Kâr Amacı Gütmeyen Sektörün Büyüklüğünü Etkileyen Faktörler: Ampirik Bir Çalışma

Year 2023, , 265 - 281, 31.01.2023

Ayşe Nil Tosun , Ayfer Ezgi Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.01.14

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı kâr amacı gütmeyen sektör büyüklüğü ile nüfus heterojenliği arasındaki ilişkiyi çok uluslu bir bakış açısıyla ampirik olarak incelemektir. 1995-2019 yılları arasında OECD ye üye 20 ülkedeki kâr amacı gütmeyen sektör kuruluşlarının büyüklüğünü etkileyen ekonomik ve sosyal faktörleri değerlendirmek için havuzlanmış en küçük kareler, sabit etkiler, rastgele etkiler, genelleştirilmiş momentler, tamamen değiştirilmiş en küçük kareler ve dinamik en küçük kareler yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda kişi başına GSYİH’deki artışın ve artan kentleşme oranlarının kâr amacı gütmeyen sektör büyüklüğünü olumlu etkilediği, yaş bağımlılık oranının ise kâr amacı gütmeyen sektör büyüklüğünü etkilemediği tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Kâr Amacı Gütmeyen Sektör, Nüfus Heterojenitesi, Yaş Bağımlılık Oranı

Factors Influencing the Size of Non-Profit Sector: An Empirical Study

Abstract

This study aims to empirically examine the relationship between non-profit sector size and population heterogeneity from a multinational perspective. Panel pooled, fixed effects, random effects, generalised method of moments, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) methods were used to evaluate the economic and social factors affecting the size of non-profit sector organisations in 20 OECD countries between 1995 and 2019. As a result of the study, it was found that an increase in GDP per capita income and urban population growth rate positively affected the size of the non-profit sector, while the age dependency ratio did not affect the size of the non-profit sector.

Keywords

Non-Profit Sector, Population Heterogeneity, Age Dependency Ratio

References

• Abzug, R. & J.K. Turnheim (1998), “Bandwagon or Band-aid? A Model of Non-profit Incorporation by State”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 27(3), 300-322.
• Altamuro J. et al. (2022), “Does It Pay to Pray? Religious Nonprofits and Funding”, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 41(4), 1-19.
• Arellano, M. & S. Bond (1991), “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations”, The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
• Basu, S. et al. (2022), “Funding Implications of Normal and Excessive Profitability in the Nonprofit Sector”, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 41(4), 1-19.
• Beaton, E. & H. and Hwang (2017), “Increasing the Size of the Pie: The Impact of Crowding on Nonprofit Sector Resources”, Nonprofit Policy Forum, 8(3), 211-235.
• Bielefeld, W. et al. (1997), “The Influence of Demographics and Distance on Nonprofit Location”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33(2), 221-246.
• Boris, E. & R. Mosher-Williams (1998), “Nonprofit Advocacy Organizations: Assessing the Definition, Classifications, and Data”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 27(4), 488-506.
• Bryson, J.M. et al. (2006), “The Design and Implementation of Cross-Sector Collaborations: Propositions from the Literature”, Public Administration Review, 66, 44-55.
• Casey, J. (2016), “Comparing Non-Profit Sectors Around the World: What Do We Know, and How Do We Know It?”, Journal of Nonprofit Education and Leadership, 6, 187-223.
• Clohesy, W. (2000), “Altruism and the Endurance of the Good”, Voluntas, 11(3), 237-253.
• Corbin, J.J. (1999), “A Study of Factors Influencing the Growth of Nonprofits in Social Services”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 28(3), 296-314.
• deWit, A. & R. Bekkers (2017), “Government Support and Charitable Donations: A Meta-Analysis of the Crowding-Out Hypothesis”, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 27(2), 301-319.
• Driscoll, J.C. & A.C. Kraay (1998), “Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
• Dumitrescu, E.I. & C. Hurlin (2012), “Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels”, Economic Modeling, 29(4),1450-1460.
• Gates, S. & J. Hill (1995), “Democratic Accountability and Governmental Innovation in The Use of Nonprofit Organizations”, Review of Policy Research, 14(1-2), 137-48.
• Gibelman, M. & S.R. Gelman (2001), “Very Public Scandals: An Analysis of How and Why Nongovernmental Organizations Get in Trouble”, Voluntas, 12(1), 49-66.
• Glaeser, E.L. & A. Shleifer (1998), “Not-For-Profit Entrepreneurs”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, 6810, 1-28.
• Habib, A. & R. Taylor (1999), “South Africa: Anti-Apartheid NGOs in Transition”, Voluntas, 10(1), 73-82.
• Hatemi, H. (1997), “Vakıf Kurumuna Hukuk Tarihi Açısından Genel Bir Bakış”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 55(4), 111-128.
• Holland P.T. (2008), Nonprofit Organizations-Principles and Practice, New York: Columbia University Press.
• Kanaya, N. et al. (2015), “The Market Share of Nonprofit and For-Profit Organizations in the Quasi-Market: Japan’s Long-Term Care Services Market”, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 86(2), 245-266.
• Kao, C. (1999), “Spurious Regression and Residual-Based Tests for Cointegration in Panel Data”, Journal of Econometrics, 90(1), 1-44.
• Kapur, K. & B.A. Weisbrod (2000). “The Roles of Government and Nonprofit Suppliers in Mixed Industries”, Public Finance Review, 28(4), 275-308.
• Kim, M. (2015), “Socioeconomic Diversity, Political Engagement, and the Density of Nonprofit Organizations in US Counties”, American Review of Public Administration, 45(4), 402-416.
• Kim, S.E. & Y.H. Kim (2015), “Measuring the Growth of the Nonprofit Sector: A Longitudinal Analysis”, Public Administration Review, 75(2), 242-251.
• Kim, Y.H. & S.E. Kim (2016), “Testing an Economic Model of Nonprofit Growth: Analyzing the Behaviors and Decisions of Nonprofit Organizations, Private Donors and Governments”, Voluntas, 27(6), 2937-2961.
• Kim, Y.H. & S.E. Kim (2018), “What Accounts for Variations in Nonprofit Growth? Cross-National Panel Study”, Voluntas, 29(3), 481-495.
• Lecy, J.D. & D.M. Van Slyke (2013), “Nonprofit Sector Growth and Density: Testing Theories of Government Support”, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(1), 189-214.
• Lipsky, M. & S.R. Smith (1989), “Nonprofit Organizations, Government, and the Welfare State”, Political Science Quarterly, 104(4), 625-648.
• Liu, G. (2017), “Government Decentralization and the Size of the Nonprofit Sector: Revisiting the Government Failure Theory”, American Review of Public Administration, 47(6), 619-633.
• Lu, J. & C. Xu (2018), “Complementary or Supplementary? The Relationship Between Government Size and Nonprofit Sector Size”, Voluntas, 29(3), 454-469.
• Lu, J. & Q. Dong (2018), “What Influences the Growth of the Chinese Nonprofit Sector: A Prefecture-Level Study”, Voluntas, 29(6), 1347-1359.
• Lu, J. (2016), “Governing Cliversity: The Impact of Social Heterogeneity on Human Services Delivery”, Public Organization Review, 16(2), 153-166.
• Luksetich, W. (2008), “Government Funding and Nonprofit Organizations”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 37(3), 434-442.
• Maddala, G. & S. Wu (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests and A New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 631-652.
• Marchesini de Costa, M. (2016), “What Influences the Location of Nonprofit Organizations? A Spatial Analysis in Brazil”, Voluntas, 27(3), 1064-1090.
• Matsunaga, Y. & N. Yamauchi (2004), “Is the Government Failure Theory Still Relevant? A Panel Analysis using US State Level Data”, Annals of Public and Cooperative, 75(2), 227-263.
• Matsunaga, Y. et al. (2010), “What Determines the Size of the Nonprofit Sector? A Cross-Country Analysis of Government Failure Theory”, Voluntas, 21(2), 180-201.
• OECD (2021), Grants by Private Agencies and NGOs Database, <https://data.oecd.org/drf/grants-by-private-agencies-and-ngos.htm>, 20.07.2021.
• Okten, Ç. & U.O. Osili (2004), “Contributions in Heterogeneous Communities: Evidence from Indonesia”, Journal of Population Economics, 17 (4), 603-626.
• Paarlberg, L.E. & T. Yoshioka (2016), “The Impact of Local Economic Structure on Community Philanthropy”, Public Administration Review, 76(2), 340-350.
• Park, Y.J. et al. (2021), “Does Non-Profit Commercialization Help Reduce Social Inequality? Revisiting the Cross-Subsidization Hypothesis”, Public Management Review, 24(12), 1957-1979.
• Pedroni, P. (1999), “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 653-670.
• Pedroni, P. (2004), “Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time-Series Tests with an Application to The PPP Hypothesis”, Econometric Theory, 20(3), 597-625.
• Pennerstorfer, A. & A.C. Rutherford (2019), “Measuring Growth of the Nonprofit Sector: The Choice of Indicator Matters”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 48(2), 440-456.
• Pesaran, M.H. (2007), “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross-Section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
• Pevcin, P. (2012). “Analysis of Cross-Country Differences in the Non-Profit Sector Size”, Prague Economic Papers, 21(2), 186-204.
• Phillips, P.C.B. & B.E. Hansen (1990), “Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processes”, The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125.
• Phillips, P.C.B. & M. Loretan (1991), “Estimating Long-Run Economic Equilibria”, The Review of Economic Studies, 58(3), 407-436.
• Polson, E.C. (2017), “Religious Environments and the Distribution of Anti-Poverty Nonprofit Organizations”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 46(1), 156-174.
• Roberts, F. et al. (2021), “The Potential Role of Nonprofit Organizations in Building Community Resilience to Disasters in the Context of Victoria, Australia”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 65, 1-10.
• Rosen, H. (1985), Public Finance, Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin Inc.
• Salamon, L.M. & H.K. Anheier (1987), “Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure, and Third-Party Government: Toward a Theory of Government-Non-Profit Relations in the Modern Welfare State”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 16(1-2), 29-49.
• Salamon, L.M. & H.K. Anheier (1998), “Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally”, Voluntas, 16(1-2), 29-49.
• Salamon, L.M. et al. (2000), “The Nonprofit Sector: For What and for Whom?”, Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, Center for Civil Society Studies, The Johns Hopkins University.
• Saxton, G.D. & M.A. Benson (2005), “Social Capital and the Growth of the Nonprofit Sector”, Social Science Quarterly, 86(1), 16-35.
• Skelcher, C. & S.R. Smith (2015), “Theorizing Hybridity: Institutional Loges, Complex Organizations and Actor Identities: The Case of Nonprofits”, Public Administration, 93(2), 453-448.
• Spicka, J. et al. (2017), “Long-Term Determinants of the Size of the Non-Profit Sector Serving Households in the Visegrad Countries”, Inzinerine Ekonomikav, 28(5), 524-534.
• Steinberg, R. (1991), “Unfair Competition by Nonprofits and Tax Policy”, National Tax Journal, 44(3), 351-64.
• Van Puyvelde, S. & W.A. Brown (2016), “Determinants of Nonprofit Sector Density: A Stakeholder Approach”, Voluntas, 27(3) 1045-1063.
• Weisbrod, B. (1977), “Toward a Theory of the Voluntary Nonprofit Sector in a Three-Sector Economy”, in: B. Weisbrod (ed.), The Voluntary Nonprofit Sector (51-76), Lexington, MA: DC Health.
• Westerlund, J. (2005), “A Panel CUSUM Test of the Null of Cointegration”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 67(2), 231-262.
• Westerlund, J. (2008), “Panel Cointegration Tests of the Fisher Effect”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-233.
• Young, D.R. (1998), “Government Failure Theory & Contract Failure Theory”, in: J.S. Ott (ed.), The Nature of the Nonprofit Sector (190-196), Boulder: Westview Press.