Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Effect of Democracy and Political Stability on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from BRICS-T Countries (2002-2020)

Year 2023, , 161 - 178, 26.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.04.08

Abstract

This study examines the impact of democracy and political stability on economic growth in BRICS-T countries from 2002-2020. A panel data analysis investigated the relationship between democracy, political stability, the absence of violence, and economic growth. Results indicate that the democratisation process positively impacts economic growth, while political stability has a negative impact. Additionally, the study found a positive effect on economic growth from the population, inflation, and public expenditures variables, while the variables of gross fixed capital accumulation, foreign direct investment, and urbanisation did not have a substantial effect on economic growth.

References

  • Abeyasinghe, R. (2004), “Democracy, Political Stability and Developing Country Growth: Theory and Evidence”, Honors Projects, 17, 1-37.
  • Acaravcı, A. et al. (2015), “MENA Ülkelerinde Demokrasi-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi”, İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(4), 119-129.
  • Acemoğlu, D. et al. (2019), “Democracy Does Cause Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 127(1), 47-100.
  • Adejumobi, S. (2000), “Between Democracy and Development in Africa: What are the Missing Links?”, World Bank Conference on Development Thinking in the Next Millennium, Paris, 26-28 June.
  • Aisen, A. & F.J. Veiga (2013), “How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth”, European Journal of Political Economy, 29,151-167.
  • Albatel, A.H. (2004), “Government Budget Deficit and the Crowding Out of Private Sector Investment in Saudi Arabia”, Journal of King Saud University - Science, 17(1), 1-28.
  • Alesina, A. & D. Rodrik (1991), “Distributive Politics and Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 465-490.
  • Alesina, A. & R. Perotti (1993), “Income Distribution, Political Instability, and Investment”, NBER Working Paper, No. 4486.
  • Alesina, A. et al. (1996), “Political Instability and Economic Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1(2), 189-211.
  • Arora, S.K. (1970), “Economic Growth, Social Justice, and Political Stability”, Economic and Political Weekly, 5(29/31), 1202-1210.
  • Arslan, Ü. (2011), “Siyasi İstikrarsızlık ve Ekonomik Performans: Türkiye Örneği”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 11(1), 73-80.
  • Asogwa, F.O. & I.C. Okeke (2013), “The Crowding-Out Effect of Budget Deficits on Private Investment in Nigeria”, European Journal of Business and Management, 5(20), 161-165.
  • Asteriou, D. & S. Price (2001), “Political Instability and Economic Growth: UK Time Series Evidence”, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 48(4), 383-399.
  • Baklouti, N. & Y. Boujelbene (2018), “The Nexus Between Democracy and Economic Growth: Evidence from Dynamic Simultaneous-Equations Models”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 9(3), 980-998.
  • Barro, R.J. (1996), “Democracy and Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1, 1-27.
  • Beşkaya, A. & Ö. Manan (2008), “Demokrasi ile Ekonomik Büyüme-Kalkınma Arasındaki İlişki ve Türkiye Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler MYO Dergisi, 10(1-2), 1-32.
  • Bhagwati, J.N. (2002), “Democracy and Development: Cruel Dilemma or Symbiotic Relationship?”, Review of Development Economics, 6(2), 151-162.
  • Blomberg, S.B. (1992), “Growth, Political Instability, and the Defense Burden”, International Finance Discussion Papers, No. 436.
  • Bornschier, V. (2002), “Changing Income Inequality in the Second Half of the 20th Century: Preliminary Findings and Propositions for Explanations”, Journal of World Systems Research, 8(1), 100-127.
  • Bozkurt, E. et al. (2018), “Democracy and Economic Growth: Evidence From Emerging Market Economies”, Electronic Turkish Studies, 13(14), 15-32.
  • Breusch, T.S. & A.R. Pagan (1980), “The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics”, The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Butkiewicz, J. & H. Yanıkkaya (2005), “The Impact of Sociopolitical Instability on Economic Growth: Analysis and Implications”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 27(5), 629-645.
  • Cervellati, M. et al. (2006), “Growth and Endogenous Political Institutions”, in: T.S. Eicher & C. Garcia-Penalosa (eds.), Institutions, Development, and Economic Growth, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Dahl, R.A. (1998), On Democracy, Yale University Press, New Haven & London.
  • Demirkan, E. & M.V. Kaya (2012), “An Analysis of Relation Between Economic Growth and Democratization: An Empiric Application (A Sample of Turkey)”, Yönetim ve Ekonomisi Dergisi, 19(2), 123-132.
  • Eren, E. & M. Bildirici (2001), “Türkiye’de Siyasal ve İktisadi İstikrarsızlık: 1980-2001”, İşletme ve Finans, 187, 27-33.
  • Farr, K.W. et al. (1998), “Economic Freedom, Political Freedom, and Economic Well-Being: A Causality Analysis”, Cato Journal, 18(2), 247-262.
  • Feng, Y. (2001), “Political Freedom, Political Instability, and Policy Uncertainty: A Study of Political Institutions and Private Investment in Developing Countries”, International Studies Quarterly, 45, 271-294.
  • Gerring, J. et al. (2005), “Democracy and Economic Growth, A Historical Perspective”, World Politics, 57(3), 323-364.
  • Gök, A. (2020), “The Relationship Between Political Stability, Democracy and Long Run Growth: The Case of Sub-Saharan Africa”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 653, 77-98.
  • Hayaloğlu, P. (2015), “MINT Ülkelerinde Demokrasi Ekonomik Büyümeyi Nasıl Etkilemektedir?”, Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 1(1), 17-29.
  • Helliwell, J.F. (1992), “Empirical Linkages Between Democracy and Economic Growth”, NBER Working Paper Series, No. 4066, 1-28.
  • Huntington, S.P. (1991), The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Huntington, S.P. (2006), Political Order in Changing Societies (The Henry L. Stimson Lecture Series), Yale University Press.
  • Hür, T.H. & H. Akbulut (2012), “Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Politik İstikrarın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi”, Sosyoekonomi, 17(17), 281-300.
  • Hurwitz, L. (1973), “Contemporary Approaches to Political Stability”, Comparative Politics, 5(3), 449-463.
  • Klomp, J. & J.D. Hann (2009), “Political Institutions and Economic Volatility”, European Journal of Political Economy, 25(3), 311-326.
  • Kurzman, C. et al. (2002), “Democracy’s Effect on Economic Growth: A Pooled: Time-Series Analysis, 1951-1980”, Studies in Comparative International Development, 37(1), 3-33.
  • Lensink, R. et al. (2000), “Capital Flight and Political Risk”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 19(1), 73-92.
  • Lipset, S.M. (1959), “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Development”, American Political Science Review, 53, 69-105.
  • Nişanyan, S. (2012), Sözlerin Soyağacı, 6. Baskı, Everest Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • North, D.C. (1988), “Institutions, Economic Growth and Freedom”, in: P.T. Bauer (ed.), Freedom, Democracy, and Economic Welfare: Proceedings of An International Symposium, vol. I, Vancouver, Fraser Institute.
  • North, D.C. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Olson, M. (1996), “Distinguished Lecture on Economics in Government: Big Bills Left on The Sidewalk: Why Some Nations are Rich and Others Poor”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(2), 3-24.
  • Parlakyıldız, M. (2015), “Makro Ekonomik ve Politik İstikrarsızlığın Ekonomik Performans Üzerine Etkisi: Latin Amerika Örneği”, Çukurova Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 19(2), 1-11.
  • Perotti, R. (1996), “Growth, Income Distribution and Democracy: What The Data Say”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1(2), 149-187.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004), “General Diagnostic Test for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, (0435), 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2007), “A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Şahin, İ. (2016), “Türkiye’de 1980-2015 Yılları Arası Demokrasi, Ekonomik Özgürlük ve Yolsuzlukların Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkileri”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 6(2), 317-334.
  • Sakamoto, T. (2005), “Economic Performance of “Weak” Governments and Their Interaction with Central Banks and Labour: Deficit, Economic Growth, Unemployment, and Inflation: 1961-1998”, European Journal of Political Research, 44(6), 801-836.
  • Sala-i Martin X.X. (2017), “I just Run Four Million Regression”, NBER Working Paper, No. 4186.
  • Şanlısoy, S. & R. Kök (2010), “Politik İstikrarsızlık - Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği (1987-2006)”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 25(1), 101-125.
  • Sartori, G. (1987), The Theory of Democracy Revisited, Chatham House Publishers, New Jersey.
  • Savaş, V.F. (2016), Politik İktisat, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Shabbir, G. et al. (2016), “Corruption, Political Stability, and Economic Growth”, The Pakistan Development Review, 55(4), 689-702.
  • Shen, J.G. (2002), “Democracy and Growth: An Alternative Empirical Approach”, Bank of Finland, Institute for Economies in Transition (BOFIT) Discussion Papers, No.13.
  • Sirowy, L. & A. Inkeles (1990), “The Effects of Democracy on Economic Growth and Inequality: A Review”, Studies in Comparative International Development, 25(1), 126-157.
  • Smith, J.A. (2011), “BRIC becomes BRICS: Emerging regional powers? Changes on the geopolitical chessboard”, The Global Research: Center For Research on Globaliziation, 1-7.
  • Tavares, J. & R. Wacziarg (2001), “How Democracy Affects Growth?”, European Economic Review, 45(8), 1341-1378.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1956), Economic Policy: Principles and Design, North-Holland.
  • UNDP (2002), Human Development Report: Deepening Democracy in A Fragmented World, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Wilson, D. & R. Purushothaman (2003), “Dreaming with BRICs: The path to 2050”, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper, 99, 1-24.
  • Yalçınkaya, Ö. & V. Kaya (2017), “Politik İstikrarın / İstikrarsızlığın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri: Dünyanın En Büyük İlk Yirmi Ekonomisi Üzerinde Bir Uygulama (1996-2015)”, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(2), 277-298.
  • Yueh, L. (2020), Büyük Ekonomistler, (çev. M. Karadeniz), Salon Yayınları, İstanbul.

Demokrasi ve Politik İstikrarın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: BRICS-T Ülkelerinden Ampirik Kanıtlar (2002-2020)

Year 2023, , 161 - 178, 26.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.04.08

Abstract

Bu çalışma, politik iktisat çalışma konularından demokrasi ve politik istikrarın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini 2002-2020 dönemi için BRICS-T ülkeler örnekleminde araştırmaktadır. Bu amaçla, demokrasi ve politik istikrar ve şiddetin yokluğu ile ekonomik büyüme arasında panel veri analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda demokratikleşme sürecinin ekonomik büyümeyi olumlu yönde etkilerken, politik istikrar ekonomik büyümeyi olumsuz yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca nüfus, enflasyon ve kamu harcamaları değişkenlerinin ekonomik büyümeyi olumlu yönde etkilediği; brüt sabit sermaye birikimi, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımı ve kentleşme değişkenlerinin ise ekonomik büyüme üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

References

  • Abeyasinghe, R. (2004), “Democracy, Political Stability and Developing Country Growth: Theory and Evidence”, Honors Projects, 17, 1-37.
  • Acaravcı, A. et al. (2015), “MENA Ülkelerinde Demokrasi-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi”, İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(4), 119-129.
  • Acemoğlu, D. et al. (2019), “Democracy Does Cause Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 127(1), 47-100.
  • Adejumobi, S. (2000), “Between Democracy and Development in Africa: What are the Missing Links?”, World Bank Conference on Development Thinking in the Next Millennium, Paris, 26-28 June.
  • Aisen, A. & F.J. Veiga (2013), “How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth”, European Journal of Political Economy, 29,151-167.
  • Albatel, A.H. (2004), “Government Budget Deficit and the Crowding Out of Private Sector Investment in Saudi Arabia”, Journal of King Saud University - Science, 17(1), 1-28.
  • Alesina, A. & D. Rodrik (1991), “Distributive Politics and Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 465-490.
  • Alesina, A. & R. Perotti (1993), “Income Distribution, Political Instability, and Investment”, NBER Working Paper, No. 4486.
  • Alesina, A. et al. (1996), “Political Instability and Economic Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1(2), 189-211.
  • Arora, S.K. (1970), “Economic Growth, Social Justice, and Political Stability”, Economic and Political Weekly, 5(29/31), 1202-1210.
  • Arslan, Ü. (2011), “Siyasi İstikrarsızlık ve Ekonomik Performans: Türkiye Örneği”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 11(1), 73-80.
  • Asogwa, F.O. & I.C. Okeke (2013), “The Crowding-Out Effect of Budget Deficits on Private Investment in Nigeria”, European Journal of Business and Management, 5(20), 161-165.
  • Asteriou, D. & S. Price (2001), “Political Instability and Economic Growth: UK Time Series Evidence”, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 48(4), 383-399.
  • Baklouti, N. & Y. Boujelbene (2018), “The Nexus Between Democracy and Economic Growth: Evidence from Dynamic Simultaneous-Equations Models”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 9(3), 980-998.
  • Barro, R.J. (1996), “Democracy and Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1, 1-27.
  • Beşkaya, A. & Ö. Manan (2008), “Demokrasi ile Ekonomik Büyüme-Kalkınma Arasındaki İlişki ve Türkiye Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler MYO Dergisi, 10(1-2), 1-32.
  • Bhagwati, J.N. (2002), “Democracy and Development: Cruel Dilemma or Symbiotic Relationship?”, Review of Development Economics, 6(2), 151-162.
  • Blomberg, S.B. (1992), “Growth, Political Instability, and the Defense Burden”, International Finance Discussion Papers, No. 436.
  • Bornschier, V. (2002), “Changing Income Inequality in the Second Half of the 20th Century: Preliminary Findings and Propositions for Explanations”, Journal of World Systems Research, 8(1), 100-127.
  • Bozkurt, E. et al. (2018), “Democracy and Economic Growth: Evidence From Emerging Market Economies”, Electronic Turkish Studies, 13(14), 15-32.
  • Breusch, T.S. & A.R. Pagan (1980), “The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics”, The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Butkiewicz, J. & H. Yanıkkaya (2005), “The Impact of Sociopolitical Instability on Economic Growth: Analysis and Implications”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 27(5), 629-645.
  • Cervellati, M. et al. (2006), “Growth and Endogenous Political Institutions”, in: T.S. Eicher & C. Garcia-Penalosa (eds.), Institutions, Development, and Economic Growth, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Dahl, R.A. (1998), On Democracy, Yale University Press, New Haven & London.
  • Demirkan, E. & M.V. Kaya (2012), “An Analysis of Relation Between Economic Growth and Democratization: An Empiric Application (A Sample of Turkey)”, Yönetim ve Ekonomisi Dergisi, 19(2), 123-132.
  • Eren, E. & M. Bildirici (2001), “Türkiye’de Siyasal ve İktisadi İstikrarsızlık: 1980-2001”, İşletme ve Finans, 187, 27-33.
  • Farr, K.W. et al. (1998), “Economic Freedom, Political Freedom, and Economic Well-Being: A Causality Analysis”, Cato Journal, 18(2), 247-262.
  • Feng, Y. (2001), “Political Freedom, Political Instability, and Policy Uncertainty: A Study of Political Institutions and Private Investment in Developing Countries”, International Studies Quarterly, 45, 271-294.
  • Gerring, J. et al. (2005), “Democracy and Economic Growth, A Historical Perspective”, World Politics, 57(3), 323-364.
  • Gök, A. (2020), “The Relationship Between Political Stability, Democracy and Long Run Growth: The Case of Sub-Saharan Africa”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 653, 77-98.
  • Hayaloğlu, P. (2015), “MINT Ülkelerinde Demokrasi Ekonomik Büyümeyi Nasıl Etkilemektedir?”, Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 1(1), 17-29.
  • Helliwell, J.F. (1992), “Empirical Linkages Between Democracy and Economic Growth”, NBER Working Paper Series, No. 4066, 1-28.
  • Huntington, S.P. (1991), The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Huntington, S.P. (2006), Political Order in Changing Societies (The Henry L. Stimson Lecture Series), Yale University Press.
  • Hür, T.H. & H. Akbulut (2012), “Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Politik İstikrarın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi”, Sosyoekonomi, 17(17), 281-300.
  • Hurwitz, L. (1973), “Contemporary Approaches to Political Stability”, Comparative Politics, 5(3), 449-463.
  • Klomp, J. & J.D. Hann (2009), “Political Institutions and Economic Volatility”, European Journal of Political Economy, 25(3), 311-326.
  • Kurzman, C. et al. (2002), “Democracy’s Effect on Economic Growth: A Pooled: Time-Series Analysis, 1951-1980”, Studies in Comparative International Development, 37(1), 3-33.
  • Lensink, R. et al. (2000), “Capital Flight and Political Risk”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 19(1), 73-92.
  • Lipset, S.M. (1959), “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Development”, American Political Science Review, 53, 69-105.
  • Nişanyan, S. (2012), Sözlerin Soyağacı, 6. Baskı, Everest Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • North, D.C. (1988), “Institutions, Economic Growth and Freedom”, in: P.T. Bauer (ed.), Freedom, Democracy, and Economic Welfare: Proceedings of An International Symposium, vol. I, Vancouver, Fraser Institute.
  • North, D.C. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Olson, M. (1996), “Distinguished Lecture on Economics in Government: Big Bills Left on The Sidewalk: Why Some Nations are Rich and Others Poor”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(2), 3-24.
  • Parlakyıldız, M. (2015), “Makro Ekonomik ve Politik İstikrarsızlığın Ekonomik Performans Üzerine Etkisi: Latin Amerika Örneği”, Çukurova Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 19(2), 1-11.
  • Perotti, R. (1996), “Growth, Income Distribution and Democracy: What The Data Say”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1(2), 149-187.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004), “General Diagnostic Test for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, (0435), 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2007), “A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Şahin, İ. (2016), “Türkiye’de 1980-2015 Yılları Arası Demokrasi, Ekonomik Özgürlük ve Yolsuzlukların Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkileri”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 6(2), 317-334.
  • Sakamoto, T. (2005), “Economic Performance of “Weak” Governments and Their Interaction with Central Banks and Labour: Deficit, Economic Growth, Unemployment, and Inflation: 1961-1998”, European Journal of Political Research, 44(6), 801-836.
  • Sala-i Martin X.X. (2017), “I just Run Four Million Regression”, NBER Working Paper, No. 4186.
  • Şanlısoy, S. & R. Kök (2010), “Politik İstikrarsızlık - Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği (1987-2006)”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 25(1), 101-125.
  • Sartori, G. (1987), The Theory of Democracy Revisited, Chatham House Publishers, New Jersey.
  • Savaş, V.F. (2016), Politik İktisat, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Shabbir, G. et al. (2016), “Corruption, Political Stability, and Economic Growth”, The Pakistan Development Review, 55(4), 689-702.
  • Shen, J.G. (2002), “Democracy and Growth: An Alternative Empirical Approach”, Bank of Finland, Institute for Economies in Transition (BOFIT) Discussion Papers, No.13.
  • Sirowy, L. & A. Inkeles (1990), “The Effects of Democracy on Economic Growth and Inequality: A Review”, Studies in Comparative International Development, 25(1), 126-157.
  • Smith, J.A. (2011), “BRIC becomes BRICS: Emerging regional powers? Changes on the geopolitical chessboard”, The Global Research: Center For Research on Globaliziation, 1-7.
  • Tavares, J. & R. Wacziarg (2001), “How Democracy Affects Growth?”, European Economic Review, 45(8), 1341-1378.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1956), Economic Policy: Principles and Design, North-Holland.
  • UNDP (2002), Human Development Report: Deepening Democracy in A Fragmented World, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Wilson, D. & R. Purushothaman (2003), “Dreaming with BRICs: The path to 2050”, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper, 99, 1-24.
  • Yalçınkaya, Ö. & V. Kaya (2017), “Politik İstikrarın / İstikrarsızlığın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri: Dünyanın En Büyük İlk Yirmi Ekonomisi Üzerinde Bir Uygulama (1996-2015)”, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(2), 277-298.
  • Yueh, L. (2020), Büyük Ekonomistler, (çev. M. Karadeniz), Salon Yayınları, İstanbul.
There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Oğuzhan Sungur 0000-0001-6897-4926

Ali Altıner 0000-0001-7362-8198

Publication Date October 26, 2023
Submission Date December 2, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Sungur, O., & Altıner, A. (2023). The Effect of Democracy and Political Stability on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from BRICS-T Countries (2002-2020). Sosyoekonomi, 31(58), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.04.08
AMA Sungur O, Altıner A. The Effect of Democracy and Political Stability on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from BRICS-T Countries (2002-2020). Sosyoekonomi. October 2023;31(58):161-178. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.04.08
Chicago Sungur, Oğuzhan, and Ali Altıner. “The Effect of Democracy and Political Stability on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from BRICS-T Countries (2002-2020)”. Sosyoekonomi 31, no. 58 (October 2023): 161-78. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.04.08.
EndNote Sungur O, Altıner A (October 1, 2023) The Effect of Democracy and Political Stability on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from BRICS-T Countries (2002-2020). Sosyoekonomi 31 58 161–178.
IEEE O. Sungur and A. Altıner, “The Effect of Democracy and Political Stability on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from BRICS-T Countries (2002-2020)”, Sosyoekonomi, vol. 31, no. 58, pp. 161–178, 2023, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.04.08.
ISNAD Sungur, Oğuzhan - Altıner, Ali. “The Effect of Democracy and Political Stability on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from BRICS-T Countries (2002-2020)”. Sosyoekonomi 31/58 (October 2023), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.04.08.
JAMA Sungur O, Altıner A. The Effect of Democracy and Political Stability on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from BRICS-T Countries (2002-2020). Sosyoekonomi. 2023;31:161–178.
MLA Sungur, Oğuzhan and Ali Altıner. “The Effect of Democracy and Political Stability on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from BRICS-T Countries (2002-2020)”. Sosyoekonomi, vol. 31, no. 58, 2023, pp. 161-78, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.04.08.
Vancouver Sungur O, Altıner A. The Effect of Democracy and Political Stability on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from BRICS-T Countries (2002-2020). Sosyoekonomi. 2023;31(58):161-78.