Moderator Role of Workplace Friendship in the Effect of Perceived Organizational Support on Job Satisfaction Through Affective Commitment

Year 2023, , 308 - 329, 16.03.2023

Mehmet Selman Kobanoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1243866

Abstract

In today's business world, which is getting more and more complex and uncertainties have become the most prominent factor, the establishment of a well-functioning cooperation between the employees of the organization in line with the objectives and a solid social structure within the organization have a significantly important place in the success of the organizations. Due to these reasons, it can be said that the interest in studies on intra-organizational relations has increased recently in the organizational literature. In this study, it is aimed to determine the moderator role of workplace friendship in the effect of perceived organizational support, which will be beneficial in ensuring voluntary coordination in organizations, on job satisfaction through affective commitment. The sample of the study consists of white-collar employees working in a large-scale enterprise operating in the province of Kayseri. A questionnaire was applied to the participants within the scope of the research with the full count method, and the data obtained were analyzed by using IBM SPSS, AMOS and Process Macro programs. A survey was applied to the participants, which contains four different scales and some questions about demographic information. Analyzes were carried out with the aforementioned survey data. According to the results, there is a positive and significant relationship between perceived organizational support and job satisfaction, and affective commitment, which is a sub-dimension of organizational commitment, plays a partial mediator role in this relationship. In addition, workplace friendship has a moderating role in the indirect relationship between perceived organizational support through affective commitment and job satisfaction. The research adds a new content to the literature in terms of revealing the existence of variables that play a mediating and regulatory role in the effect of perceived organizational support on job satisfaction.

Keywords

Perceived organizational support, Job satisfaction, Affective commitment, Workplace friendship, Moderated mediation model

ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN DUYGUSAL BAĞLILIK ARACILIĞIYLA İŞ TATMİNİNE ETKİSİNDE İŞYERİ ARKADAŞLIĞININ DÜZENLEYİCİ ROLÜ

Abstract

Gittikçe karmaşıklaşan ve belirsizliklerin en belirgin unsur haline geldiği günümüz iş dünyasında, örgütlerin başarıya ulaşmasında örgüt çalışanlarının amaçlar doğrultusunda tam bir iş birliğinin ve örgüt içinde sağlıklı bir sosyal yapının oluşabilmesi önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu nedenle son zamanlarda örgüt literatüründe örgüt içi ilişkilere yönelik çalışmalara olan ilginin artış gösterdiği söylenebilir. Bu çalışmada, örgütlerde gönüllü koordinasyonun sağlanmasında fayda sağlayacak algılanan örgütsel desteğin duygusal bağlılık aracılığıyla iş tatminine etkisinde işyeri arkadaşlığının düzenleyici rolünün belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklemini Kayseri ilinde faaliyet göstermekte olan büyük ölçekli bir işletme bünyesinde çalışmakta olan beyaz yakalı çalışanlar oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında yer alan katılımcılara tam sayım yöntemi ile anket uygulanmış, elde edilen veriler IBM SPSS, AMOS ve Process Makro paket programlarından faydalanılarak analize tabi tutulmuştur. Katılımcılara içinde demografik bilgilere ilişkin soruların da yer aldığı dört farklı ölçeğin kullanıldığı bir anket uygulanmış, analizler söz konusu anket verileri ile yürütülmüştür. Sonuçlara göre, algılanan örgütsel destek ile iş tatmini arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmakta, bu ilişkide örgütsel bağlılığın alt boyutu olan duygusal bağlılık kısmi aracı rol oynamaktadır. Ayrıca işyeri arkadaşlığı, duygusal bağlılık yoluyla algılanan örgütsel destek ile iş tatmini arasındaki dolaylı ilişkide düzenleyici bir role sahiptir. Araştırma algılanan örgütsel desteğin iş tatminine etkisinde aracı ve düzenleyici rol oynayan değişkenlerin varlığını ortaya koyması açısından literatüre yeni bir içerik kazandırmaktadır.

Keywords

Algılanan örgütsel destek, İş tatmini, duygusal bağlılık, İşyeri arkadaşlığı, Aracı ve düzenleyici etki

References

• Albalawi, A.S., Naugton, S., Elayan, M.B., & Sleimi, M.T. (2019). Perceived organizational support, alternative job opportunity, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover intention: A moderated-mediated model. Organizacija, 52(4), 310–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orga-2019-0019
• Allen, N.J., & Meyer, J.P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
• Amin, M.S. (2022). Organizational commitment, competence on job satisfaction and lecturer performance: Social learning theory approach. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 2(1), 40-56. https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v2i1.156
• Andreas, D. (2022). Employee performance: The effect of motivation and job satisfaction. Produktif: Jurnal Kepegawaian Dan Organisasi, 1(1), 28-35. http://jurnalpustek.org/index.php/sdmo/article/view/10
• Arshad, A., Sun, P.T., & Desmarais, F. (2021). Abusive supervision and employee empowerment: The moderating role of resilience and workplace friendship. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 28(4), 479-494. https://doi.org/10.1177/15480518211005449
• Armeli, S., Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Lynch, P. (1998). Perceived organizational support and police performance: The moderating influence of socioemotional needs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 288-297. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.288
• Ateş, A., & Ünal, A. (2021). The relationship between diversity management, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in teachers: Amediating role of perceived organizational support. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 18-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12738/jestp.2021.1.002
• Avcı, N. (2017). The relationship between coworker supports, quality of work life and wellbeing: An empirical study of hotel employees. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(3), 577-589. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2017331328
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice Hall.
• Barrera, M. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American Journal o f Community Psychology, 14(4), 413-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00922627
• Bateman, T.S., & Organ, D.W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee "Citizenship". The Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 587-593. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/255908
• Bayram, A., Büyüksivaslıoğlu, N.M., Şeker, M., Vyacheslav, T., & Botakarayev, B. (2020). The mediating role of stress on the relationship between organizational culture and dysfunctional attitudes: A field study. İlkogretim Online, 19(1), 147-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2020.647265
• Becker, H.S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66(1), 32-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/222820
• Berman, E.M., West, J.P., & Richter, J.N. (2002). Workplace relations: Friendship patterns and consequences (according to managers). Public Administration Review, 62(2), 217-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00172
• Body, N.G., & Taylor, R.R. (1998). A developmental approach to the examination of friendship in leader-follower relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 9(1), 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(98)90040-6
• Brief, A.P., & Motowidlo, S.J. (1986). Prosocial organizational behaviors. The Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 710-725. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/258391
• Buunk, B.P. (1990). Affiliation and helping interactions: A critical analysis of the role of social support with regard to occupational stress. European Review of Social Psychology, 1(1), 293-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14792779108401865
• Buunk, B.P., Doosje, B.J., Jans, L.J., & Hopstaken, L. (1993). Perceived reciprocity, social support, and stress at work: The role of exchange and communal orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 801-811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.801
• Byrne, Z.S., & Hochwarter, W.A. (2006). I get by with a little help from my friends: The interaction of chronic pain and organizational support on performancee. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(3), 215-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.11.3.215
• Caesens, G., Stinglhamber, F., Demoulin, S., De Wilde, M., & Mierop, A. (2019). Perceived organizational support and workplace conflict: The mediating role of failure-related trust. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(2704). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02704
• Caroline, H.A. (1993). Explorations of close friendship: A concept analysis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 7(4), 236-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-9417(93)90032-r
• Chang C-S. (2014). Moderating effects of nurses’ organizational support on the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 37(6):724-745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945914530047
• Chinomona, R., & Sandada, M. (2014). Organisational support and its influence on teachers job satisfaction and job performance in Limpopo Province of South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(9), 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n9p208
• Cranmer, A.G., Goldman, Z.W., & Booth-Butterfield, M. (2016). The mediated relationship between received support and job satisfaction: An initial application of socialization resources theory. Western Journal of Communication, 81(1), 64-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2016.1231931
• Çalışkan, S.C. (2011). Çalışanların psikolojik güçlendirilme algıları üzerinde işyeri arkadaşlıkları ve örgütsel iletişimin etkisi. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(3), 77-92.
• Dawis, R.V. (2004). Job satisfaction. In J.C. Thomas (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment, Vol.4. Industrial and organizational assessment (pp. 470–481). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S., & Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 812-820. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.5.812
• Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(1), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.1.51
• Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
• Eisenberger, R., Karagonlar, G., Stinglhamber, F., Neves, P., Becker, T.E., Gonzales-Morales, M.G., & Steiger-Mueller, M. (2010). Leader–member exchange and affective organizational commitment: The contribution of supervisor’s organizational embodiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(6), 1085-1103. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020858
• Eisenberger, R., Rhoades, L., & Cameron, J. (1999). Does pay for performance increase or decrease perceived self-determination and intrinsic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 1026–1040. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1026
• Erol, R.Y., & Bozo, Ö. (2012). Sosyal destek davranışları ölçeğinin uyarlama, güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(3), 210-215.
• Gouldner, A.W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092623
• Guo, B., Qiang, B., Zhou, J., Yang, X., Qiu, X., Qiao, Z., Yang, Y., & Cao, D. (2021). The relationship between achievement motivation and job performance among Chinese physicians: A conditional process analysis. BioMed Research International, 2021: 6646980. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6646980
• Grund, C., & Titz, K. (2022). Affective commitment through further training: The roles of firm provision and employee participation. Review of Managerial Science, 16(4), 1195-1226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-021-00460-1
• Hayes, A.F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
• Humphrey, S.E., Nahrgang, J.D., & Morgeson, F.P. (2007). Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: A meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1332-1356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1332
• İşcan, Ö.F., & Naktiyok, A. (2004). Çalışanların örgütsel bağdaşımlarının belirleyicileri olarak örgütsel bağlılık ve örgütsel adalet algısı. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 59(1), 181-201. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000001477
• İşcan, Ö.F., & Sayın, U. (2010). Örgütsel adalet, iş tatmini ve örgütsel güven arasındaki ilişki. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(4), 195-216.
• Judge, T.A., Locke, E.A., Durham, C.C., & Kluger, A.N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), 17-34. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.17
• Judge, T.A., & Watanabe, S. (1993). Another look at the job satisfaction-life satisfaction relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(6), 939-948. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.939
• Karaköy, D. (2019). Lider üye etkileşiminin, işyeri arkadaşlığının, rol belirsizliğinin ve rol çatışmasının işe yabancılaşma üzerine etkisine yönelik bir araştırma. (Tez No. 560503) [Yüksek lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science, 9(2), 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830090206
• Krackhardt, D., & Stern, R.N. (1988). Informal networks and organizational crises: An experimental simulation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(2), 123-140. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786835
• Kurtessis, J.N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M.T., Buffardi, L.C., Stewart, K.A., & Adis, C.S. (2015). Perceived Organizational Support: A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of Organizational Support Theory. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1854–1884. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315575554
• Leung, V.T.Y, & Lin, P.M.C. (2022). The roles of multiple foci of employee commitments and job satisfaction on creative performance: a study of hotel chefs, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 101: 103107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103107
• Lincoln, J.R., & Miller, J. (1979). Work and friendship ties in organizations: A comparative analysis of relation networks. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 181-199. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392493
• Locke, E.A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4(4), 309-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90013-0
• Maan, A.T., Abid, G., Butt, T.H., Ashfaq, F., & Ahmed, S. (2020). Perceived organizational support and job satisfaction: A moderated mediation model of proactive personality and psychological empowerment. Future Business Journal, 6(21). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00027-8
• Mabasa, F.D., & Ngirande, H. (2015). Perceived organisational support influences on job satisfaction and organisational commitment among junior academic staff members. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25(4), 364-366, https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2015.1078102
• Mabasa, F.D., Ngirande, H., & Shambare, R. (2016). The relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational commitment among academics: The mediating effect of job satisfaction. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 13(3-1), 267-273. https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(3-1).2016.13
• Makanjee, C.R., Hartzer, Y.F., & Uys, I.L. (2006). The effect of perceived organizational support on organizational commitment of diagnostic imaging radiographers. Radiography, 12(2), 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2005.04.00
• Mercurio, Z.A. (2015). Affective commitment as a core essence of organizational commitment: An integrative literature review. Academy of Human Resource Development, 14(4), 389-414. https://doi.org/10.1177/2534484315603612
• Meyer, J.P., & Allen, N.J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. http://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
• Meyer, J.P., Allen, N.J., & Gellatly, I.R. (1990). Affective and continuance commitment to the organization: Evaluation of measures and analysis of concurrent and time-lagged Relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(6), 710-720. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.6.710
• Meyer, J.P., & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11(3), 299-326. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(00)00053-X
• Meyer, J.P., Paunonen, S.V., Gellatly, I.R., Goffin, R.D., & Jackson, D.N. (1989). Organizational commitment and job performance it's the nature of the commitment that counts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(1), 152-156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.1.152
• Morrison, R.L. (2008). Negative relationships in the workplace: Associations with organisational commitment, cohesion, job satisfaction and intention to turnover. Journal of Management & Organization, 14(04), 330-344. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200003126
• Morrison, R., & Nolan, T. (2007). Too much of a good thing? Difficulties with workplace friendships. University of Auckland Business Review, 9(2), 33-41. https://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/UABusReview/2007_09_i02-04-Friendship.pdf
• Motowidlo, S.J. (1984). Does job satisfaction lead to consideration and personal sensitivity? Academy of Management Journal, 27(4), 910-915. https://doi.org/10.5465/255889
• Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W., & Steers, R.M. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism and turnover. New York: Academic Press.
• Naktiyok, S., & İşcan, Ö.F. (2019). Örgütsel desteğin örgütsel bağlılık üzerine etkisinde örgütsel güven algısının aracı rolü. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 1029-1043. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2019.653
• Nielsen, I.K., Jex, S.M. and Adams, G.A., (2000). Development and validation of scores on a two-dimensional workplace friendship scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(4), 628- 643. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131640021970655
• Norris, F.H., & Kaniasty, K. (1996). Received and perceived social support in times of stress: A test of the social support deterioration deterrence model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 498-511. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.498
• Nurlaila, P. (2022). Performance Model: Satisfaction, commitment and reward based. Kinerja: Jurnal Manajemen Organisasi Dan Industri, 1(1), 19–26. https://jurnalpustek.org/index.php/kjmb/article/view/4
• Odden, C.M., & Sias, P.M. (1997). Peer communication relationships and psychological climate. Communication Quarterly, 45(3), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463379709370058
• O'Reilly, C.A., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitmentand psychological attachment: The effect of compliance, identification, and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 492-499. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.492
• Özyer, K., & Polatçı, S. (2017). The effects of organizational and social support on employees psychological well-being. People: International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3), 258-267. https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2017.33.258267
• Özyer, K., Kanbur, A., Kanbur, E., & Seçgin, Y. (2013). Arkadaşlık mutluluk getirir mi? İşyeri arkadaşlığı ile tükenmişlik ilişkisi üzerine bir araştırma. In 1. Örgütsel Davranış Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, (pp. 16-21). Sakarya.
• Pratama, E.N., Suwarni, E., & Handayani, M.A. (2022). The effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on turnover intention with person organization fit as moderator variable. Aptisi Transactions on Management (ATM), 6(1), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.33050/atm.v6i1.1722
• Preacher, K.J., Rucker, D.D., & Hayes, A.F. (2007). Adressing moderated mediation hypothesis: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), 185-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170701341316
• Procidano, M.E., & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00898416
• Rahmaningtyas, W., Widhiastuti, R., & Farliana, N. (2022). Organizational support, workplace friendship, and innovative behavior among Indonesian University Faculty. The Journal of Behavioral Science, 17(2), 42–57. https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJBS/article/view/254579
• Rajput, S., Singhal, M., & Tiwari, S. (2016). Job satisfaction and employee loyalty: A study of academicians. Asian Journal of Management, 7(2), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5958/2321-5763.2016.00015.9
• Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698-714. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.4.698
• Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 825–836. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.825
• Ring, J.K. (2011). The effect of perceived organizational support and safety climate on voluntary turnover in the transportation industry. International Journal of Business Research and Management, (IJBRM), 1(3), 156-168. http://www.cscjournals.org/manuscript/Journals/IJBRM/Volume1/Issue3/IJBRM-26.pdf
• Riordan, C.M., & Griffeth, R.W. (1995). The opportunity for friendship in the workplace: An underexplored construct. Journal of Business and Psychology, 10(2), 141-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02249575
• Saks, A.M., & Gruman, J.A. (2012). Getting newcomers on board: A review of socialization practices and introduction to socialization resources theory. In C.R. Wanberg (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Socialization (pp. 27–55). Oxford University Press.
• Schinoff, B.S. (2017). Can we be coworkers and friends? An inductive study of the experience and management of virtual coworker friendships. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Arizona State University.
• Settoon, R.P., Bennet, N., & Liden, R.C. (1996). Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader-member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(3), 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.3.219
• Shore, L.M., & Tetrick, L.E. (1991). A construct validity study of the survey of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(5), 637-643. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.5.637
• Shore, L.M., & Wayne, S.J. (1993). Commitment and employee behavior: Comparison of affective commitment and continuance commitment with perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(5), 774-780. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.5.774
• Sias, P.M., & Cahill, D.J. (1998). From coworkers to friends: The development of peer friendships in the workplace. Western Journal of Communication, 62(3), 273-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570319809374611
• Sias, P.M., & Jablin, F.M. (1995). Differential superior-subordinate relations, perceptions of fairness, and coworker communication. Human Communication Research, 22(1), 5-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1995.tb00360.x
• Sias, P.M., Gallagher, E.B., Kopaneva, I., & Pedersen, H. (2012). Maintaining workplace friendships: Perceived politeness and predictors of maintenance tactic choice. Communication Research, 39(2), 239-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210396869
• Suárez-Albanchez, J., Gutierrez-Broncano, S., Jimenez-Estevez, P., & Blazquez-Resino, J.J. (2022). Organizational support and turnover intention in the Spanish IT consultancy sector: Role of organizational commitment. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 2051790. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2051790
• Sudibjo, N., & Manihuruk, A.M. (2022). How do happiness at work and perceived organizational support affect teachers' mental health through job satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic? Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 2020(15), 939–951. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S361881
• Taşçıoğlu, C., & Keser, A. (2020). İş Tatmini. In S. Polatçı (Eds.), Kuramsal Temelleriyle Örgütsel Davranış Ölçekleri Rehberi (pp. 223-252). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• To, W.M. and Huang, G. (2022). Effects of equity, perceived organizational support and job satisfaction on organizational commitment in Macao's gaming industry. Management Decision, 60(9), 2433-2454. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-11-2021-1447
• Turunç, Ö., & Çelik, M. (2010). Çalışanların algıladıkları örgütsel destek ve iş stresinin örgütsel özdeşleşme ve iş performansına etkisi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 17(2), 183-206.
• Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2021). Mobilya Sektör Raporu. Web: https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5b87000813b8761450e18d7b/Mobilya%20Sekt%C3%B6r%20Raporu%202021.pdf adresinden 14 Ocak 2023’de alınmıştır.
• Uluçay, E., & Zengin, Y. (2020). İşyeri Arkadaşlığı ve İşgören Performansı Arasındaki İlişki: Bir Araştırma. Turkish Business Journal, 1(1), 29-50. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tbj/issue/55476/740167
• Weiner, A.S., & Hanum, J.W. (2012). Differences in the quantity of social support between geographically close and long-distance friendships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(5), 662-672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512465997
• Wiener, Y. (1982). Commitment in organizations: A normative view. The Academy of Management Review, 7(3), 418-428. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1982.4285349
• Winslow, C.J., Sabat, I.E., Anderson, A.J., Kaplan, S.A., & Miller, S.J. (2019). Development of a measure of informal workplace social interactions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10:2043. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02043
• Winstead, B.A., Derlega, V.J., Montgomery, M.J., & Pilkington, C. (1995). The quality of friendship at work and job satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12(2), 199-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407595122003
• Wright, P.H. (1984). Self-referent motivation and the intrinsic quality of friendship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1(1), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407584011007
• Xiao, J., Mao, J.-Y., Quan, J., & Qing, T. (2020). Relationally charged: How and when workplace friendship facilitates employee interpersonal citizenship. Frontiers in Psychology, 11:190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00190
• Yang, J. Fardouly, J., Wang, Y., & Shi, W. (2020). Selfie-viewing and facial dissatisfaction among emerging adults: A moderated mediation model of appearance comparisons and self-objectification. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2): 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020672
• Yavuzkurt, T., & Kıral, E. (2018). Ortaöğretim öğretmenlerinin iş yeri arkadaşlık algısı ve iş doyumu ile ilişkisi. In EJERCONGRESS 2018 Conference Proceedings (pp. 422-424).
• Yoshimura, K.E. (2003). Employee traits, perceived organizational support, supervisory communication, affective commitment, and intent to leave group differences [Unpublished Master Thesis,]. North Carolina University.
• Zagenczyk, T.J., Scott, K.D., Gibney, R., Murrell, A.J., & Thatcher, J.B. (2010). Social influence and perceived organizational support: A social networks analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 111(2), 127-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.11.004
• Zarankin, T.G., & Kunkel, D. (2019). Colleagues and friends: A theoretical framework of workplace friendship. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 19(5), 156-170. https://doi.org/10.33423/jop.v19i5.2517