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Kirlilik Emisyonu ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları: Türkiye İçin "Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi" Testi

Year 2014, Volume: 21 Issue: 21, - , 01.06.2014
https://doi.org/10.17233/se.96920

Abstract

Bu çalışmada 1974-2011 dönemi için Türkiye’de doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları ve CO2 emisyonu arasındaki ilişkinin “Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi”ne göre geçerliliği incelenecektir. Ayrıca ekonomide ölçek artışı ve yapısal değişimlerin CO2 emisyonu üzerindeki etkisi saptanarak “Faktör Donanım Hipotezin”nin geçerliliği de sınanacaktır. Ampirik sonuçlara gore, ekonominin ölçeğinin artışı ve yapısal değişimler CO2 emisyonunun artmasına neden olmakta ve böylece faktör donanım hipotezi doğrulanmış olmaktadır. Ancak yapısal değişimlerin, ekonomi ölçeğinin artışına göre, CO2’yi daha yüksek oranda etkilediği görülmektedir. Ayrıca doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının CO2 emisyonunu azaltması kirlilik sığınağı hipotezi eleştiricilerinin görüşlerini doğrulamaktadır. Modelde zaman trendinin istatistikî açıdan anlamlı çıkması ve CO2 emisyonuyla pozitif bir ilişkide bulunması, imalat sanayi üretiminde gelişmiş teknolojilerin kullanılmadığını ve toplumun zaman içerisinde çevre konusunda yeterince bilgilendirilmediğini göstermektedir.

References

  • Alsan, M. & D.E. Bloom & D. Canning (2006), ‟The effect of population health on foreign direct investment inflows to low- and middle-income countriesˮ, World Development, 34, 613-630.
  • Antweiler, W. & R.B. Copeland & M.S. Taylor (2001), “Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?”, American Economic Review, 91(4), 877–908.
  • Cadarso, M.A. & N. Gómez & L.A. López & M.A. Tobarra (2010), “CO2 Emissions of International Freight Transport and Offshoring: Measurement and Allocation”, Ecological Economics, 69 (8), 1682-1694.
  • Chen, Z.M. & G.Q. Chen (2011), “Embodied Carbon Dioxide Emission at Supra-National Scale: A Coalition Analysis for G7, BRIC, and The Rest of the World”, Energy Policy, 39(5), 2899 -2909.
  • Chenery, H.B. & M. Bruno (1962), “Development Alternatives in an Open The Economy: Case of Israel”, Economic Journal, 72(285), 79-103.
  • Chenery, H.B. & A.M. Strout (1966), “Foreign Assistance and Economic Development”, American Economic Review, 56(3), 679-733.
  • Cole, M.A. (2004), “Trade, the Pollution Haven Hypothesis and the Environmental KUZNET Curve: Examining the Linkages”, Ecological Economica, 48, 71-81.
  • Copeland, B.R. & M.S. Taylor (2003), Trade and the Environment: Theory and Evidence, Princeton University Press. Princeton, USA.
  • Copeland, B.R. & M. Scott Taylor (2004), “Trade, Growth and the Environment “, Journal of Economic Literature, 42(1), 7-71.
  • Cristea, A. & D. Hummelsand & L. Puzzelo (2011), “Trade and the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Freight Transport”, paper presented at the ETSG Conference Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Dean, J.M. (2002), “Does Trade Liberalization Harm the Environment? A New Test”, Canadian Journal of Economics, 35, 819-842.
  • Dickey D. & W. Fuller (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.
  • Dietzenbacher, E. & K. Mukhopadhyay (2004), “An Empirical Examination of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis for India: Towards a Green Leontief Paradox?”, Presented in Input-Output and General Equilibrium: Data, Modeling and PolicyAnalysis, Brussels, Belgium.
  • Eskeland, G.S. & A.E. Harrison (1997), “Moving to Greener Pastures? Multinationals and the Pollution-haven Hypothesis”, World Bank Working Paper Series, N0.1744.
  • Friedl, B. & M. Getzner (2003), “Determinant of CO2 Emissions in a Small Open Economy”, Journal of Ecological Economics, 45, 133-148.
  • Gay, W.P. & L.R. Proops (1993), “Carbon-Dioxide Production by the UK Economy: An Input-Output Assessment”, Applied Energy, 44, 113-130.
  • GEMS (2012), Global Environmental Monitoring System Official Web Page, <www.gemswater.org>.
  • Grossman, G.M. & A.B. Krueger (1995),”Economic Growth and the Environment”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 353–77.
  • Grossman, G.M. ve A.B. Krueger (1993), “Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement”, in Peter M. Garber (ed.), The US-Mexico Free Trade Agreement, Cambridge: MIT Press, 13-56.
  • Granger, C.W.J. & R.F. Engle, (1987), “Co-integration And Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing”, Econometrica, 55, 251-76.
  • Gujarati, D.N. (1999), Temel Ekonometri (çev. Ü Şenesen, G. G. Şenesen), İstanbul: Literatür.
  • Hayami H. & M. Nakamura & M. Suga & K. Yoshioka (1997), “Environmental Management in Japan: Application of Input-Output Analysis to the Emission of Global Warming Gases”, Managerial and Decision Economics, 18(2), 195-208.
  • Hettige, H. & M. Mani & D. Whheler (1995), “Industrial Pollution in Economic Development: Kuznet Revisited” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.1876. Washington, DC: Retrieved on December 28, 2011, from the World Bank website: <http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSIBK>.
  • Kellenberg, D.K. (2009), “An Empirical Investigation of the Pollution Haven with Strategic Environment and Trade Policy”, Journal of International Economics, 78, 242-255.
  • Kunce, M. et al (2002), “Environmental Policy and the Timing of Drilling and Production in the Oil and Gas Industry”, in List, J. A. and A. de Zeeuw (ed.), Recent Advances in Environmental Economics, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
  • Letchumanan, R. & F. Kodama (2000), “Reconciling the Conflict Between the Pollutionhaven Hypothesis and an Emerging Trajectory of International Technology Transfer”, Research Policy, 29, 59-79.
  • Levinson, A. (2003), “Environmental Regulatory Competition: A Status Report and Some New Evidence”, National Tax Journal, 56, 91–106.
  • Levinson, A. (1997), “A Note on Environmental Federalism: Interpreting Some Contradictory Results”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 33, 359-366.
  • Levinson, A. (2008), Pollution Haven Hypothesis, New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.
  • List, J. A. et al (2003), “Effects of Environmental Regulations on Manufacturing Plant Births: Evidence from a Propensity Score Matching Estimator”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 944–952.
  • Lofdalh, C.L. (2002), Environmental Impacts of Globalisation and Trade: A systems study, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Low, P. & A. Yeats (1992), “Do ‘Dirty’ Industries Migrate?” in International Trade and the Environment, Patrick Low (ed.), International Trade and the Environment, Washington, DC, 89–104. World Bank Discuss paper 159.
  • Lucas, R.E.B. & D. Wheeler & H. Hermamala (1992), “Economic Development, Environmental Regulation and the International Migration of Toxic Industrial Pollution: 1960–1988”, in Patrick Low (ed.), International Trade and the Environment, Washington, DC, 67–86. World Bank Discussion paper 159.
  • Machado, G. & R. Schaeffer & E. Worrell (2001), “Energy and Carbon Embodied in the International Trade of Brazil: An Input-Output Approach”, Ecological Economics, 39(3), 409-424.
  • Mani M. (1996), “Environmental Tariffs on Polluting Imports: An Empirical Study”, Environmental and Resource Economics, 7, 391-411.
  • Mani, M. & D. Wheeler (1997), “In Search of Pollution Havens? Dirty Industry Migration in the World Economy”, World Bank working paper 16.
  • Mani M. & D. Wheeler (1998), “In Search of Pollution Havens? Dirty Industry in the World Economy 1960 to 1995”, The Journal of Environment and Development, 7(3), 215-247.
  • Merican, Y. & Z .Yusup & Z.M. Noor & L.S. Hook (2007), “Foreign Direct Investment and Pollution in Five ASEAN Nation” Journal of Economics and Management, 1(2): 245 – 261.
  • McKinnon, R.I. (1964), “Foreign Exchange Constraints in Economic Development and Efficient Aid Allocation”, Economic Journal, 74(294), 388-409.
  • Mukhopadhyay, K. & O. Forssell (2004), “An Empirical Investigation of Air Pollution from Fossil Fuel Combustion and its Impact on Health in India during 1973-1974 to 1996-1997”, Ecological Economics, 55(2), 235-250.
  • OECD (1997), Globalisation and Environment: Preliminary Perspectives, Paris.
  • Palmer, K et al (1995), “Tightening Environmental Standards: The Benefits Cost or the No-Cost Paradigm?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 119-132.
  • Phillips, P.C.B. & P. Perron (1988) “Testing For A Unit Root in Time Series Regression”, Biometrika, 75, 335-346.
  • Porter, G. (1999), “Trade Competition and Pollution Standards: Race to the Bottom or Stuck at the Bottom? “, Journal of Environment and Development, 8 (2), 133–151.
  • Proops, J.L.R. & G. Atkinson & B.F. Schlotheim & S. Simon (1999), “International Trade and the Sustainability Footprint: A Practical Criterion for its Assessment”, Ecological Economics, 28, 75-97.
  • Raspiller, S. ve N. Riedinger (2004), “Do Environmental Regulations Influence the Location Behavior of French Firms?”, Paper Presented at the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the EAERE, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Ridzuan, A.R. & A.H.M. Noor & E.M. Ahmad (2012) “FDI Impact on Carbon Dioxide Emission in ASEAN 5”, 2nd Annual Summit on Business and Entrepreneurial Studies (2nd ASBES 2012), 471-484.
  • Rock, M.T. (1996), “Pollution Intensity of GDP and Trade Policy: Can the World Bank be wrong?”, World Development, 24, 471-479.
  • Shadbegian, R & A.Wolverton (2010), “Location Decisions of U.S. Polluting Plants: Theory, Empirical Evidence, and Consequences”, International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 1, 1-49.
  • Talukdar, D. & C.M. Meisner (2001), “Does the Private Sector Help or Hurt the Environment? Evidence From Carbon Dioxide Pollution in Developing Countries”, World Development, 29 (5), 827-840.
  • Taylor M.S. (2004), “Unbundling the Pollution Haven Hypothesis”, Advances in Economic Analysis and Policy, 4(2), 1-30.
  • Temurshoev, U. (2006), “Pollution Havean Hypothesis or Factor Endowment Hypothesis: Theory and Empirical Examination for the Us and China”, CERGE-EI, Working Paper Series 292, 1-51.
  • Tobey, James A. (1990), “The Effects of Domestic Environmental Policies on Patterns of World Trade: An Empirical Test”, Kyklos, 43(2), 191–209.
  • World Bank (2012), World Bank Group Official Web Page, <www.worldbank.org>.
  • Wyckoff, W.A. & J.M. Roop (1994), “The Embodiment of Carbon in Imports of Manufactured Products: Implications for International Agreements on Greenhouse Gas Emissions”, Energy Policy, 22(3), 187-194.
  • Xing, Y. & C.D. Kolstad (2002), “Do Lax Environmental Regulations Attract Foreign Investment? “, Envirnomental and Resource Economics, 21, 1-22.
  • Xu, X. (1999), “Do Stringent Environmental Regulations Reduce the International Competitiveness of Environmentally Sensitive Goods? A Global Perspective”, World Development, 27(7), 1215-1226.

Kirlilik Emisyonu ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları: Türkiye İçin "Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi" Testi

Year 2014, Volume: 21 Issue: 21, - , 01.06.2014
https://doi.org/10.17233/se.96920

Abstract

Bu çalışmada 1974-2011 dönemi için Türkiye’de doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları ve CO2 emisyonu arasındaki ilişkinin “Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi”ne göre geçerliliği incelenecektir. Ayrıca ekonomide ölçek artışı ve yapısal değişimlerin CO2 emisyonu üzerindeki etkisi saptanarak “Faktör Donanım Hipotezin”nin geçerliliği de sınanacaktır. Ampirik sonuçlara gore, ekonominin ölçeğinin artışı ve yapısal değişimler CO2 emisyonunun artmasına neden olmakta ve böylece faktör donanım hipotezi doğrulanmış olmaktadır. Ancak yapısal değişimlerin, ekonomi ölçeğinin artışına göre, CO2’yi daha yüksek oranda etkilediği görülmektedir. Ayrıca doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının CO2 emisyonunu azaltması kirlilik sığınağı hipotezi eleştiricilerinin görüşlerini doğrulamaktadır. Modelde zaman trendinin istatistikî açıdan anlamlı çıkması ve CO2 emisyonuyla pozitif bir ilişkide bulunması, imalat sanayi üretiminde gelişmiş teknolojilerin kullanılmadığını ve toplumun zaman içerisinde çevre konusunda yeterince bilgilendirilmediğini göstermektedir.

References

  • Alsan, M. & D.E. Bloom & D. Canning (2006), ‟The effect of population health on foreign direct investment inflows to low- and middle-income countriesˮ, World Development, 34, 613-630.
  • Antweiler, W. & R.B. Copeland & M.S. Taylor (2001), “Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?”, American Economic Review, 91(4), 877–908.
  • Cadarso, M.A. & N. Gómez & L.A. López & M.A. Tobarra (2010), “CO2 Emissions of International Freight Transport and Offshoring: Measurement and Allocation”, Ecological Economics, 69 (8), 1682-1694.
  • Chen, Z.M. & G.Q. Chen (2011), “Embodied Carbon Dioxide Emission at Supra-National Scale: A Coalition Analysis for G7, BRIC, and The Rest of the World”, Energy Policy, 39(5), 2899 -2909.
  • Chenery, H.B. & M. Bruno (1962), “Development Alternatives in an Open The Economy: Case of Israel”, Economic Journal, 72(285), 79-103.
  • Chenery, H.B. & A.M. Strout (1966), “Foreign Assistance and Economic Development”, American Economic Review, 56(3), 679-733.
  • Cole, M.A. (2004), “Trade, the Pollution Haven Hypothesis and the Environmental KUZNET Curve: Examining the Linkages”, Ecological Economica, 48, 71-81.
  • Copeland, B.R. & M.S. Taylor (2003), Trade and the Environment: Theory and Evidence, Princeton University Press. Princeton, USA.
  • Copeland, B.R. & M. Scott Taylor (2004), “Trade, Growth and the Environment “, Journal of Economic Literature, 42(1), 7-71.
  • Cristea, A. & D. Hummelsand & L. Puzzelo (2011), “Trade and the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Freight Transport”, paper presented at the ETSG Conference Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Dean, J.M. (2002), “Does Trade Liberalization Harm the Environment? A New Test”, Canadian Journal of Economics, 35, 819-842.
  • Dickey D. & W. Fuller (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.
  • Dietzenbacher, E. & K. Mukhopadhyay (2004), “An Empirical Examination of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis for India: Towards a Green Leontief Paradox?”, Presented in Input-Output and General Equilibrium: Data, Modeling and PolicyAnalysis, Brussels, Belgium.
  • Eskeland, G.S. & A.E. Harrison (1997), “Moving to Greener Pastures? Multinationals and the Pollution-haven Hypothesis”, World Bank Working Paper Series, N0.1744.
  • Friedl, B. & M. Getzner (2003), “Determinant of CO2 Emissions in a Small Open Economy”, Journal of Ecological Economics, 45, 133-148.
  • Gay, W.P. & L.R. Proops (1993), “Carbon-Dioxide Production by the UK Economy: An Input-Output Assessment”, Applied Energy, 44, 113-130.
  • GEMS (2012), Global Environmental Monitoring System Official Web Page, <www.gemswater.org>.
  • Grossman, G.M. & A.B. Krueger (1995),”Economic Growth and the Environment”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 353–77.
  • Grossman, G.M. ve A.B. Krueger (1993), “Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement”, in Peter M. Garber (ed.), The US-Mexico Free Trade Agreement, Cambridge: MIT Press, 13-56.
  • Granger, C.W.J. & R.F. Engle, (1987), “Co-integration And Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing”, Econometrica, 55, 251-76.
  • Gujarati, D.N. (1999), Temel Ekonometri (çev. Ü Şenesen, G. G. Şenesen), İstanbul: Literatür.
  • Hayami H. & M. Nakamura & M. Suga & K. Yoshioka (1997), “Environmental Management in Japan: Application of Input-Output Analysis to the Emission of Global Warming Gases”, Managerial and Decision Economics, 18(2), 195-208.
  • Hettige, H. & M. Mani & D. Whheler (1995), “Industrial Pollution in Economic Development: Kuznet Revisited” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.1876. Washington, DC: Retrieved on December 28, 2011, from the World Bank website: <http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSIBK>.
  • Kellenberg, D.K. (2009), “An Empirical Investigation of the Pollution Haven with Strategic Environment and Trade Policy”, Journal of International Economics, 78, 242-255.
  • Kunce, M. et al (2002), “Environmental Policy and the Timing of Drilling and Production in the Oil and Gas Industry”, in List, J. A. and A. de Zeeuw (ed.), Recent Advances in Environmental Economics, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
  • Letchumanan, R. & F. Kodama (2000), “Reconciling the Conflict Between the Pollutionhaven Hypothesis and an Emerging Trajectory of International Technology Transfer”, Research Policy, 29, 59-79.
  • Levinson, A. (2003), “Environmental Regulatory Competition: A Status Report and Some New Evidence”, National Tax Journal, 56, 91–106.
  • Levinson, A. (1997), “A Note on Environmental Federalism: Interpreting Some Contradictory Results”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 33, 359-366.
  • Levinson, A. (2008), Pollution Haven Hypothesis, New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.
  • List, J. A. et al (2003), “Effects of Environmental Regulations on Manufacturing Plant Births: Evidence from a Propensity Score Matching Estimator”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 944–952.
  • Lofdalh, C.L. (2002), Environmental Impacts of Globalisation and Trade: A systems study, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Low, P. & A. Yeats (1992), “Do ‘Dirty’ Industries Migrate?” in International Trade and the Environment, Patrick Low (ed.), International Trade and the Environment, Washington, DC, 89–104. World Bank Discuss paper 159.
  • Lucas, R.E.B. & D. Wheeler & H. Hermamala (1992), “Economic Development, Environmental Regulation and the International Migration of Toxic Industrial Pollution: 1960–1988”, in Patrick Low (ed.), International Trade and the Environment, Washington, DC, 67–86. World Bank Discussion paper 159.
  • Machado, G. & R. Schaeffer & E. Worrell (2001), “Energy and Carbon Embodied in the International Trade of Brazil: An Input-Output Approach”, Ecological Economics, 39(3), 409-424.
  • Mani M. (1996), “Environmental Tariffs on Polluting Imports: An Empirical Study”, Environmental and Resource Economics, 7, 391-411.
  • Mani, M. & D. Wheeler (1997), “In Search of Pollution Havens? Dirty Industry Migration in the World Economy”, World Bank working paper 16.
  • Mani M. & D. Wheeler (1998), “In Search of Pollution Havens? Dirty Industry in the World Economy 1960 to 1995”, The Journal of Environment and Development, 7(3), 215-247.
  • Merican, Y. & Z .Yusup & Z.M. Noor & L.S. Hook (2007), “Foreign Direct Investment and Pollution in Five ASEAN Nation” Journal of Economics and Management, 1(2): 245 – 261.
  • McKinnon, R.I. (1964), “Foreign Exchange Constraints in Economic Development and Efficient Aid Allocation”, Economic Journal, 74(294), 388-409.
  • Mukhopadhyay, K. & O. Forssell (2004), “An Empirical Investigation of Air Pollution from Fossil Fuel Combustion and its Impact on Health in India during 1973-1974 to 1996-1997”, Ecological Economics, 55(2), 235-250.
  • OECD (1997), Globalisation and Environment: Preliminary Perspectives, Paris.
  • Palmer, K et al (1995), “Tightening Environmental Standards: The Benefits Cost or the No-Cost Paradigm?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 119-132.
  • Phillips, P.C.B. & P. Perron (1988) “Testing For A Unit Root in Time Series Regression”, Biometrika, 75, 335-346.
  • Porter, G. (1999), “Trade Competition and Pollution Standards: Race to the Bottom or Stuck at the Bottom? “, Journal of Environment and Development, 8 (2), 133–151.
  • Proops, J.L.R. & G. Atkinson & B.F. Schlotheim & S. Simon (1999), “International Trade and the Sustainability Footprint: A Practical Criterion for its Assessment”, Ecological Economics, 28, 75-97.
  • Raspiller, S. ve N. Riedinger (2004), “Do Environmental Regulations Influence the Location Behavior of French Firms?”, Paper Presented at the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the EAERE, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Ridzuan, A.R. & A.H.M. Noor & E.M. Ahmad (2012) “FDI Impact on Carbon Dioxide Emission in ASEAN 5”, 2nd Annual Summit on Business and Entrepreneurial Studies (2nd ASBES 2012), 471-484.
  • Rock, M.T. (1996), “Pollution Intensity of GDP and Trade Policy: Can the World Bank be wrong?”, World Development, 24, 471-479.
  • Shadbegian, R & A.Wolverton (2010), “Location Decisions of U.S. Polluting Plants: Theory, Empirical Evidence, and Consequences”, International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 1, 1-49.
  • Talukdar, D. & C.M. Meisner (2001), “Does the Private Sector Help or Hurt the Environment? Evidence From Carbon Dioxide Pollution in Developing Countries”, World Development, 29 (5), 827-840.
  • Taylor M.S. (2004), “Unbundling the Pollution Haven Hypothesis”, Advances in Economic Analysis and Policy, 4(2), 1-30.
  • Temurshoev, U. (2006), “Pollution Havean Hypothesis or Factor Endowment Hypothesis: Theory and Empirical Examination for the Us and China”, CERGE-EI, Working Paper Series 292, 1-51.
  • Tobey, James A. (1990), “The Effects of Domestic Environmental Policies on Patterns of World Trade: An Empirical Test”, Kyklos, 43(2), 191–209.
  • World Bank (2012), World Bank Group Official Web Page, <www.worldbank.org>.
  • Wyckoff, W.A. & J.M. Roop (1994), “The Embodiment of Carbon in Imports of Manufactured Products: Implications for International Agreements on Greenhouse Gas Emissions”, Energy Policy, 22(3), 187-194.
  • Xing, Y. & C.D. Kolstad (2002), “Do Lax Environmental Regulations Attract Foreign Investment? “, Envirnomental and Resource Economics, 21, 1-22.
  • Xu, X. (1999), “Do Stringent Environmental Regulations Reduce the International Competitiveness of Environmentally Sensitive Goods? A Global Perspective”, World Development, 27(7), 1215-1226.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Şahinöz

Zahra Fotourehchı This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2014
Submission Date December 12, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 21 Issue: 21

Cite

APA Şahinöz, A., & Fotourehchı, Z. (2014). Kirlilik Emisyonu ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları: Türkiye İçin "Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi" Testi. Sosyoekonomi, 21(21). https://doi.org/10.17233/se.96920
AMA Şahinöz A, Fotourehchı Z. Kirlilik Emisyonu ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları: Türkiye İçin "Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi" Testi. Sosyoekonomi. April 2014;21(21). doi:10.17233/se.96920
Chicago Şahinöz, Ahmet, and Zahra Fotourehchı. “Kirlilik Emisyonu Ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları: Türkiye İçin ‘Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi’ Testi”. Sosyoekonomi 21, no. 21 (April 2014). https://doi.org/10.17233/se.96920.
EndNote Şahinöz A, Fotourehchı Z (April 1, 2014) Kirlilik Emisyonu ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları: Türkiye İçin "Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi" Testi. Sosyoekonomi 21 21
IEEE A. Şahinöz and Z. Fotourehchı, “Kirlilik Emisyonu ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları: Türkiye İçin ‘Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi’ Testi”, Sosyoekonomi, vol. 21, no. 21, 2014, doi: 10.17233/se.96920.
ISNAD Şahinöz, Ahmet - Fotourehchı, Zahra. “Kirlilik Emisyonu Ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları: Türkiye İçin ‘Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi’ Testi”. Sosyoekonomi 21/21 (April 2014). https://doi.org/10.17233/se.96920.
JAMA Şahinöz A, Fotourehchı Z. Kirlilik Emisyonu ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları: Türkiye İçin "Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi" Testi. Sosyoekonomi. 2014;21. doi:10.17233/se.96920.
MLA Şahinöz, Ahmet and Zahra Fotourehchı. “Kirlilik Emisyonu Ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları: Türkiye İçin ‘Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi’ Testi”. Sosyoekonomi, vol. 21, no. 21, 2014, doi:10.17233/se.96920.
Vancouver Şahinöz A, Fotourehchı Z. Kirlilik Emisyonu ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları: Türkiye İçin "Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi" Testi. Sosyoekonomi. 2014;21(21).

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