and Social Psychology, 49: 1360-1377.
  • Referans34 Matsumato, D., Juang L. (2008) Culture & Psychology. Belmont.Thomson-Wadsworth.
  • Referans35 Mead, G. H. (1972). Mind, self, and society. C. W. Morris (Ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Referans36 Meesters ,C., Muris, P., Bosma, H. Schouten, E., Beuving, S.(1996). Psychometric evaluation of the Dutch version of the Aggression Questionnaire. Behav Res Ther. 34(10):839-43. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(96)00065-4.
  • Referans37 Nakano K (2001). Psychometric evaluation on the Japanese adaptation of the aggression questionnaire. Behav Res Ther, 39: 853–8.
  • Referans38 Oakley, A. (1985). Sex, gender and society: Towards A New Society. USA: Arena.
  • Referans39 Muller D, Bushman B.J., Subra B, Ceaux E. (2012). Are people more aggressive when they are worse off or better off than others? Journal of Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 6, 753-759.
  • Referans40 Pawlowski, W., Hamilton G. (2008).Talking to your adolescent about stds, hıv, & sex. stages of adolescent development retrieved. Erişim tarihi: 5.10.2021 http://www.Proyectoideas.Jsi.Com/Docs/Occ%20notes%20feb.%202008.Pdf
  • Referans41 Ramirez J M, Andreu JM, Fujihara T (2001) Cultural sex differences in aggression: A comparison between Japanese and Spanish students using two different inventories. Aggress Behav, 27: 313–22.
  • Referans42 Rice, K.G, Mulkeen P. (1995). Relationship with parents and peers: A longitudinal study of adolescent intimacy. Adolescent Res,10, 338-357.
  • Referans43 Rosenthal, S.A., Montoya R.M., Ridings L.E., Rieck S.M., Hooley J.M. (2011). Further evidence of the narcissistic personality ınventory’s validity problems: A meta-analytic ınvestigation-response to Miller, Maples, and Campbell (this issue). Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 408-416.
  • Referans44 Salmivalli, C., Nieminen E. (2002). Proactive and reactive aggression among school bullies, victims, and bully-victims, Aggressive Behavior 28, 1, 30 – 44. Doı: 10.1002/Ab.90004
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There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sezer Ayan 0000-0003-0248-5729

Publication Date November 29, 2022
Submission Date August 4, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 44

Cite

APA Ayan, S. (2022). GEÇ ERGENLİKTE SALDIRGANLIĞIN YORDAYICILARI: CİNSİYET BAĞLAMINDA AKADEMİK BAŞARI, GELENEKSEL VE EŞİTLİKÇİ TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET ALGISI İLE İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Sosyoloji Dergisi(44), 221-248.

Sosyoloji Dergisi, Journal of Sociology, SD, JOS