Türkiye’de Hanehalkı Gıda Güvensizliğinin Dinamikleri

Year 2022, , 195 - 208, 29.07.2022

Ozlem Ipek

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.03.10

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Yeterli yiyecek, giyecek ve barınma gibi temel ihtiyaçlar, sosyal refahın temelidir. Artan dünya nüfusu ile birlikte yetersiz beslenen insan sayısı da giderek artmaktadır. Bu durum, gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki farklı sosyoekonomik özelliklere sahip grupların sağlıklı bir yaşam için gerekli gıdaya yeterli erişiminin olmayacağı endişesini artırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda gıda güvensizliği sorunu küresel bir ilgi konusu haline gelmiştir. Hanelerin gıdaya erişimi arasındaki büyük eşitsizlikleri ortadan kaldırmaya veya en azından azaltmaya yönelik politikalar geliştirmek için, hanehalkı gıda güvensizliğinin belirleyicilerini tespit etmek önemlidir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki hanelerin gıda güvensizliğini dinamiğini Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Panel Mikro verileri aracılığıyla rassal etkiler logit modelini uygulayarak belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, eğitim düzeyi, sağlık durumu ve gelir arttıkça gıda güvensizliği olasılığının önemli ölçüde azaldığı bulunmuştur. Erkeklerin gıda güvensizliği olasılığı kadınlara göre %4 daha fazladır. Eğitim ve gelir, gıda güvensizliği üzerinde en etkili değişkenlerdir. Son olarak, 2014 referans yılına göre yıllar itibarıyla gıda güvensizliğindeki ortalama artış da ölçülmüş olup, Türkiye'de gıda güvensizliğinin yıllar içinde 1,5 kattan fazla arttığı hesaplanmıştır.

Keywords

Gıda Güvensizliği, Demografi, Rassal Etkiler Logit Modeli, Panel Veri, Türkiye

The Dynamics of Household Food Insecurity in Turkey

Abstract

Fundamental needs such as adequate food, clothing, and shelter are the foundation of social well-being. With the increasing world population, the number of undernourished people is also gradually increasing. This situation triggers increased concern that groups with different socioeconomic characteristics in developing countries will not have sufficient access to the food necessary for a healthy life. Consequently, the food insecurity issue has become a global topic of interest. Identifying the determinants of household food insecurity is important to develop policies to eliminate or reduce the significant inequalities in households’ access to food. This study seeks to identify the dynamics of households’ food insecurity in Turkey through Income and Living Conditions Longitudinal Microdata applying the random effects logit model. We found that as education level, health status, and income increase, the likelihood of food insecurity significantly decreases. The probability of food insecurity for males is 4% higher than for females. Education and income are the most influential variables of food insecurity. We also measured the average increase in food insecurity over the years compared to the reference year of 2014. Food insecurity has increased by more than 1.5 over the years in Turkey.

Keywords

Food Insecurity, Demographics, Random Effect Logit Regression, Panel Data, Turkey

References

• Abafita, J. & K.R. Kim (2014), “Determinants of household food security in rural Ethiopia: An empirical analysis”, Journal of Rural Development/Nongchon-Gyeongje, 37(1071-2016-86950), 129-157.
• Abu Hayat Md. S.I. (2021), “Dynamics and determinants of participation in integrated aquaculture - agriculture value chain: Evidence from a panel data analysis of indigenous smallholders in Bangladesh”, The Journal of Development Studies, 57(11), 1871-1892.
• Ağaçayak, T. & F. Keyman (2018), “Water and food security in Turkey in a changing climate”, IPC Policy Brief, March.
• Alpízar, F. et al. (2020), “Determinants of food insecurity among smallholder farmer households in Central America: recurrent versus extreme weather-driven events”, Regional Environmental Change, 20(1), 1-16.
• Amaza, P.S. et al. (2006), “Determinants and measurements of food insecurity in Nigeria: Some Empirical Policy Guide”, Poster Paper in International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) 2006 Annual Meeting, August 12-18, Queensland, Australia.
• Amrullah, E.R. et al. (2019), “Who suffers from food insecurity in Indonesia?”, International Journal of Social Economics, 46(10), 1186-1197.
• Arene, C.J. & R.C. Anyaeji (2010), “Determinants of food security among households in Nsukka Metropolis of Enugu State, Nigeria”, Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 30(1), 9-16.
• Asghar, Z. & A. Muhammad (2013), “Socio-economic determinants of household food insecurity in Pakistan”, MPRA Paper 21510, University Library of Munich, Germany.
• Baltagi, B.H. (2001), Econometric analysis of panel data, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
• Barham, B.L. et al. (2004), “The dynamics of agricultural biotechnology adoption: Lessons from series rBST use in Wisconsin, 1994-2001”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 86(1), 61-72.
• Barrett, C.B. (2002), “Food security and food assistance programs”, Handbook of Agricultural Economics, 2, 2103-2190.
• Barrett, C.B. (2010), “Measuring food insecurity”, Science, 327(5967), 825-828.
• Bashir, M.K. & S. Schilizzi (2013), “Determinants of rural household food security: a comparative analysis of African and Asian Studies”, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(6), 1251-1258.
• Beaumier, M.C. & J.D. Ford (2010), “Food insecurity among Inuit women exacerbated by socio-economic stresses and climate change”, Canadian Journal of Public Health, 101(3), 196-201.
• Beyene, F. & M. Muche (2010), “Determinants of food security among rural households of Central Ethiopia: An empirical analysis”, Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 49(892-2016-65219), 299-318.
• Bogale, A. & A. Shimelis (2009), “Household level determinants of food insecurity in rural areas of Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia”, African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 9(9), 1914-1926.
• Bouis, H. & J. Hunt (1999), “Linking food and nutrition security: past lessons and future opportunities”, Asian Development Review, 17(1-2), 168-213.
• Carter, K.N. et al. (2010), “What are the determinants of food insecurity in New Zealand and does this differ for males and females?”, Australian And New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34(6), 602-608.
• Chambers, R. (1989), “Editorial Introduction: Vulnerability, Coping and Policy”, IDS Bulletin, 20, 1-7.
• Dastgiri, S. et al. (2006), “Determinants of food insecurity: a cross-sectional study in Tabriz”, Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 6(3), 233-239.
• Demeke, A.B. et al. (2011), “Using panel data to estimate the effect of rainfall shocks on smallholders food security and vulnerability in rural Ethiopia”, Climatic Change, 108(1), 185-206.
• Egeland, G.M. et al. (2010), “Food insecurity among Inuit preschoolers: Nunavut Inuit child health survey, 2007-2008”, Cmaj, 182(3), 243-248.
• Eneyew, A. & W. Bekele (2012), “Causes of household food insecurity in Wolayta: Southern Ethiopia”, Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, 3(3), 30-43.
• FAO (1996), The State of Food and Agriculture, FAO Agriculture Series No: 29, Rome.
• FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP & WHO (2020), The state of food security and nutrition in the World 2020 Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets, Rome, FAO.
• Feleke, S.T. et al. (2005), “Determinants of food security in Southern Ethiopia at the household level”, Agricultural Economics, 33(3), 351-363.
• Fiddler, T. (2012), “Food security in a northern First Nations community: an exploratory study on food availability and accessibility”, International Journal of Indigenous Health, 8(2), 5-14.
• Fisher, M. & P.A. Lewin (2013), “Household, community, and policy determinants of food insecurity in rural Malawi”, Development Southern Africa, 30(4-5), 451-467.
• Gebre, G.G. (2012), “Determinants of food insecurity among households in Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia”, Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, 10(2), 159-173.
• Greene, W.H. (2003), Econometric Analysis (5th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Guilkey, D.K. & J.L. Murphy (1993), “Estimation and testing in the random effects probit model”, Journal of Econometrics, 59(3), 301-317.
• Hamelin, A.M. et al. (2002), “Characterization of household food insecurity in Quebec: food and feelings”, Social Science & Medicine, 54(1), 119-132.
• İpek, E. (2020) “The Costs of Disability in Turkey”, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 41, 229-237.
• Iram, U. & M.S. Butt (2004), Determinants of household food security. International Journal of Social Economics, 31(8), 753-766.
• Işık, S. & F. Özbuğday (2021), “The impact of agricultural input costs on food prices in Turkey: A case study”, Agricultural Economics (Czech Republic), 67(3), 101-110.
• Jones, D.L. et al. (2013), “Nutrient stripping: the global disparity between food security and soil nutrient stocks”, Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(4), 851-862.
• Kadıoğlu, B. et al. (2010), “Kırsalda seslenme kültürü (Erzurum ili örneği)”, Alınteri Zirai Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 20-27.
• Kharisma, V. & N. Abe (2020), “Food insecurity and associated socioeconomic factors: Application of Rasch and Binary Logistic Models with household survey data in three megacities in Indonesia”, Social Indicators Research, 148(2), 655-679.
• Kidane, H. et al. (2005), “Causes of household food insecurity in Koredegaga peasant association, Oromiya zone, Ethiopia”, Agrekon, 44(4), 543-560.
• Magaña-Lemus, D. et al. (2016), “Determinants of household food insecurity in Mexico”, Agricultural and Food Economics, 4(1), 1-20.
• Maziya, M. et al. (2017), “What factors determine household food security among smallholder farmers? Insights from Msinga, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa”, Agrekon, 56(1), 40-52.
• O’brien, R.M. (2007), “A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors”, Qual Quant, 41(5), 673-90.
• Ogundari, K. (2017), “Categorizing households into different food security states in Nigeria: the socio-economic and demographic determinants”, Agricultural and Food Economics, 5(1), 1-20.
• Olabiyi, O.M. & L. McIntyre (2014), “Determinants of food insecurity in higher-income households in Canada”, Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 9(4), 433-448.
• Öztürk, M. et al. (2020), “Food insecurity in the age of neoliberalism in Turkey and its neighbors”, in: Food Insecurity (77-95), Routledge.
• Pankomera, P. et al. (2009), “Household food security in Malawi: measurements, determinants and policy review”, Conference on international research on food security, natural resource management and rural development, University of Hamburg, Tropentag, October 6-8, Hamburg.
• Power, E. (2005), “Individual and household food insecurity in Canada: position of dietitians of Canada”, Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 66(1), 43-46.
• Qureshi, S. (2007), Creating an index to measure food security: Identifying the components and determinants and testing usefulness, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University.
• Rose, D. (1999), “Economic determinants and dietary consequences of food insecurity in the United States”, The Journal of Nutrition, 129(2), 517S-520S.
• Rossi, M. et al. (2017), “Influence of sociodemographic characteristics on different dimensions of household food insecurity in Montevideo, Uruguay”, Public Health Nutrition, 20(4), 620-629.
• Sassi, M. (2018), Understanding Food Insecurity Key Features, Indicators, and Response Design, Springer.
• Schmidhuber, J. & F.N. Tubiello (2007), “Global food security under climate change”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(50), 19703-19708.
• Sekhampu, T.J. (2013), “Determinants of the food security status of households receiving government grants in Kwakwatsi, South Africa”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 147-153.
• Selçuk I.S. et al. (2021), “How Housing Conditions Affect Health: Findings from the Turkish National Household Panel Survey”, Housing Policy Debate, https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2021.1942132
• Sen, A. (1981), “Ingredients of famine analysis: availability and entitlements”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 96(3), 433-464.
• Sidhu, R.S. et al. (2008), “Food and nutritional insecurity and its determinants in food surplus areas: the case study of Punjab state”, Agricultural Economics Research Review, 21(347-2016-16789), 91-98.
• Sultana, A. & A. Kiani (2011), “Determinants of food security at household level in Pakistan”, African Journal of Business Management, 5(34), 12972-12979.
• Tefera, M.M. (2009), “Causes of rural household food insecurity: a case from Kuyu district, central Ethiopia”, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 11(4), 286-304.
• Titus, B. & G. Adetokunbo (2007), “An analysis of food security situation among Nigerian urban households: Evidence from Lagos State, Nigeria”, Journal of Central European Agriculture, 8(3), 397-406.
• TurkStat (2017), Income and Living Conditions Longitudinal Micro Data.
• TurkStat (2020), Household Budget Survey Statistics.
• TurkStat (2021), Database, Agriculture, Land Use Statistics.
• Watts, M.J. & H.G. Bohle (1993), “The space of vulnerability: the causal structure of hunger and famine”, Progress in Human Geography, 17(1), 43-67.
• Wooldridge, J.M. (2002), Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• Wooldridge, J.M. (2020), Introductory econometrics: a modern approach, 7th ed. Boston: Cengage.