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Gelir ve Mutluluk: Gelir Karşılaştırmasının Etkisi

Year 2015, Volume: 23 Issue: 26, 45 - 60, 14.10.2015

Onur Köksal , Faruk Şahin

https://doi.org/10.17233/se.91108
Cited By: 8

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, gelir ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişkide gelir karşılaştırmasının etkisini Türkiye örneklemi üzerinde incelemektir. Araştırmanın verisi, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu tarafından 2012 yılında gerçekleştirilen Yaşam Memnuniyeti Araştırması’ndan elde edilmiştir. Bu araştırmaya katılan 7956 kişi araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı kapsamında, bireylerin mutlulukları üzerinde gelirin ve gelir karşılaştırmasının tek tek etkisi ve birlikte etkisinin (interaction) belirlenmesi amacıyla hiyerarşik regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, bireyler başkalarına göre kendi refah düzeyi algılamasında yükseldikçe, gelirin mutluluk üzerindeki etkisi zayıflamaktadır. Bu bulgular, yüksek refah düzeyi algılaması durumlarında bile bireylerin mutlu olamadıklarını ortaya koyması açısından önem arz etmektedir.

Keywords

-

References

  • Aiken, L.S. & S.G. West (1991), Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions, Newbury Park, CA, Sage.
  • Aguinis, H. & J.C. Beaty & R.J. Boik & C.A. Pierce (2005), “Effect Size and Power in Assessing Moderating Effects of Categorical Variables Using Multiple Regression: A 30-Year Review”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 94-107.
  • Arthaud-Day, M.L. & J.P. Near (2005), “The Wealth of Nations and the Happiness of Nations: Why “Accounting” Matters”, Social Indicators Research, 74, 511-548.
  • Ball, R. & K. Chernova (2008), “Absolute Income, Relative Income and Happiness”, Social Indicators Research, 88, 497-529.
  • Boyce, C.J. & G.D.A. Brown & S.C. Moore (2010), “Money and Happiness: Rank of Income, Not Income Affects Life Satisfaction”, Psychological Science, 21(4), 471-475.
  • Caner, A. (2014), “Happiness, Comparison Effects and Expectations in Turkey”, Journal of Happiness Studies, Research paper, DOI 10.1007/s10902-014-9562-z.
  • Caporale, G.M. & Y. Georgellis & N. Tsitsianis & Y.P. Yin (2009), “Income and Happiness Across Europe: Do Reference Values Matter?”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 30, 42-51.
  • Clark, A.E. & A.J. Oswald (1996), “Satisfaction and Comparison Income”, Journal of Public Economics, 61, 359-381.
  • Clark, A.E. & P. Frijters & M.A. Shields (2008), “Relative Income, Happiness and Utility: An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles”, Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1), 95-144.
  • Cohen, J. & P. Cohen (1983), Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed., Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Cummins, R.A. (2000), “Personal Income and Subjective Well-Being: A Review”, Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 133-158.
  • Diener, E. & E. Sandvik & L. Seidlitz & M. Diener (1993), “The Relationship Between Income and Subjective Well-Being: Relative or Absolute?”, Social Indicators Research, 28, 195-223.
  • Diener, E. & L. Tay & S. Oishi (2013), “Rising Income and the Subjective Well-Being of Nations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 267-276.
  • Diener, E. & M. Diener (1995), “Cross-Cultural Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 653-663.
  • Diener, E. & M. Diener & C.L. Diener (1995), “Factors Predicting the Subjective Well-Being of Nations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 851-864.
  • Diener, E. & M.E.P. Seligman (2004), “Beyond Money. Toward an Economy of Well-Being”, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1-31.
  • Diener, E. & R. Biswas-Diener (2002), “Will Money Increase Subjective Well-Being?”, Social Indicators Research, 57, 119-169.
  • Diener, E. & S. Oishi (2000), “Money and Happiness: Income and Subjective Well-Being across Nations”, in: E. Diener & E.M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and Subjective Well-Being, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 185-218.
  • Dolan, P. & T. Peasgood & M. White (2008), “Do We Really Know What Makes Us Happy? A Review of the Economic Literature on the Factors Associated with Subjective Well-Being”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 29, 94-122.
  • Dumludag, D. (2013), “Life Satisfaction and Income Comparison Effects in Turkey”, Social Indicators Research, 114, 1199-1210.
  • Duncan, O.D. (1975), “Does Money Buy Satisfaction”, Social Indicators Research, 2, 267-274.
  • Easterlin, R.A. (1995), “Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 27, 35-47.
  • Easterlin, R.A. (2001), “Income and Happiness: Towards a Unified Theory”, The Economic Journal, 111(473), 465-484.
  • Erdogan, B. & T.N. Bauer & D.M. Truxillo & L.R. Mansfield (2012), “Whistle While You Work: A Review of the Life Satisfaction Literature”, Journal of Management, 38(4), 1038-1083.
  • Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2005), “Income and Well-Being: An Empirical Analysis of the Comparison Income Effect”, Journal of Public Economics, 89, 997-1019.
  • Firebaugh, G. & M.B. Schroeder (2009), “Does Your Neighbor’s Income Affect Your Happiness?”, American Journal of Sociology, 115(3), 805-831.
  • Frazier, P.A. & P.A. Tix & K.E. Barron (2004), “Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology Research”, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115-134.
  • Frey, B.S. & A. Stutzer (2002), “What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research”, Journal of Economic Literature, 40, 402-435.
  • Gürbüz, S. & F. Şahin (2015), Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: Felsefe-Yöntem-Analiz, (2.Baskı), Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Hagerty, M.R. & R. Veenhoven (2003), “Wealth and Happiness Revisited-Growing National Income Does Go with Greater Happiness”, Social Indicators Research, 64, 1-27.
  • Headey, B. & R. Muffels & M. Wooden (2008), “Money Does not Buy Happiness: Or It Does? A Reassessment Based on the Combined Effects of Wealth, Income and Consumption”, Social Indicators Research, 87, 65-82.
  • Johnson, D.R. & J.C. Creech (1983), “Ordinal Measures in Multiple Indicator Models: A Simulation Study of Categorization Error”, American Sociological Review, 48, 398-407.
  • Judge, T.A. & R. Klinger (2008), “Job satisfaction: Subjective Well-Being at Work”, in: M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being, New York: The Guilford Press.
  • McBride, M. (2001), “Relative-Income Effects on Subjective Well-Being in the Cross-Section”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 45, 251-278.
  • McBride, M. (2010), “Money, Happiness and Aspirations: An Experimental Study”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 74, 262-276.
  • Near, J.P. & R.W. Rice & R.G. Hunt (1978), “Work and Extra-Work Correlates of Life and Job Satisfaction”, Academy of Management Journal, 21(2), 248-264.
  • Oishi, S. & S. Kesebir & E. Diener (2011), “Income Inequality and Happiness”, Psychological Science, 22(9), 1095-1100.
  • Oshio, T. & K. Nozaki & M. Kobayashi (2011), “Relative Income and Happiness in Asia: Evidence from Nationwide Surveys in China, Japan and Korea”, Social Indicators Research, 104, 351-367.
  • Podsakoff, P.M. & S.B. Mackenzie & J.Y. Lee & N.P. Podsakoff (2003), “Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.
  • Rojas, M. (2007), “Heterogeneity in the Relationship between Income and Happiness: A Conceptual Referent Theory Explanation”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 28, 1-14.
  • Senik, C. (2005), “Income Distribution and Well-Being: What Can We Learn from Subjective Data”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 19(1), 43-63.
  • Stone, E.F. & J.R. Hollenbeck (1989), “Clarifying Some Controversial Issues Surrounding Statistical Procedures for Detecting Moderator Variables: Empirical Evidence and Related Evidence”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 3–10.
  • Stutzer, A. (2004), “The Role of Income Aspirations in Individual Happiness”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 54, 89-109.
  • Van Praag, B.M.S. & B.E. Baarsma (2005), “Using Happiness Surveys to Value Intangibles: The Case of Airport Noise”, The Economic Journal, 115(500), 224-246.
  • Veenhoven, R. (1991), “Is Happiness Relative?”, Social Indicators Research, 24, 1-34.
  • Zumbo, B.D. & D.W. Zimmerman (1993), “Is the Selection of Statistical Methods Governed by Level of Measurement?”, Canadian Psychology, 34, 390-400.

Gelir ve Mutluluk: Gelir Karşılaştırmasının Etkisi

Year 2015, Volume: 23 Issue: 26, 45 - 60, 14.10.2015

Onur Köksal , Faruk Şahin

https://doi.org/10.17233/se.91108
Cited By: 8

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, gelir ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişkide gelir karşılaştırmasının etkisini Türkiye örneklemi üzerinde incelemektir. Araştırmanın verisi, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu tarafından 2012 yılında gerçekleştirilen Yaşam Memnuniyeti Araştırması’ndan elde edilmiştir. Bu araştırmaya katılan 7956 kişi araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı kapsamında, bireylerin mutlulukları üzerinde gelirin ve gelir karşılaştırmasının tek tek etkisi ve birlikte etkisinin (interaction) belirlenmesi amacıyla hiyerarşik regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, bireyler başkalarına göre kendi refah düzeyi algılamasında yükseldikçe, gelirin mutluluk üzerindeki etkisi zayıflamaktadır. Bu bulgular, yüksek refah düzeyi algılaması durumlarında bile bireylerin mutlu olamadıklarını ortaya koyması açısından önem arz etmektedir.

Keywords

-

References

  • Aiken, L.S. & S.G. West (1991), Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions, Newbury Park, CA, Sage.
  • Aguinis, H. & J.C. Beaty & R.J. Boik & C.A. Pierce (2005), “Effect Size and Power in Assessing Moderating Effects of Categorical Variables Using Multiple Regression: A 30-Year Review”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 94-107.
  • Arthaud-Day, M.L. & J.P. Near (2005), “The Wealth of Nations and the Happiness of Nations: Why “Accounting” Matters”, Social Indicators Research, 74, 511-548.
  • Ball, R. & K. Chernova (2008), “Absolute Income, Relative Income and Happiness”, Social Indicators Research, 88, 497-529.
  • Boyce, C.J. & G.D.A. Brown & S.C. Moore (2010), “Money and Happiness: Rank of Income, Not Income Affects Life Satisfaction”, Psychological Science, 21(4), 471-475.
  • Caner, A. (2014), “Happiness, Comparison Effects and Expectations in Turkey”, Journal of Happiness Studies, Research paper, DOI 10.1007/s10902-014-9562-z.
  • Caporale, G.M. & Y. Georgellis & N. Tsitsianis & Y.P. Yin (2009), “Income and Happiness Across Europe: Do Reference Values Matter?”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 30, 42-51.
  • Clark, A.E. & A.J. Oswald (1996), “Satisfaction and Comparison Income”, Journal of Public Economics, 61, 359-381.
  • Clark, A.E. & P. Frijters & M.A. Shields (2008), “Relative Income, Happiness and Utility: An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles”, Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1), 95-144.
  • Cohen, J. & P. Cohen (1983), Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed., Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Cummins, R.A. (2000), “Personal Income and Subjective Well-Being: A Review”, Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 133-158.
  • Diener, E. & E. Sandvik & L. Seidlitz & M. Diener (1993), “The Relationship Between Income and Subjective Well-Being: Relative or Absolute?”, Social Indicators Research, 28, 195-223.
  • Diener, E. & L. Tay & S. Oishi (2013), “Rising Income and the Subjective Well-Being of Nations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 267-276.
  • Diener, E. & M. Diener (1995), “Cross-Cultural Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 653-663.
  • Diener, E. & M. Diener & C.L. Diener (1995), “Factors Predicting the Subjective Well-Being of Nations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 851-864.
  • Diener, E. & M.E.P. Seligman (2004), “Beyond Money. Toward an Economy of Well-Being”, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1-31.
  • Diener, E. & R. Biswas-Diener (2002), “Will Money Increase Subjective Well-Being?”, Social Indicators Research, 57, 119-169.
  • Diener, E. & S. Oishi (2000), “Money and Happiness: Income and Subjective Well-Being across Nations”, in: E. Diener & E.M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and Subjective Well-Being, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 185-218.
  • Dolan, P. & T. Peasgood & M. White (2008), “Do We Really Know What Makes Us Happy? A Review of the Economic Literature on the Factors Associated with Subjective Well-Being”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 29, 94-122.
  • Dumludag, D. (2013), “Life Satisfaction and Income Comparison Effects in Turkey”, Social Indicators Research, 114, 1199-1210.
  • Duncan, O.D. (1975), “Does Money Buy Satisfaction”, Social Indicators Research, 2, 267-274.
  • Easterlin, R.A. (1995), “Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 27, 35-47.
  • Easterlin, R.A. (2001), “Income and Happiness: Towards a Unified Theory”, The Economic Journal, 111(473), 465-484.
  • Erdogan, B. & T.N. Bauer & D.M. Truxillo & L.R. Mansfield (2012), “Whistle While You Work: A Review of the Life Satisfaction Literature”, Journal of Management, 38(4), 1038-1083.
  • Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2005), “Income and Well-Being: An Empirical Analysis of the Comparison Income Effect”, Journal of Public Economics, 89, 997-1019.
  • Firebaugh, G. & M.B. Schroeder (2009), “Does Your Neighbor’s Income Affect Your Happiness?”, American Journal of Sociology, 115(3), 805-831.
  • Frazier, P.A. & P.A. Tix & K.E. Barron (2004), “Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology Research”, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115-134.
  • Frey, B.S. & A. Stutzer (2002), “What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research”, Journal of Economic Literature, 40, 402-435.
  • Gürbüz, S. & F. Şahin (2015), Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: Felsefe-Yöntem-Analiz, (2.Baskı), Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Hagerty, M.R. & R. Veenhoven (2003), “Wealth and Happiness Revisited-Growing National Income Does Go with Greater Happiness”, Social Indicators Research, 64, 1-27.
  • Headey, B. & R. Muffels & M. Wooden (2008), “Money Does not Buy Happiness: Or It Does? A Reassessment Based on the Combined Effects of Wealth, Income and Consumption”, Social Indicators Research, 87, 65-82.
  • Johnson, D.R. & J.C. Creech (1983), “Ordinal Measures in Multiple Indicator Models: A Simulation Study of Categorization Error”, American Sociological Review, 48, 398-407.
  • Judge, T.A. & R. Klinger (2008), “Job satisfaction: Subjective Well-Being at Work”, in: M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being, New York: The Guilford Press.
  • McBride, M. (2001), “Relative-Income Effects on Subjective Well-Being in the Cross-Section”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 45, 251-278.
  • McBride, M. (2010), “Money, Happiness and Aspirations: An Experimental Study”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 74, 262-276.
  • Near, J.P. & R.W. Rice & R.G. Hunt (1978), “Work and Extra-Work Correlates of Life and Job Satisfaction”, Academy of Management Journal, 21(2), 248-264.
  • Oishi, S. & S. Kesebir & E. Diener (2011), “Income Inequality and Happiness”, Psychological Science, 22(9), 1095-1100.
  • Oshio, T. & K. Nozaki & M. Kobayashi (2011), “Relative Income and Happiness in Asia: Evidence from Nationwide Surveys in China, Japan and Korea”, Social Indicators Research, 104, 351-367.
  • Podsakoff, P.M. & S.B. Mackenzie & J.Y. Lee & N.P. Podsakoff (2003), “Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.
  • Rojas, M. (2007), “Heterogeneity in the Relationship between Income and Happiness: A Conceptual Referent Theory Explanation”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 28, 1-14.
  • Senik, C. (2005), “Income Distribution and Well-Being: What Can We Learn from Subjective Data”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 19(1), 43-63.
  • Stone, E.F. & J.R. Hollenbeck (1989), “Clarifying Some Controversial Issues Surrounding Statistical Procedures for Detecting Moderator Variables: Empirical Evidence and Related Evidence”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 3–10.
  • Stutzer, A. (2004), “The Role of Income Aspirations in Individual Happiness”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 54, 89-109.
  • Van Praag, B.M.S. & B.E. Baarsma (2005), “Using Happiness Surveys to Value Intangibles: The Case of Airport Noise”, The Economic Journal, 115(500), 224-246.
  • Veenhoven, R. (1991), “Is Happiness Relative?”, Social Indicators Research, 24, 1-34.
  • Zumbo, B.D. & D.W. Zimmerman (1993), “Is the Selection of Statistical Methods Governed by Level of Measurement?”, Canadian Psychology, 34, 390-400.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Onur Köksal

Faruk Şahin

Publication Date October 14, 2015
Submission Date August 29, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 23 Issue: 26

Cite

APA Köksal, O., & Şahin, F. (2015). Gelir ve Mutluluk: Gelir Karşılaştırmasının Etkisi. Sosyoekonomi, 23(26), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.17233/se.91108
AMA Köksal O, Şahin F. Gelir ve Mutluluk: Gelir Karşılaştırmasının Etkisi. Sosyoekonomi. October 2015;23(26):45-60. doi:10.17233/se.91108
Chicago Köksal, Onur, and Faruk Şahin. “Gelir Ve Mutluluk: Gelir Karşılaştırmasının Etkisi”. Sosyoekonomi 23, no. 26 (October 2015): 45-60. https://doi.org/10.17233/se.91108.
EndNote Köksal O, Şahin F (October 1, 2015) Gelir ve Mutluluk: Gelir Karşılaştırmasının Etkisi. Sosyoekonomi 23 26 45–60.
IEEE O. Köksal and F. Şahin, “Gelir ve Mutluluk: Gelir Karşılaştırmasının Etkisi”, Sosyoekonomi, vol. 23, no. 26, pp. 45–60, 2015, doi: 10.17233/se.91108.
ISNAD Köksal, Onur - Şahin, Faruk. “Gelir Ve Mutluluk: Gelir Karşılaştırmasının Etkisi”. Sosyoekonomi 23/26 (October 2015), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.17233/se.91108.
JAMA Köksal O, Şahin F. Gelir ve Mutluluk: Gelir Karşılaştırmasının Etkisi. Sosyoekonomi. 2015;23:45–60.
MLA Köksal, Onur and Faruk Şahin. “Gelir Ve Mutluluk: Gelir Karşılaştırmasının Etkisi”. Sosyoekonomi, vol. 23, no. 26, 2015, pp. 45-60, doi:10.17233/se.91108.
Vancouver Köksal O, Şahin F. Gelir ve Mutluluk: Gelir Karşılaştırmasının Etkisi. Sosyoekonomi. 2015;23(26):45-60.

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