Effect of Internet Addiction on Female Employee Performance: The Regulatory Role of Social Support
Year 2022,
, 219 - 241, 28.04.2022
Yunus Zengin
,
Serkan Naktiyok
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study is to determine the effect of internet addiction on females’ job performance. Additionally, the results were analysed by adding social support as a regulatory variable. The survey technique has been used to obtain the data, and surveys have been applied to 408 female employees in two private enterprises operating in the information and communication sector. According to the results, it has been found that internet addiction adversely affects individual performance. However, a decrease in adverse effects and an increase in personal performance have been identified with the addition of the regulatory variable to the model.
References
- AbuAlRub, R.F. (2004), “Job Stress, Job Performance, and Social Support Among Hospital Nurses”, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 36(1), 73-78.
- Akbay, A.S. & E. Taşçı-Duran (2018), “How Does Spousal Support Affect Women's Quality of Life in the Postpartum Period in Turkish Culture?”, Asian Women, 34(3), 29-45.
- Al-Kandari, Y.Y. & M.M. Al-Sejari (2020), “Social Isolation, Social Support and Their Relationship With Smartphone Addiction”, Information, Communication & Society, 24(1), 1-19.
- American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.
- Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (1995), Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı, Dördüncü Baskı (DSM IV) (Çev. Ed: E. Köroğlu) Hekimler Yayın Birliği, Ankara.
- Anderson, K.J. (2001), “Internet Use Among College Students: An Exploratory Study”, Journal of American College Health, 50(1), 21- 26.
- Arısoy, Ö. (2009), “İnternet Bağımlılığı ve Tedavisi”, Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 1(1), 55-67.
- Aslan, E. & A. Yazıcı (2016), “Üniversite Öğrencilerinde İnternet Bağımlılığı ve İlişkili Sosyodemografik Faktörler”, Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(3), 109-117.
- Baron, R.M. & D.A. Kenny (1986), “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
- Barutçugil, İ. (2002), Performans Yönetimi, İstanbul: Kariyer Yayıncılık, 40.
- Batıgün, D.A. & D. Hasta (2010), “İnternet Bağımlılığı: Yalnızlık ve Kişilerarası İlişki Tarzları Açısından Bir Değerlendirme”, Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 11(3), 213-219.
- Beard, K.W. (2002), “Internet addiction: Current Status And İmplications For Employees”, Journal of Employment Counseling, 39(1), 2-11.
- Beard, K.W. (2005), “Internet Addiction: A Review of Current Assessment Techniques And Potential Assessment Questions”, Cyberpsychol Behav, (8), 7-14.
- Bonetti, L. et al. (2010), “The Relationship of Loneliness and Social Anxiety With Children’s and Adolescents’ Online Communication”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 13(3), 279-285.
- Bowling, N.A. et al. (2004), “Explaining Potential Antecedents of Workplace Social Support: Reciprocity or Attractiveness?”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(4), 339-350.
- Bowling, N.A. et al. (2005), “Giving and Receiving Social Support at Work: The Roles of Personality and Reciprocity”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(3), 476-489.
- Büyükgebiz-Koca, E. & M.Z. Tunca (2019), “İnternet ve Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığının Öğrencilerin Performanslarına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Yazın Taraması”, SDU İİBF Dergisi, 24(1), 33-53.
- Cao, X. & L. Yu (2019), “Exploring The Influence of Excessive Social Media Use At Work: A Three-Dimension Usage Perspective”, International Journal of Information Management, 46, 83-92.
- Castells, M. (2008), Enformasyon Çağı: Ekonomi, Toplum ve Kültür, Cilt 1: Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 744.
- Chae, D. et al. (2018), “Sex Differences in The Factors Influencing Korean College Students’ Addictive Tendency Toward Social Networking Sites”, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16(2), 339-350.
- Christensen, P.H. & N.J. Foss (2020), “Present-but-online: How mobile devices may harm purposeful co-presence in organizations (and what can be done about it)”, European Management Journal, 39(1), 84-94.
- Cieslak, R. et al. (2007), “Reciprocal Relations Among Job Demands, Job Control and Social Support are Moderated By Neuroticism: A Cross-Lagged Analysis”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(1), 84-96.
- Cole, B. et al. (2007), “The Moderating Role of Ethnic Identity and Social Support on Relations Between Well‐Being and Academic Performance”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(3), 592-615.
- Çelik, A. vd. (2012), “A Research Levels of Perceived Social Support on the Responsible Persons of The Hospital Units”, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(3), 357-370.
- Dehaghi, M.R. & A. Rouhani (2014), “Studying the Relationship Between the Effective Factors on Employees’ Performance in Iran’s University and the Students’ Satisfaction with Regards to Employees Performance”, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 141, 903-908.
- Eichenberg, C. et al. (2017), “Attachment style and internet addiction: an online survey”, J. Med. Internet Res., 19(5), e170, <http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6694>, 09.12.2020.
- Eker, D. & H. Arkar (1995), “Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeğinin Faktör Yapısı, Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği”, Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 45-55.
- Engelberg, E. & L. Sjöberg (2004), “Internet Use, Social Skills, and Adjustment”, Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7(1), 41-47.
- Eskandari, H. & N. Baratzadeh Ghahramanloo (2020), “Investigating The Mediating Role of Social Support in The Relationship Between Addiction to Social Network, Media Literacy and Emotional Intelligence”, Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 4(2), 129-151.
- Forouzani, M. & L. Mohammadzadeh (2018), “Empowerment of the Members of Rural Women's Cooperatives: The Impact of ICTs in Rural Districts of Urmia County, Iran”, Asian Women, 34(4), 77-99.
- Frazier, P.A. et al. (2004), “Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology Research”, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115-134.
- Greenfield, D.N. (1999), “Psychological characteristics of compulsive Internet use: A preliminary analysis”, Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 2(5), 403-412.
- Griffiths, M.D. (2000), “Internet addiction: Time to be taken seriously?”, Addiction Research, 8, 413-418.
- Günüç, S. & M. Kayri (2010), “Türkiye’de İnternet Bağımlılık Profili ve İnternet Bağımlılık Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik-Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 39, 220-232.
- Harrison, V. et al. (2021), “Perceived Social Support and Prenatal Wellbeing; The Mediating Effects of Loneliness And Repetitive Negative Thinking on Anxiety and Depression During The Covid-19 Pandemic”, Women and Birth, 10.
- Hauck, E.L. et al. (2008), “Workload Variability and Social Support: Effects on Stress and Performance”, Current Psychology, 27(2), 112-125.
- Hawi, N.S. & M. Samaha (2017), “The Relations Among Social Media Addiction, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction in University Students”, Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 576-586.
- Hou, Y. et al. (2019), “Social Media Addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention”, Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 13(1), 1-4.
- Kara, E. et al. (2021), “The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification in the Effect of Perceived Organizational Support on Employee Performance”, Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 47-64.
- Karaer, Y. & D. Akdemir (2019), “Parenting Styles, Perceived Social Support and Emotion Regulation in Adolescents With Internet Addiction”, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 92, 22-27.
- Karasu, F. (2017), “Üniversite Öğrencilerinin İnternet Bağımlılığı ile Sosyal Destek Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(14), 372-386.
- Kırmızıgül, B. (2018), “Örgütsel Sosyalleşmenin Örgütsel Özdeşleşme Üzerine Etkisi: Bankacılık Sektöründe Bir Araştırma”, Electronic Turkish Studies, 13(30), 225-241.
- Kim, K, et al. (2016), “When do employees cyberloaf? An interactionist perspective examining personality, justice, and empowerment”, Human Resource Management, 55(6), 1041-1058.
- Konovsky, M.A. & R. Cropanzano (1991), “Perceived Fairness of Employee Drug Testing As A Predictor of Employee Attitudes And Job Performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(5), 698-707.
- Koyama, A. et al.. (2010), “Lifetime Prevalence, Psychiatric Comorbidity and Demographic Correlates of “Hikikomori” in A Community Population in Japan”, Psychiatry Research, 176, 69-74.
- Kuss, D.J. et al. (2021), “Internet Addictions Outside of Europe: A Systematic Literature Review”, Computers in Human Behavior, 106621, 115.
- Lachmann, B. et al. (2016), “Life Satisfaction and Problematic Internet Use: Evidence for Gender Specific Effects”, Psychiatry Research, 238, 363-367.
- Leung, L. & P.S. Lee (2012), “Impact of Internet Literacy, Internet Addiction Symptoms, and Internet Activities on Academic Performance”, Social Science Computer Review, 30(4), 403-418.
- Lim, V.K.G. & D.J.Q. Chen (2012), “Cyberloafing at the Workplace: Gain Or Drain On Work?”, Behaviour & Information Technology, 31(4), 343-353.
- Lin, M.P. et al. (2018), “Association Between Online and Offline Social Support and Internet Addiction in A Representative Sample of Senior High School Students in Taiwan: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem”, Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 1-7.
- Lindorff, M. (2001), “Are They Lonely at the Top? Social Relationships and Social Support among Australian Managers”, Work & Stress, 15(3), 274-282.
- Lo, C.K. et al. (2021), “Association of Harsh Parenting and Maltreatment With Internet Addiction, and The Mediating Role of Bullying and Social Support”, Child Abuse & Neglect, 113, 104928.
- Marcinkus, W. et al. (2007), “The Relationship of Social Support to the Work-Family Balance and Work Outcomes of Midlife Women”, Women in Management Review, 22(2), 86-111.
- Mo, P.K. et al. (2018), “The Role of Social Support on Emotion Dysregulation and Internet Addiction Among Chinese Adolescents: A structural equation model”, Addictive Behaviors, 82, 86-93.
- Moge, C.E. & D.M. Romano (2020), “Contextualising Video Game Engagement and Addiction in Mental Health: The Mediating Roles of Coping And Social Support”, Heliyon, 6(11), 1-10.
- Mohammad, J. et al. (2019), “Workplace Internet Leisure and Employees’ Productivity”, Internet Research, 29(1), 725-748.
- Moningkey, R. & R. Franksiska (2020), “The Influence of Social Media Addiction to Employees Performance with Cyberloafing as Intervening Variable (Study on Generation Y Workers at MNC)”, International Journal of Social Science and Business, 4(2), 251-258.
- Munene, A.G. & Y.M. Nyaribo (2013), “Effect of Social Media Participation in The Workplace on Employee Productivity”, International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 2(2), 141-150.
- Ng, T.W.H. & D.C. Feldman (2013), “Does Longer Job Tenure Help Or Hinder Job Performance”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83, 305-314.
- Pallanti, S. et al. (2006) “The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire and the Internet Addiction Scale in the assessment of multiple addictions in a high-school population: prevalence and related disability”, CNS Spectrums, 11(12), 966-974.
- Pavithra, S. & K.V. Deepak (2021), “The Effect of Social Media on Employees’ Job Performance With Reference to Information Technology (IT) Sector in Bangalore”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 1-5.
- Peterson, K.U. et al. (2009) “Pathological Internet Use-Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Co-Occurring Disorders and Treatment”, Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, 77(Suppl 5), 263-271.
- Priyadarshini, C. et al. (2020), “Impact of a Social Media Addiction on Employees' Wellbeing and Work Productivity”, The Qualitative Report, 25(1), 181-196.
- Redman, T. & E. Snape (2006), “The Consequences of Perceived Age Discrimination Amongst Older Police Officers: Is Social Support a Buffer?”, British Journal of Management, 17(2), 167-175.
- Rousseau, D.M. & J. Mclean Parks (1993), “The Contracts of Individuals and Organizations”, Research in Organizational Behavior, 15(1), 1-43.
- Saleh, M. et al. (2018), “The Effect of Cyberloafing on Employee Productivity”, International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(4), 87-92.
- Sancar, A. (2012), “Personel Güçlendirme Algısı ile Dönüştürücü Liderlik Arasındaki İlişkiler: Kamu Kurulusunda Bir Araştırma”, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
- Schermerhorn, J.R. et al. (1985), Managing Organizational Behavior, NewYork: John & Sons Publishing, 358.
- Shaw, L.H. & L.M. Gant (2004), “In defense of the Internet: The Relationship Between Internet Communication and Depression, Loneliness, Self-Esteem, and Perceived Social Support”, Internet Research, 28(3), 157-171.
- Shettar, M. et al. (2017), “Facebook addiction and loneliness in the post-graduate students of a university in southern India”, Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry, 63(4), 325-329.
- Shrivastava, A. et al. (2018), “Internet Addiction at Workplace And It Implication For Workers Life Style: Exploration from Southern India”, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 151-155.
- Sigler, T.H. & C.M. Pearson (2000), “Creating An Empowering Culture: Examining the Relationship Between Organizational Culture and Perceptions of Empowerment”, Journal of Quality Management, 5, 27-52.
- Simcharoen, S. et al. (2018), “Prevalence, associated factors and impact of loneliness and interpersonal problems on internet addiction: A study in Chiang Mai medical students”, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 2-7.
- Sinyangwe, B. (2019), Investigating the Effects of Social Media on Employee Performance in Zambia: A case study of Zambian Breweries plant in Lusaka, 1-30.
- Siomos, K.E. et al. (2008) “Internet Addiction Among Greek Adolescent Students”, CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 653-657.
- Song, Q. et al. (2019), “Impact of The Usage of Social Media in The Workplace on Team and Employee Performance”, Information & Management, 56(8), 103-160.
- Sonnentag, S. & M. Frese (2002), Performance Concepts and Performance Theory. Psychological Management of Individual Performance, Edited by Sabine Sonnentag, John Wiley & Sons, 375.
- Soysal, A. vd. (2019), “Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranış Algısı ile İş Performansı Arasındaki İlişki: Hemşireler Üzerinde Bir Araştırma”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 73-91.
- Su, W. et al. (2020), “Do men become addicted to internet gaming and women to social media? A meta-analysis examining gender-related differences in specific internet addiction”, Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106480.
- Şahin, S. & V. Açar (2017), “İnternet Bağımlılığı ve Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı: Hastanelerde Uygulanan Bir Araştırma”, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(5), 1094-1103.
- Taşdan, M. & T. Yalçın (2010), “İlköğretim Okulu Öğretmenlerinin Algıladıkları Sosyal Destek ile Örgütsel Güven Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişki Düzeyi”, Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 10(4), 2569-2620.
- Taylan, H. (2015), “Yükseköğretim Öğrencilerinde İnternet Bağımlılığı ve Etkileyen Faktörler, International Conference on Quality in Higher Education”, Sakarya Univetsity, Proceedings Book, 662-669.
- Taylan, H.H. & M. Işık (2015), “Sakarya’da Ortaokul ve Lise Öğrencilerinde İnternet Bağımlılığı”, Turkish Studies, 10(6), 855-874.
- Tekingündüz, S. vd. (2016), “Sosyal destek, İşe Yabancılaşma ve İş Stresinin İşgören Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi”, Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 683-694.
- Tsai, H.F. et al. (2009), “The Risk Factors of Internet Addiction-A Survey of University Freshmen”, Psychiatry Research, 167(Suppl 3), 294-299.
- Tulunay-Ateş, Ö. (2016), “Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Algıladıkları Sosyal Destek ile Motivasyon Yönelimleri Arasındaki İlişkinin Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli ile İncelenmesi”, Kalem Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 359-388.
- Turel, O. et al. (2011), “Family and Work-Related Consequences of Addiction to Organizational Pervasive Technologies”, Information & Management, 48(2-3), 88-95.
- Uludağ, G. (2018), “Örgütsel Bağlılık ile İşgören Performansı İlişkisini İncelemeye Yönelik Bir Alan Araştırması”, BEÜ SBE Dergi, 7(1), 171-193.
- Weinstein, A. et al. (2016), “Delay discounting, Risk-Taking, Andrejection Sensitivity Among İndividuals With Internet and Video Gaming Disorders”, J. Behav. Addict., 5(4), 674-682.
- Whang, L.S. & G. Chang (2003), “Internet Over-Users' Psychological Profiles: A Behavior Sampling Analysis on Internet Addiction”, CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(Suppl 2), 143-150.
- Wilson, K. et al. (2010), “Psychological Predictors of Young Adults’ Use of Social Networking Sites”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 13(2), 173-177.
- Wu, C. et al. (2021), “Does Enterprise Social Media Usage Make The Employee More Productive? A Meta-analysis”, Telematics and Informatics, 101578, 1-13.
- Yıldırım, İ. (1997), “Algılanan Sosyal Destek Düzeyinin Geliştirilmesi Güvenirliği ve Geçerliği”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13, 81-87.
- Yıldırım, İ. (2004a), “Eş Destek Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi”, Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 22(3), 19-26.
- Yıldırım, İ. (2004b), “Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeğinin Revizyonu”, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 17, 221-236.
- Young, K.S. (1996), “Internet addiction: The Emergence of A New Clinical Disorder”, Cyberpsychol Behavior, 1(3), 237-244.
- Young, K.S. (2007), “Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Internet Addicts: Treatment Outcomes and Implications”, CyberPsychology and Behavior, 10(5), 671-679.
İnternet Bağımlılığının Kadın Çalışan Performansına Etkisi: Sosyal Desteğin Düzenleyici Rolü
Year 2022,
, 219 - 241, 28.04.2022
Yunus Zengin
,
Serkan Naktiyok
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, internet bağımlılığının kadınların iş performansına etkisini belirlemektir. Ayrıca, sosyal destek düzenleyici değişken olarak eklenerek sonuçlar analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin elde edilmesinde anket tekniği kullanılmış ve bilgi ve iletişim sektöründe faaliyet gösteren iki özel işletmede 408 kadın çalışana anket uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlara göre internet bağımlılığının bireysel performansı olumsuz etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Ancak düzenleyici değişkenin modele eklenmesiyle olumsuz etkilerin azaldığı ve bireysel performansın arttığı tespit edilmiştir.
References
- AbuAlRub, R.F. (2004), “Job Stress, Job Performance, and Social Support Among Hospital Nurses”, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 36(1), 73-78.
- Akbay, A.S. & E. Taşçı-Duran (2018), “How Does Spousal Support Affect Women's Quality of Life in the Postpartum Period in Turkish Culture?”, Asian Women, 34(3), 29-45.
- Al-Kandari, Y.Y. & M.M. Al-Sejari (2020), “Social Isolation, Social Support and Their Relationship With Smartphone Addiction”, Information, Communication & Society, 24(1), 1-19.
- American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.
- Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (1995), Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı, Dördüncü Baskı (DSM IV) (Çev. Ed: E. Köroğlu) Hekimler Yayın Birliği, Ankara.
- Anderson, K.J. (2001), “Internet Use Among College Students: An Exploratory Study”, Journal of American College Health, 50(1), 21- 26.
- Arısoy, Ö. (2009), “İnternet Bağımlılığı ve Tedavisi”, Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 1(1), 55-67.
- Aslan, E. & A. Yazıcı (2016), “Üniversite Öğrencilerinde İnternet Bağımlılığı ve İlişkili Sosyodemografik Faktörler”, Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(3), 109-117.
- Baron, R.M. & D.A. Kenny (1986), “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
- Barutçugil, İ. (2002), Performans Yönetimi, İstanbul: Kariyer Yayıncılık, 40.
- Batıgün, D.A. & D. Hasta (2010), “İnternet Bağımlılığı: Yalnızlık ve Kişilerarası İlişki Tarzları Açısından Bir Değerlendirme”, Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 11(3), 213-219.
- Beard, K.W. (2002), “Internet addiction: Current Status And İmplications For Employees”, Journal of Employment Counseling, 39(1), 2-11.
- Beard, K.W. (2005), “Internet Addiction: A Review of Current Assessment Techniques And Potential Assessment Questions”, Cyberpsychol Behav, (8), 7-14.
- Bonetti, L. et al. (2010), “The Relationship of Loneliness and Social Anxiety With Children’s and Adolescents’ Online Communication”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 13(3), 279-285.
- Bowling, N.A. et al. (2004), “Explaining Potential Antecedents of Workplace Social Support: Reciprocity or Attractiveness?”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(4), 339-350.
- Bowling, N.A. et al. (2005), “Giving and Receiving Social Support at Work: The Roles of Personality and Reciprocity”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(3), 476-489.
- Büyükgebiz-Koca, E. & M.Z. Tunca (2019), “İnternet ve Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığının Öğrencilerin Performanslarına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Yazın Taraması”, SDU İİBF Dergisi, 24(1), 33-53.
- Cao, X. & L. Yu (2019), “Exploring The Influence of Excessive Social Media Use At Work: A Three-Dimension Usage Perspective”, International Journal of Information Management, 46, 83-92.
- Castells, M. (2008), Enformasyon Çağı: Ekonomi, Toplum ve Kültür, Cilt 1: Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 744.
- Chae, D. et al. (2018), “Sex Differences in The Factors Influencing Korean College Students’ Addictive Tendency Toward Social Networking Sites”, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16(2), 339-350.
- Christensen, P.H. & N.J. Foss (2020), “Present-but-online: How mobile devices may harm purposeful co-presence in organizations (and what can be done about it)”, European Management Journal, 39(1), 84-94.
- Cieslak, R. et al. (2007), “Reciprocal Relations Among Job Demands, Job Control and Social Support are Moderated By Neuroticism: A Cross-Lagged Analysis”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(1), 84-96.
- Cole, B. et al. (2007), “The Moderating Role of Ethnic Identity and Social Support on Relations Between Well‐Being and Academic Performance”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(3), 592-615.
- Çelik, A. vd. (2012), “A Research Levels of Perceived Social Support on the Responsible Persons of The Hospital Units”, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(3), 357-370.
- Dehaghi, M.R. & A. Rouhani (2014), “Studying the Relationship Between the Effective Factors on Employees’ Performance in Iran’s University and the Students’ Satisfaction with Regards to Employees Performance”, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 141, 903-908.
- Eichenberg, C. et al. (2017), “Attachment style and internet addiction: an online survey”, J. Med. Internet Res., 19(5), e170, <http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6694>, 09.12.2020.
- Eker, D. & H. Arkar (1995), “Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeğinin Faktör Yapısı, Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği”, Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 45-55.
- Engelberg, E. & L. Sjöberg (2004), “Internet Use, Social Skills, and Adjustment”, Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7(1), 41-47.
- Eskandari, H. & N. Baratzadeh Ghahramanloo (2020), “Investigating The Mediating Role of Social Support in The Relationship Between Addiction to Social Network, Media Literacy and Emotional Intelligence”, Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 4(2), 129-151.
- Forouzani, M. & L. Mohammadzadeh (2018), “Empowerment of the Members of Rural Women's Cooperatives: The Impact of ICTs in Rural Districts of Urmia County, Iran”, Asian Women, 34(4), 77-99.
- Frazier, P.A. et al. (2004), “Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology Research”, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115-134.
- Greenfield, D.N. (1999), “Psychological characteristics of compulsive Internet use: A preliminary analysis”, Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 2(5), 403-412.
- Griffiths, M.D. (2000), “Internet addiction: Time to be taken seriously?”, Addiction Research, 8, 413-418.
- Günüç, S. & M. Kayri (2010), “Türkiye’de İnternet Bağımlılık Profili ve İnternet Bağımlılık Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik-Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 39, 220-232.
- Harrison, V. et al. (2021), “Perceived Social Support and Prenatal Wellbeing; The Mediating Effects of Loneliness And Repetitive Negative Thinking on Anxiety and Depression During The Covid-19 Pandemic”, Women and Birth, 10.
- Hauck, E.L. et al. (2008), “Workload Variability and Social Support: Effects on Stress and Performance”, Current Psychology, 27(2), 112-125.
- Hawi, N.S. & M. Samaha (2017), “The Relations Among Social Media Addiction, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction in University Students”, Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 576-586.
- Hou, Y. et al. (2019), “Social Media Addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention”, Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 13(1), 1-4.
- Kara, E. et al. (2021), “The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification in the Effect of Perceived Organizational Support on Employee Performance”, Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 47-64.
- Karaer, Y. & D. Akdemir (2019), “Parenting Styles, Perceived Social Support and Emotion Regulation in Adolescents With Internet Addiction”, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 92, 22-27.
- Karasu, F. (2017), “Üniversite Öğrencilerinin İnternet Bağımlılığı ile Sosyal Destek Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(14), 372-386.
- Kırmızıgül, B. (2018), “Örgütsel Sosyalleşmenin Örgütsel Özdeşleşme Üzerine Etkisi: Bankacılık Sektöründe Bir Araştırma”, Electronic Turkish Studies, 13(30), 225-241.
- Kim, K, et al. (2016), “When do employees cyberloaf? An interactionist perspective examining personality, justice, and empowerment”, Human Resource Management, 55(6), 1041-1058.
- Konovsky, M.A. & R. Cropanzano (1991), “Perceived Fairness of Employee Drug Testing As A Predictor of Employee Attitudes And Job Performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(5), 698-707.
- Koyama, A. et al.. (2010), “Lifetime Prevalence, Psychiatric Comorbidity and Demographic Correlates of “Hikikomori” in A Community Population in Japan”, Psychiatry Research, 176, 69-74.
- Kuss, D.J. et al. (2021), “Internet Addictions Outside of Europe: A Systematic Literature Review”, Computers in Human Behavior, 106621, 115.
- Lachmann, B. et al. (2016), “Life Satisfaction and Problematic Internet Use: Evidence for Gender Specific Effects”, Psychiatry Research, 238, 363-367.
- Leung, L. & P.S. Lee (2012), “Impact of Internet Literacy, Internet Addiction Symptoms, and Internet Activities on Academic Performance”, Social Science Computer Review, 30(4), 403-418.
- Lim, V.K.G. & D.J.Q. Chen (2012), “Cyberloafing at the Workplace: Gain Or Drain On Work?”, Behaviour & Information Technology, 31(4), 343-353.
- Lin, M.P. et al. (2018), “Association Between Online and Offline Social Support and Internet Addiction in A Representative Sample of Senior High School Students in Taiwan: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem”, Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 1-7.
- Lindorff, M. (2001), “Are They Lonely at the Top? Social Relationships and Social Support among Australian Managers”, Work & Stress, 15(3), 274-282.
- Lo, C.K. et al. (2021), “Association of Harsh Parenting and Maltreatment With Internet Addiction, and The Mediating Role of Bullying and Social Support”, Child Abuse & Neglect, 113, 104928.
- Marcinkus, W. et al. (2007), “The Relationship of Social Support to the Work-Family Balance and Work Outcomes of Midlife Women”, Women in Management Review, 22(2), 86-111.
- Mo, P.K. et al. (2018), “The Role of Social Support on Emotion Dysregulation and Internet Addiction Among Chinese Adolescents: A structural equation model”, Addictive Behaviors, 82, 86-93.
- Moge, C.E. & D.M. Romano (2020), “Contextualising Video Game Engagement and Addiction in Mental Health: The Mediating Roles of Coping And Social Support”, Heliyon, 6(11), 1-10.
- Mohammad, J. et al. (2019), “Workplace Internet Leisure and Employees’ Productivity”, Internet Research, 29(1), 725-748.
- Moningkey, R. & R. Franksiska (2020), “The Influence of Social Media Addiction to Employees Performance with Cyberloafing as Intervening Variable (Study on Generation Y Workers at MNC)”, International Journal of Social Science and Business, 4(2), 251-258.
- Munene, A.G. & Y.M. Nyaribo (2013), “Effect of Social Media Participation in The Workplace on Employee Productivity”, International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 2(2), 141-150.
- Ng, T.W.H. & D.C. Feldman (2013), “Does Longer Job Tenure Help Or Hinder Job Performance”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83, 305-314.
- Pallanti, S. et al. (2006) “The Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire and the Internet Addiction Scale in the assessment of multiple addictions in a high-school population: prevalence and related disability”, CNS Spectrums, 11(12), 966-974.
- Pavithra, S. & K.V. Deepak (2021), “The Effect of Social Media on Employees’ Job Performance With Reference to Information Technology (IT) Sector in Bangalore”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 1-5.
- Peterson, K.U. et al. (2009) “Pathological Internet Use-Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Co-Occurring Disorders and Treatment”, Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, 77(Suppl 5), 263-271.
- Priyadarshini, C. et al. (2020), “Impact of a Social Media Addiction on Employees' Wellbeing and Work Productivity”, The Qualitative Report, 25(1), 181-196.
- Redman, T. & E. Snape (2006), “The Consequences of Perceived Age Discrimination Amongst Older Police Officers: Is Social Support a Buffer?”, British Journal of Management, 17(2), 167-175.
- Rousseau, D.M. & J. Mclean Parks (1993), “The Contracts of Individuals and Organizations”, Research in Organizational Behavior, 15(1), 1-43.
- Saleh, M. et al. (2018), “The Effect of Cyberloafing on Employee Productivity”, International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 5(4), 87-92.
- Sancar, A. (2012), “Personel Güçlendirme Algısı ile Dönüştürücü Liderlik Arasındaki İlişkiler: Kamu Kurulusunda Bir Araştırma”, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
- Schermerhorn, J.R. et al. (1985), Managing Organizational Behavior, NewYork: John & Sons Publishing, 358.
- Shaw, L.H. & L.M. Gant (2004), “In defense of the Internet: The Relationship Between Internet Communication and Depression, Loneliness, Self-Esteem, and Perceived Social Support”, Internet Research, 28(3), 157-171.
- Shettar, M. et al. (2017), “Facebook addiction and loneliness in the post-graduate students of a university in southern India”, Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry, 63(4), 325-329.
- Shrivastava, A. et al. (2018), “Internet Addiction at Workplace And It Implication For Workers Life Style: Exploration from Southern India”, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 151-155.
- Sigler, T.H. & C.M. Pearson (2000), “Creating An Empowering Culture: Examining the Relationship Between Organizational Culture and Perceptions of Empowerment”, Journal of Quality Management, 5, 27-52.
- Simcharoen, S. et al. (2018), “Prevalence, associated factors and impact of loneliness and interpersonal problems on internet addiction: A study in Chiang Mai medical students”, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 2-7.
- Sinyangwe, B. (2019), Investigating the Effects of Social Media on Employee Performance in Zambia: A case study of Zambian Breweries plant in Lusaka, 1-30.
- Siomos, K.E. et al. (2008) “Internet Addiction Among Greek Adolescent Students”, CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 653-657.
- Song, Q. et al. (2019), “Impact of The Usage of Social Media in The Workplace on Team and Employee Performance”, Information & Management, 56(8), 103-160.
- Sonnentag, S. & M. Frese (2002), Performance Concepts and Performance Theory. Psychological Management of Individual Performance, Edited by Sabine Sonnentag, John Wiley & Sons, 375.
- Soysal, A. vd. (2019), “Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranış Algısı ile İş Performansı Arasındaki İlişki: Hemşireler Üzerinde Bir Araştırma”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 73-91.
- Su, W. et al. (2020), “Do men become addicted to internet gaming and women to social media? A meta-analysis examining gender-related differences in specific internet addiction”, Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106480.
- Şahin, S. & V. Açar (2017), “İnternet Bağımlılığı ve Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı: Hastanelerde Uygulanan Bir Araştırma”, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(5), 1094-1103.
- Taşdan, M. & T. Yalçın (2010), “İlköğretim Okulu Öğretmenlerinin Algıladıkları Sosyal Destek ile Örgütsel Güven Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişki Düzeyi”, Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 10(4), 2569-2620.
- Taylan, H. (2015), “Yükseköğretim Öğrencilerinde İnternet Bağımlılığı ve Etkileyen Faktörler, International Conference on Quality in Higher Education”, Sakarya Univetsity, Proceedings Book, 662-669.
- Taylan, H.H. & M. Işık (2015), “Sakarya’da Ortaokul ve Lise Öğrencilerinde İnternet Bağımlılığı”, Turkish Studies, 10(6), 855-874.
- Tekingündüz, S. vd. (2016), “Sosyal destek, İşe Yabancılaşma ve İş Stresinin İşgören Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi”, Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 683-694.
- Tsai, H.F. et al. (2009), “The Risk Factors of Internet Addiction-A Survey of University Freshmen”, Psychiatry Research, 167(Suppl 3), 294-299.
- Tulunay-Ateş, Ö. (2016), “Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Algıladıkları Sosyal Destek ile Motivasyon Yönelimleri Arasındaki İlişkinin Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli ile İncelenmesi”, Kalem Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 359-388.
- Turel, O. et al. (2011), “Family and Work-Related Consequences of Addiction to Organizational Pervasive Technologies”, Information & Management, 48(2-3), 88-95.
- Uludağ, G. (2018), “Örgütsel Bağlılık ile İşgören Performansı İlişkisini İncelemeye Yönelik Bir Alan Araştırması”, BEÜ SBE Dergi, 7(1), 171-193.
- Weinstein, A. et al. (2016), “Delay discounting, Risk-Taking, Andrejection Sensitivity Among İndividuals With Internet and Video Gaming Disorders”, J. Behav. Addict., 5(4), 674-682.
- Whang, L.S. & G. Chang (2003), “Internet Over-Users' Psychological Profiles: A Behavior Sampling Analysis on Internet Addiction”, CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(Suppl 2), 143-150.
- Wilson, K. et al. (2010), “Psychological Predictors of Young Adults’ Use of Social Networking Sites”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 13(2), 173-177.
- Wu, C. et al. (2021), “Does Enterprise Social Media Usage Make The Employee More Productive? A Meta-analysis”, Telematics and Informatics, 101578, 1-13.
- Yıldırım, İ. (1997), “Algılanan Sosyal Destek Düzeyinin Geliştirilmesi Güvenirliği ve Geçerliği”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13, 81-87.
- Yıldırım, İ. (2004a), “Eş Destek Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi”, Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 22(3), 19-26.
- Yıldırım, İ. (2004b), “Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeğinin Revizyonu”, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 17, 221-236.
- Young, K.S. (1996), “Internet addiction: The Emergence of A New Clinical Disorder”, Cyberpsychol Behavior, 1(3), 237-244.
- Young, K.S. (2007), “Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Internet Addicts: Treatment Outcomes and Implications”, CyberPsychology and Behavior, 10(5), 671-679.