PSİKOLOJİK SÖZLEŞMENİN BİLGİ PAYLAŞIMINA ETKİSİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2022, , 1 - 21, 31.12.2022

B. Dilek Özbezek

https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1104180

Abstract

Günümüzün dinamik iş dünyasında, bilgi bir örgütün sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajına katkıda bulunan en önemli örgütsel kaynaktır. Bununla birlikte, bilgi sadece çalışanlar paylaşmaya istekli olduğu sürece örgüt tarafından kullanılabilir. Bilgi paylaşımı, en az iki taraf arasındaki sürekli ve karmaşık etkileşim sürecidir. Bu çalışanlar ve işverenler veya örgütler arasındaki istihdam ilişkisinin şart ve koşulları belirleyen karşılıklı yükümlülüklerle dolu bir psikolojik sözleşmeye dayalı karşılıklı bir süreç olarak ele alınabilir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, psikolojik sözleşme türlerinin bilgi paylaşımı üzerine etkisini incelemektedir. Önceki çalışmalara dayanarak, psikolojik sözleşme kavramı, ilişkisel ve işlemsel psikolojik sözleşme olmak üzere iki temel boyutta ele alınmıştır. Bilgi paylaşımı ise, tek boyutla incelenmiştir. Bu araştırma için Gaziantep Üniversitesi’nde görev yapan 320 akademik personelden anket yöntemiyle veri toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler çoklu regresyon analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, işlemsel psikolojik sözleşmenin bilgi paylaşımı üzerinde anlamlı ve negatif etkisi olduğunu, ancak ilişkisel psikolojik sözleşmenin bilgi paylaşımı üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

Bilgi paylaşımı, Psikolojik sözleşme, İşlemsel psikolojik sözleşme, İlişkisel psikolojik sözleşme.

A Research on The Effect of PsychologicalContract on Knowledge Sharing

Abstract

In today’s dynamic business world, knowledge is the most important organizational resource that contributes to an organization's sustainable competitive advantage. However, knowledge can only be used by the organization as long as employees are willing to share it. Knowledge sharing is a continuous and complex process of interaction between at least two parties. It can be viewed as a reciprocal process based on a psychological contract filled with mutual obligations that sets the terms and conditions of the employment relationship between employees and employers or organizations. The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of psychological contract types on knowledge sharing. Based on previous work, the psychological contract has been discussed in two basic dimensions as relational and transactional psychological contract. relational and operational psychological contracts. Knowledge sharing was examined in one dimension For this research, data were collected from 320 academicians working in Gaziantep University by survey method. The obtained data were evaluated with multiple regression analysis. The findings of the research shows that transactional psychological contract has a significant negative effect on knowledge sharing, but relational psychological contract has a significant positive effect on knowledge sharing.

Keywords

Knowledge sharing, Psychological contract, Relational psychological contracts, Transactional psychological contracts.

References

• Abdullah, N. L., Hamzah, N., Arshad, R., Isa, R. M., & Ghani, R. A. (2011). Psychological contract and knowledge sharing among academicians: mediating role of relational social capital. International Business Research, 4(4), 231-241. https://www.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v4n4p231
• Aggarwal, U., & Bhargava, S. (2010). Predictors and outcomes of relational and transactional psychological contract. Psychol. Stud, 55(3), 195–207. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s12646- 010-0033-2
• Akram, M. (2017). The effect of knowledge sharing behavior on the relationship of psychological contract, Creativity and Innovative Behaviors, J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 7(9), 10-17. https://www.textroad.com/pdf/JBASR/J.%20Basic.%20Appl.%20Sci.%20Res.,%207(9)10- 17,%202017.pdf
• Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., & Yıldırım, E. (2004). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: SPSS uygulamalı (Geliştirilmiş 3. baskı). Sakarya Kitabevi.
• Anderson, N., & Schalk, R. (1998). The psychological contract in retrospect and prospect, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19(7), 637−647.
• Anvari, R., Mansor, N.N.A., Aisyah Bt. S., Rahman, P.A., Rahman, R.H.B.A., & Chermahini, S.H. (2014). Mediating effects of affective organizational commitment and psychological contract in the relationship between strategic compensation practices and knowledge sharing, Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences 129, 111-118. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.655
• Arnold, J. (1996). The psychological contract: A concept in need of closer scrutiny?, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(4), 511-520. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414876
• Bal, P.M., De Lange, A.H. Jansen, P.G.W., & Van Der Velde, M.E.G. (2008). Psychological contract breach and job attitudes: A meta-analysis of age as a moderator, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(1), 143-158. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.10.005
• Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94. https://www.doi.org/0092-0703/88 / 1601-0074
• Bartol, K.M., & Srivastava, A. (2002). Encouraging knowledge sharing: the role of organizational reward systems, Journal of Leadership and Organization Studies, 9(1), 64-76. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/107179190200900105
• Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Wiley.
• Bock, G.-W., & Kim, Y-G. (2002). Breaking the myths of rewards: an exploratory study of attitudes about knowledge sharing, Information Resources Management Journal, 15(2), 14-21. https://www.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2002040102
• Bock, G.-W., Zmud, R. W., Kim, Y.-G., & Lee, J.-N. (2005). Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, Social-Psychological Forces,and Organizational Climate. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 87–111. https://www.doi.org/10.2307/25148669
• Büyükbeşe, T. (2012). Güçlendirici liderliğin çalışan performansı ve işten ayrılma niyetine etkisi: bir model önerisi (Tez No. 326064) [Doktora tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Cabrera, E.F., & Cabrera, A. (2005) Fostering knowledge sharing through people management practices, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(5), 720-735. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/09585190500083020
• Castaneda, D. I.., & Cuellar, S. (2019). Knowledge sharing and innovation: A systematic review, Knowl Process Manag., 1-15. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1637
• Cai, Z., Liu, H., Huang, Q., Kang, Y., & Liang, L. (2020). Encouraging client’s knowledge sharing in enterprise system post-implementation through psychological contract and entrepreneurial orientation, Information Technology & People, 33(2), 689-709. https://www.doi.org/I 10.1108/ITP-11-2018-0510
• Chambel, M.J., & Fontinha, R., (2009). Contingencies of contingent employment: psychological contract, job ınsecurity and employability of contracted workers, Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 25(3), 207-217.
• Chambel, M.J., Lorente, L., Carvalho, V., & Martinez, I.M. (2016). Psychological contract profiles among permanent and temporary agency workers, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(1), 79-94. https://www.doi.org/10.1108/JMP-02-2014-0070
• Cullinane, N., & Dundon, T. (2006). The psychological contract: A critical review, International Journal of Management Reviews, 8(2), 113–129. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468- 2370.2006.00123.x
• Coyle-Shapiro, J., & Kessler, I. (2000). Consequences of the psychological contract for the employment relationship: A large scale survey, Journal of Management Studies, 37, 903–930. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00210
• Coyle-Shapiro, J. A.-M., & Kessler, I. (2002). Exploring reciprocity through the lens of the psychological contract: Employee and employer perspectives, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(1), 69-86. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000852
• Coyle-Shapiro, J. A-M., & Conway, N. (2005). Exchange relationships: examining psychological contracts and perceived organizational support, Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 774– 781. https://www.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.774
• Coyle-Shapiro, J. A.-M., & Shore, L. M. (2007). The employee–organization relationship: Where do we go from here?, Human Resource Management Review, 17, 166–179. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.03.008
• Conway, N., & Coyle-Shapiro, J. A.-M. (2011). The reciprocal relationship between psychological contract fulfilment and employee performance and the moderating role of perceived organizational support and tenure, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85, 277–299. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2011.02033.x
• Dabos, G. E., & Rousseau, D. M. (2004). Mutuality and reciprocity in the psychological contracts of employees and employers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 52–72. https://www.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.52
• Dai, L.T., & Wang, L. (2016) Psychological contract, reciprocal preference and knowledge sharing willingness. Open Journal of Social Sciences 4, 60-69. https://www.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.48008
• Demirel, Y. (2007). Bilgi ve bilgi paylaşımının işletme performansına etkisi üzerine bir araştırma, Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 199-215. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/comuybd/issue/4113/54137
• Fidan, T. (2021). Üniversite idari personelinin psikolojik sözleşme algısının iş doyumlarına etkisi: kamu hizmeti güdüsünün aracı rolü, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(1), 175-203. https://www.doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.569385
• Gupta, B., Agarwal, A., Samaria, P., Sarda, P., & Bucha, R. (2012). Organizational commitment & psychological contract in knowledge sharing behavior. Indian J. Ind. Relat. 47, 737–749. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23267374
• Guest, D. E. (2004). The psychology of the employment relationship: An analysis based on the psychological contract. Applied Psychology, 53(4), 541–555. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00187.x
• Gouldner, A.W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity. American Sociological Review 25, 161–178.
• Hansen, S., & Avital, M. (2005). Share and share alike: the social and technological ınfluences on knowledge sharing behavior. sprouts: Working Papers on Information Environments, Systems and Organizations 5, 1-19. http://sprouts.case.edu/2005/050101.pdf
• Hendriks, P. (1999). Why share knowledge? The influence of ICT on the motivation for knowledge sharing, Knowledge and Process Management, 6(2), 91–100. https://www.doi.org/1092- 4604/99/020091-10$17.50
• Ipe, M. (2003). Knowledge sharing in organizations: a conceptual framework, Human Resource Development Review, 2(4), 337-359. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1534484303257985
• Kamaşak, R., & Bulutlar, F. (2010). The influence of knowledge sharing on innovation, European Business Review, 22(3), 306-317. https://www.doi.org/10.1201/b16700-19
• Kessel, M., Carsten, J.K., & Schultz, C. (2012). Psychological safety, knowledge sharing, and creative performance in healthcare teams, Creativıiy and Innovation Management, 21(2), 147-157. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2012.00635.x
• Khalil, O.E.M., & Shea, T. (2012). Knowledge sharing barriers and effectiveness at a higher education ınstitution, International Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(2), 43-64. https://www.doi.org/10.4018/jkm.2012040103
• Kumaraswamy, S.K., & Chitale, C.M. (2012). Collaborative knowledge sharing strategy to enhance organizational learning, Journal of Management Development, 31(3), 308-322. https://www.doi.org/10.1108/02621711211208934
• Köseoğlu, M.A., Gider, Ö., & Ocak, S. (2011). Bilgi paylaşımı tutumunu etkileyen faktörler nelerdir? Bir kamu hastanesi örneği, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 6(1), 215‐ 243.https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423880304.pdf
• Lan, J., Wang, B., Hu, B., & Lei, H. (2020). Impact of psychological contract in knowledge sharing: A case study from Industrial Cluster Enterprises, E3S Web of Conferences 143, 1-6. https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2020/03/e3sconf_arfee2020_02053.pdf
• Law, C.C.H., & Ngai, E.W.T. (2008). An empirical study of the effects of knowledge sharing and learning behaviors on firm performance, Expert Systems with Applications 34, 2342–2349. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2007.03.004
• Lee, G.J., & Faller, N. (2005). Transactional and relational aspects of the psychological contracts of temporary workers, South African Journal of Psychology, 35(4), 831-847. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/008124630503500412
• Lee, J-N. (2001). The impact of knowledge sharing, organizational capability and partnership quality on IS outsourcing success, Information & Management 38, 323-335. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(00)00074-4
• Liao, S.-H., & Chen, C.-C. (2018). Leader-member exchange and employee creativity: Knowledge sharing: the moderated mediating role of psychological contract, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(3), 419-435. https://www.doi.org/1108/LODJ-05-2017-0129
• Luu, T.T. (2016). Psychological contract and knowledge sharing: CSR as an antecedent and entrepreneurial orientation as a moderator, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 21(1), 2-19. https://www.doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-09-2014-0058
• Macfarlane, B. (2011) Professors as intellectual leaders: formation, identity and role, Studies in Higher Education, 36(1), 57-73. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/03075070903443734
• Matzler, K., Renzl, B., Mooradian, T., von Krogh, G., & Mueller, J. (2011). Personality traits, affective commitment, documentation of knowledge, and knowledge sharing, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(02), 296-310. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.540156
• McDonald, D.J., & Makin, P.J. (2000). The psychological contract, organisational commitment and job satisfaction of temporary staff, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 21(2), 84-91. https://www.doi.org/10.1108/01437730010318174
• Meydan, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2011), Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Detay.
• Millward, L.J., & Hopkins, L. J. (1998). Psychological contracts, organizational and job commitment, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(16), 1530-1556. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01689.x
• Mimaroğlu, H., (2008). Psikolojik sözleşmenin personelin tutum ve davranışlarına etkileri: Tıbbi satış temsilcileri üzerinde bir araştırma (Tez No. 217052) [Doktora tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation, Organızatıon Science, 5(1), 14-37.
• O’Donohue, W., & Nelson, L. (2009). The role of ethical values in an expanded psychological contract, Journal of Business Ethics 90, 251–263. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009- 0040-1
• O’Neill, B.S., & Adya, M. (2007). Knowledge sharing and the psychological contract: Managing knowledge workers across different stages of employment, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(4), 411-436. https://www.doi.org/10.1108/02683940710745969
• Puspa, T., & Wijaya, N.J. (2018). Analysis the dimension of CSR towards the relationship between psychological contract and knowledge sharing, Indonesian Journal of Sustainability Accounting and Management, 2(2), 107–120. https://www.doi.org/10.28992/ijsam.v2i2.51
• Ramadian, A., Eliyana, A., Hamidah., Buchdadi, A.D., & Rakawuri, R., (2020). The effect of compensation strategy implementation on knowledge sharing through affective Commitment and Psychological Contracts, Sys Rev Pharm, 11(9), 699-712. https://www.doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.9.101
• Renzl, B. (2008). Trust in management and knowledge sharing: the mediating effects of fear and knowledge documentation. Omega, 36(2), 206-220. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2006.06.005
• Rousseau, D.M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2(2), 121-139. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/BF01384942
• Rousseau, D.M., (1990). New hire perceptions of their own and their employer’s obligations: A study of psychological contracts, Journal of Organızational Behavior, 11, 389-400. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/job.4030110506
• Rousseau, D.M., & Tijoriwala, S.A. (1998). Assessing psychological contracts: Issues, alternatives and measures, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, Special Issue: The Psychological Contract at Work, 679-695. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3100284
• Rousseau, D.M. (2004), Psychological contracts in the workplace: Understanding the ties that motivate, Academy of Management Perspectives, 18(1), 120-127. https://www.doi.org/10.5465/AME.2004.12689213
• Robinson, S. L., Kraatz, M. S., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Changing obligations and the psychological contract: A longitudinal study, Academy of Management Journal, 37, 137–152. https://www.doi.org/10.2307/256773
• Robinson, S.L., (1996). Trust and breach of the psychological contract, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4), 574-599. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2393868
• Rutten, W., Blaas-Franken, J., & Martin, H. (2016). The impact of (low) trust on knowledge sharing, Journal of Knowledge Management, 20(2), 199-214. https://www.doi.org/10.1108/JKM-10- 2015-0391
• Schalk, R., & Roe, R.E. (2007). Towards a dynamic model of the psychological contract, Journal for the Tlieory of Social Behaviour, 37(2), 167-182. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468- 5914.2007.00330.x
• Sulistiawan, J., & Andyani, D. (2020). Psychological contracts, innovative work behavior, and knowledge sharing ıntention: the role of work engagement and job resources, Journal Aplikasi Manajemen, 18(4), 741-753. https://www.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2020.018.04.13
• Shore, L.M., & Tetrick, L.E. (1994). The Psychological contract as an explanatory framework in the employment relationship, In Trends in Organizational Behavior: Chichester; Cooper, C.L., Rousseau, D., Eds.; John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, USA. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-98115-007
• Turnley, W.H., & Feldman, D.C. (2000). Re-examining the effects of psychological contract violations: Unmet expectations and job dissatisfaction as mediators, Journal of Organizational Behavior 21, 25-42. https://www.doi.org/0894±3796/2000/010025±18$17.50
• Wang, S., & Noe, R.A. (2010). Knowledge sharing: A review and directions for future research, Human Resource Management Review 20, 115–131. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.10.001
• Wu, C-M., & Chen, T-J. (2015). Psychological contract fulfillment in the hotel workplace: Empowering leadership, knowledge exchange, and service performance, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 48, 27–38. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.04.008
• Xiao, Z., & Wang, Y. (2021). Positive reciprocity belief moderates the effects of trust and felt trust on knowledge-sharing intention, Social Behavior and Personality, 49(12), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.10956
• Xiaojun, L., Zongkui, Z., & Yumei, Z. (2011). The influence of the university teachers’ psychological contract on knowledge sharing, Electrical Power Systems and Computers, LNEE 99, 253–258. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21747-0_31
• Yazıcıoğlu, Y., & Erdoğan, S. (2004). SPSS uygulamalı bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Detay. van den Hooff, B., & Huysman, M. (2009). Managing knowledge sharing: Emergent and engineering approaches, Information & Management 46, 1-8. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2008.09.002
• Zaim, H., Gürcan, Ö.F., Tarım, M., Zaim, S., & Alpkan, L. (2015). Determining the critical factors of tacit knowledge in service ındustry in Turkey, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 759-767. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.156
• Zhou, J., Plaisent, M., Zheng, L. & Bernard, P. (2014). Psychological contract, organizational commitment and work satisfaction: survey of researchers in chinese state-owned engineering research ınstitutions. Open Journal of Social Sciences 2, 217-225. https://www.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2014.29037