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Küresel Finansal Krizinin Devlet Borçlarına Etkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Açısından Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2016, Volume: 24 Issue: 29, 225 - 255, 29.10.2016

Birol Karakurt , Tekin Akdemir

https://doi.org/10.17233/se.2016.07.003
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Globalleşme ile birlikte hem şiddeti hem de sıklığı giderek artan finansal ve ekonomik krizler, pek çok ülkede mali dengesizliklere neden olmuştur. Bunlardan biri de, 2008 krizidir. Daha önceki krizlerde ülkeler belli bir ölçüde de olsa borç stoklarını olumlu koşullar altında yönetirken, 2008 krizi ve bu krizin küresel boyutta bir durgunluğa dönüşmesi kamu borç stokunda önemli artışlara neden olmuştur. Ancak, krizin gelişmiş ülkeler ve yükselen piyasa ekonomilerine etkileri konusunda önemli farklılıklar vardır. Kriz öncesi dönemde makroekonomik göstergeleri daha iyi durumda olan yükselen piyasa ülkeleri, krizin etkilerini bertaraf etmede daha iyi bir performans sergilemişlerdir. Buna karşın, ekonomi politikası çerçevesi nispeten olumsuz olan ülkelerde kriz karşıtı politikalar yeterince tatminkâr sonuçlar doğurmamıştır. Bu çalışma, ülkelerin kriz öncesi ile kriz sonrası mali pozisyonlarını makroekonomik göstergeleri temel alarak karşılaştırmak suretiyle, krizin kamu borçları üzerindeki etkilerini ele almaktadır.

References

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  • Alarcan, D. & S. Grififth-Jones & J.A. Ocampo (2009), “How Does The Financial Crisis Affect Developing Countries”, International Policy Center for Inclusive Growth One Pager, No.81, <http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCOnePager81.pdf>, 04.09.2015.
  • Audiguier, C. (2012), “The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the Least Developed Countries”, FERDI Working Paper, No.50, <http://www.ferdi.fr/sites/www.ferdi.fr/ files/publication/fichiers/Ferdi-DT50-C.Audigier_WEB.pdf>, 06.09.2015.
  • Baily, N.M. & R.E. Litan & M.S. Johnson (2008), “The Origins of the Financial Crisis”, Business and Publicy Policy at Brookings Fixing Finance Series, Paper 3, 1-47.
  • Boorman, J. (2009), “The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Emerging Market Economies: The Transmission Mechanicsm, Policy Response and Lessons”, Emerging Markets Forum Discussion Draft, 1-16. <http://www.emergingmarketsforum.org/papers/pdf/ 2009-EMF-GlobalBoorman_Financial_Crisis.pdf>, 10.09.2015.
  • Brok, E. & W. Langen (2012), “Sustainable Growth For Europe: The Four Crisis and A Call For Reform”, Europan Wiew, 11, 189-199.
  • Caruna, J. & S. Andjiev (2012), “Sovereign Credithworthiness and Financial Stability: An International Perspective”, Financial Stability Review, 16, 71-85.
  • Cömert, H. & S. Çolak (2013), “Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerdeki Kriz Sırası ve Sonrasındaki Trendleri Açıklamakta “Güvenli Liman Faktörü” ve Finansal Şokların Boyutunun Önemi: Türkiye Örneği, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu, Tartışma Metni, 2013/10, 1-32.
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  • Eser, L.Y. & M. Ela (2014), “Avrupa Borç Krizi: Nasıl, Neden ve Nereye?, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 209-232.
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  • Gurtner, B. (2010), “The Financial and Economic Crisis and Developing Countries”, International Development Policy [Online], 1(2010), <http://poldev.revues.org/144>, DOI: 10.4000/poldev.144.
  • Haffner, M. (2008), “Subsidization as Motor to Residental Mortgage Securitization in the US”, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 23(4), 337-351.
  • Haspolat, F.B. (2015), “Ülke Kredi Notlarının Belirleyicileri: Türkiye’nin Kredi Notunun Ülke Karşılaştırmalı Analizi”, T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı Uzmanlık Tezi, Ekonomik Modeller ve Stratejik Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Hernandez, L. & B. Gamara (2011), “Debt Sustainability and Debt Distressin the Wake of the Ongoing Financial Crisis: The Case of IDA-Only African Countries”, in: Carlos A. Primo Braga & Gallina A. Vincelette (Eds.) Sovereign Debt and Financial Crisis, The World Bank, Washington, 129-172, http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/9780821384831_CH06.
  • IMF (2009), The State of Public Finances: Outlook and Medium-Term Policies After the 2008 Crisis, Prepared by the Fiscal Affairs Department, 1-51.
  • IMF (2015), Japan Article IV Consultatıon—Press Release; Staff Report; And Statement By The Executıve Dırector For Japan, IMF Country Report No. 15/197, 1-51.
  • Kazgan, G. (2013), “2008 Krizi Üsselleşirken Türkiye’nin Sürdürülemez Büyüme Modeli”, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Tartışma Metni 2013/4, 1-40.
  • Koepke, R. (2014), “Fed Policy Expectations and Portfolio Flows to Emerging Markets”, IIF Working Paper, 1-37.
  • Kumar, M.S. & J. Woo (2010), “Public Debt and Growth”, IMF Working Paper-WP/10/174, 1-46.
  • Lander, G.H. & K. Barker & M. Zabelina & T.A. Williams (2009), “Subprime Mortgage Tremors: An International Issue”, International Advances in Economic Research, 15(1), 1-16.
  • Lane, P.R. (2012), “The European Sovereign Debt Crisis”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26 (3), 49–68.
  • Li, Yuefen & R. Olivares-Caminal & U. Panizza (2011), “Avoiding Avoidable Debt Crises: Lessons from Recent Defaults”, in: Carlos A. Primo Braga & Gallina A. Vincelette (Eds.) Sovereign Debt and Financial Crisis, The World Bank, Washington, 243-272, http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/9780821384831_CH06.
  • Louis, K. & N. Leonce & R. Taufik (2009), “Impact of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on Africa”, African Development Bank Group Working Paper Series, 96, 1-35.
  • Meyn, M. & J. Kennan (2009), “The Implications of the Global Financial Crisis for Developing Countries’ Export Volumes and Values”, ODI Working Paper, 305, 1-89.
  • Moody’s, <https://www.moodys.com/researchandratings/market-segment/sovereign-supranational/-/005005/4294966293/4294966623/-1/0/-/0/-/-/en/global/rr>, 13.10.2015.
  • Nissanke, M. (2009), The “Global Financial Crisis and the Developing World: Transmission Channels and Fall-outs for Industrial Development”, United Nation Indistrial Development Organization Research and Statistics Branch Working Paper, 06/2009, 1-64, <https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/RSF_DPR/WP062009_Ebook.pdf>, 20.10.2015.
  • Nielsen, E.F. (2011), “The European Crisis: A View from the Market”, in: Franklin Allen & Elena Carletti & Giancarlo Corsetti (Eds.), The Eurozone with or without Sovereign Default, Philadelphia, USA: FIC Press, 133-138.
  • Reinhart, C.M. & K.S. Rogoff (2009), “The Aftermath of Financial Crises”, NBER Working Paper Series -Working Paper, 14656, 1-13.
  • Reinhart, C.M. & K.S. Rogoff (2010), “Growth in a Time of Debt”, NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper No:15639, 1-25.
  • Schularick, M. (2012), “Public Debt and Financial Crises in the Twentieth Century”, Freie Universitat Berlin, School of Business & Economics Discussion Paper, 1-24.
  • Serieux, J. (2009), The Impact of Global Financial and Economic Crises on the Development Prospects of the Lanclocked Developing Countries, UN-OHRLLS Report, 1-38, <http://unohrlls.org/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/Financial_Crisis_LLDC.pdf>, 18.09.2015.
  • Stratejik Düşünce Enstitüsü (SDE) (2012), AB Krizi ve Türkiye’ye Olası Yansımaları, SDE Analiz.
  • Tagkalakis, A. (2013), “The Effects of Financial Crisis on Fiscal Positions”, European Journal of Political Economy, 29, 197–213, doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.11.002.
  • Ulusoy, A. & M. Ela (2014), “Avrupa Borç Krizi ve Türkiye İçin Öneriler”, HAK-İŞ Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi, 3(7): 77-112.
  • Ulusoy, A. & T. Akdemir & B. Karakurt (2013), ‘Küresel Kriz ve Avrupa Birliği’nin Kriz Karşıtı Maliye Politikalarının Etkinliği’, Küresel Kriz ve Maliye Politikaları, 28. Türkiye Maliye Sempozyumu, 22-26 Mayıs 2013, 247-286.
  • UNCTAD (2009), The Impact of Financial and Economic Crisis on Debt Sustainabilityin Developing Countries, UNCTAD Secreteriat Note, <http://unctad.org/en/docs/ gdsdmfasmisc20091_en.pdf>, 06.10.2015.
  • Van Doorn, R. & V. Suri & S. Gooptu (2011), “Do Middle-Income Countries Still Have the Ability to Deal with the Global Financial Crisis”, in: Carlos A. Primo Braga & Gallina A. Vincelette (Eds.) Sovereign Debt and Financial Crisis, The World Bank, Washington, 173-195, http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/9780821384831_CH06.
  • Volz, U. (2012), “Lessons of the European Crisis for Regional Monetary and Financial Integration in East Asia”, ADBI Working Papers, 347, <http://www.adbi.org/files/2012.02.21.wp347.lessons.european.crisis.east.asia.pdf>, 15.10.2015.
  • Watts, M.F. (2014), Debt Data: How Debt Inflows Differ among Developing Countries, <http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/debt-data-how-debt-inflows-differ-among-developing-countries>, 10.10.2015.
  • World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Indexes, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015.
  • World Bank, International Debt Statistics, 2013, <http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/ids-2013.pdf>, 17.11.2015.
  • World Bank, International Debt Statistics, 2015, <http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/ids2015.pdf>, 17.11.2015.
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  • World Bank, <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS/countries/TR? display =default>, 26.11.2015.

Year 2016, Volume: 24 Issue: 29, 225 - 255, 29.10.2016

Birol Karakurt , Tekin Akdemir

https://doi.org/10.17233/se.2016.07.003
Cited By: 1

Abstract

References

  • Abreu, M.P. & M. Agarwal & S. Kadochnikov & M. Mikic & J. Whaley & Y. Yonding (2009), The Effects of The World Fnancial Crisis on Developing Countries: An Initial Assessment, CIGI Task Force on Developing Countries, <http://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/Task_Force_1.pdf>, 24.08.2015.
  • Alarcan, D. & S. Grififth-Jones & J.A. Ocampo (2009), “How Does The Financial Crisis Affect Developing Countries”, International Policy Center for Inclusive Growth One Pager, No.81, <http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCOnePager81.pdf>, 04.09.2015.
  • Audiguier, C. (2012), “The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the Least Developed Countries”, FERDI Working Paper, No.50, <http://www.ferdi.fr/sites/www.ferdi.fr/ files/publication/fichiers/Ferdi-DT50-C.Audigier_WEB.pdf>, 06.09.2015.
  • Baily, N.M. & R.E. Litan & M.S. Johnson (2008), “The Origins of the Financial Crisis”, Business and Publicy Policy at Brookings Fixing Finance Series, Paper 3, 1-47.
  • Boorman, J. (2009), “The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Emerging Market Economies: The Transmission Mechanicsm, Policy Response and Lessons”, Emerging Markets Forum Discussion Draft, 1-16. <http://www.emergingmarketsforum.org/papers/pdf/ 2009-EMF-GlobalBoorman_Financial_Crisis.pdf>, 10.09.2015.
  • Brok, E. & W. Langen (2012), “Sustainable Growth For Europe: The Four Crisis and A Call For Reform”, Europan Wiew, 11, 189-199.
  • Caruna, J. & S. Andjiev (2012), “Sovereign Credithworthiness and Financial Stability: An International Perspective”, Financial Stability Review, 16, 71-85.
  • Cömert, H. & S. Çolak (2013), “Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerdeki Kriz Sırası ve Sonrasındaki Trendleri Açıklamakta “Güvenli Liman Faktörü” ve Finansal Şokların Boyutunun Önemi: Türkiye Örneği, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu, Tartışma Metni, 2013/10, 1-32.
  • De Tombe, D. (2013), “The Actors of the Credit Crisis Reflected by the Compram Methodology”, CEJOR (2013) 21:1–29, DOI 10.1007/s10100-011-0215-6.
  • Detragiache, E. & G. Ho (2010), “Responding to Banking Crises: Lessons from Cross-Country Evidence”. IMF Working Paper, 18, 1-33.
  • El-Arian, M. (2012), “When Western Sovereign Risk is in Play”, Financial Stability Review, 16, 29-36.
  • Eser, L.Y. & M. Ela (2014), “Avrupa Borç Krizi: Nasıl, Neden ve Nereye?, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 209-232.
  • Eurostat, <http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode= tec00115&plugin=1>, 11.09.2015.
  • Eurostat, <http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language= en&pcode=tsdde410>, 11.09.2015.
  • Favado, E. & Y. Li & J. Pradelli & R. Van Doorn (2011), “Europe’s Crisis: Origins and Policy Challenges”, in: Carlos A. Primo Braga & Gallina A. Vincelette (Eds.) Sovereign Debt and Financial Crisis, The World Bank, Washington, 221-239, http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/ 9780821384831_CH09.
  • Grennes, T. & A. Strazds (2015), “Government Debt in Japan and Euro Area: Actions Speak Louder than Words”, Roubini Economonitor, <http://www.economonitor.com/blog/2015/11/ government-debt-in-japan-and-euro-area-actions-speak-louder-than-words>, 22.12.2015.
  • Griffith-Jones, S. & J.A. Ocampo (2009), “The Financial Crisis and Its Impact on Developing Countries”, International Policy Centre For Inclusive Growth Working Paper, 53, 1-20.
  • Gooptu, S. & C.A.P. Braga (2010), “Debt Management and the Financial Crisis”, in: The Day After Tomorrow: A Handbook on the Future of Economic Policy in the Developing World, Eds: Otaviano Canuto & Marcelo Giugale, 207-217, <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ EXTPREMNET/Resources/C12TDAT_207-218.pdf>, 18.09.2015.
  • Gurtner, B. (2010), “The Financial and Economic Crisis and Developing Countries”, International Development Policy [Online], 1(2010), <http://poldev.revues.org/144>, DOI: 10.4000/poldev.144.
  • Haffner, M. (2008), “Subsidization as Motor to Residental Mortgage Securitization in the US”, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 23(4), 337-351.
  • Haspolat, F.B. (2015), “Ülke Kredi Notlarının Belirleyicileri: Türkiye’nin Kredi Notunun Ülke Karşılaştırmalı Analizi”, T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı Uzmanlık Tezi, Ekonomik Modeller ve Stratejik Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Hernandez, L. & B. Gamara (2011), “Debt Sustainability and Debt Distressin the Wake of the Ongoing Financial Crisis: The Case of IDA-Only African Countries”, in: Carlos A. Primo Braga & Gallina A. Vincelette (Eds.) Sovereign Debt and Financial Crisis, The World Bank, Washington, 129-172, http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/9780821384831_CH06.
  • IMF (2009), The State of Public Finances: Outlook and Medium-Term Policies After the 2008 Crisis, Prepared by the Fiscal Affairs Department, 1-51.
  • IMF (2015), Japan Article IV Consultatıon—Press Release; Staff Report; And Statement By The Executıve Dırector For Japan, IMF Country Report No. 15/197, 1-51.
  • Kazgan, G. (2013), “2008 Krizi Üsselleşirken Türkiye’nin Sürdürülemez Büyüme Modeli”, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Tartışma Metni 2013/4, 1-40.
  • Koepke, R. (2014), “Fed Policy Expectations and Portfolio Flows to Emerging Markets”, IIF Working Paper, 1-37.
  • Kumar, M.S. & J. Woo (2010), “Public Debt and Growth”, IMF Working Paper-WP/10/174, 1-46.
  • Lander, G.H. & K. Barker & M. Zabelina & T.A. Williams (2009), “Subprime Mortgage Tremors: An International Issue”, International Advances in Economic Research, 15(1), 1-16.
  • Lane, P.R. (2012), “The European Sovereign Debt Crisis”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26 (3), 49–68.
  • Li, Yuefen & R. Olivares-Caminal & U. Panizza (2011), “Avoiding Avoidable Debt Crises: Lessons from Recent Defaults”, in: Carlos A. Primo Braga & Gallina A. Vincelette (Eds.) Sovereign Debt and Financial Crisis, The World Bank, Washington, 243-272, http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/9780821384831_CH06.
  • Louis, K. & N. Leonce & R. Taufik (2009), “Impact of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on Africa”, African Development Bank Group Working Paper Series, 96, 1-35.
  • Meyn, M. & J. Kennan (2009), “The Implications of the Global Financial Crisis for Developing Countries’ Export Volumes and Values”, ODI Working Paper, 305, 1-89.
  • Moody’s, <https://www.moodys.com/researchandratings/market-segment/sovereign-supranational/-/005005/4294966293/4294966623/-1/0/-/0/-/-/en/global/rr>, 13.10.2015.
  • Nissanke, M. (2009), The “Global Financial Crisis and the Developing World: Transmission Channels and Fall-outs for Industrial Development”, United Nation Indistrial Development Organization Research and Statistics Branch Working Paper, 06/2009, 1-64, <https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/RSF_DPR/WP062009_Ebook.pdf>, 20.10.2015.
  • Nielsen, E.F. (2011), “The European Crisis: A View from the Market”, in: Franklin Allen & Elena Carletti & Giancarlo Corsetti (Eds.), The Eurozone with or without Sovereign Default, Philadelphia, USA: FIC Press, 133-138.
  • Reinhart, C.M. & K.S. Rogoff (2009), “The Aftermath of Financial Crises”, NBER Working Paper Series -Working Paper, 14656, 1-13.
  • Reinhart, C.M. & K.S. Rogoff (2010), “Growth in a Time of Debt”, NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper No:15639, 1-25.
  • Schularick, M. (2012), “Public Debt and Financial Crises in the Twentieth Century”, Freie Universitat Berlin, School of Business & Economics Discussion Paper, 1-24.
  • Serieux, J. (2009), The Impact of Global Financial and Economic Crises on the Development Prospects of the Lanclocked Developing Countries, UN-OHRLLS Report, 1-38, <http://unohrlls.org/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/Financial_Crisis_LLDC.pdf>, 18.09.2015.
  • Stratejik Düşünce Enstitüsü (SDE) (2012), AB Krizi ve Türkiye’ye Olası Yansımaları, SDE Analiz.
  • Tagkalakis, A. (2013), “The Effects of Financial Crisis on Fiscal Positions”, European Journal of Political Economy, 29, 197–213, doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.11.002.
  • Ulusoy, A. & M. Ela (2014), “Avrupa Borç Krizi ve Türkiye İçin Öneriler”, HAK-İŞ Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi, 3(7): 77-112.
  • Ulusoy, A. & T. Akdemir & B. Karakurt (2013), ‘Küresel Kriz ve Avrupa Birliği’nin Kriz Karşıtı Maliye Politikalarının Etkinliği’, Küresel Kriz ve Maliye Politikaları, 28. Türkiye Maliye Sempozyumu, 22-26 Mayıs 2013, 247-286.
  • UNCTAD (2009), The Impact of Financial and Economic Crisis on Debt Sustainabilityin Developing Countries, UNCTAD Secreteriat Note, <http://unctad.org/en/docs/ gdsdmfasmisc20091_en.pdf>, 06.10.2015.
  • Van Doorn, R. & V. Suri & S. Gooptu (2011), “Do Middle-Income Countries Still Have the Ability to Deal with the Global Financial Crisis”, in: Carlos A. Primo Braga & Gallina A. Vincelette (Eds.) Sovereign Debt and Financial Crisis, The World Bank, Washington, 173-195, http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/9780821384831_CH06.
  • Volz, U. (2012), “Lessons of the European Crisis for Regional Monetary and Financial Integration in East Asia”, ADBI Working Papers, 347, <http://www.adbi.org/files/2012.02.21.wp347.lessons.european.crisis.east.asia.pdf>, 15.10.2015.
  • Watts, M.F. (2014), Debt Data: How Debt Inflows Differ among Developing Countries, <http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/debt-data-how-debt-inflows-differ-among-developing-countries>, 10.10.2015.
  • World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Indexes, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015.
  • World Bank, International Debt Statistics, 2013, <http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/ids-2013.pdf>, 17.11.2015.
  • World Bank, International Debt Statistics, 2015, <http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/ids2015.pdf>, 17.11.2015.
  • World Bank, <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?page=1>, 11.10.2015.
  • World Bank, <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.INR.DPPG>, 13.11.2015.
  • World Bank, <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS/countries/TR? display =default>, 26.11.2015.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Birol Karakurt

Tekin Akdemir

Publication Date October 29, 2016
Submission Date July 11, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 24 Issue: 29

Cite

APA Karakurt, B., & Akdemir, T. (2016). Küresel Finansal Krizinin Devlet Borçlarına Etkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Açısından Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyoekonomi, 24(29), 225-255. https://doi.org/10.17233/se.2016.07.003
AMA Karakurt B, Akdemir T. Küresel Finansal Krizinin Devlet Borçlarına Etkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Açısından Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyoekonomi. July 2016;24(29):225-255. doi:10.17233/se.2016.07.003
Chicago Karakurt, Birol, and Tekin Akdemir. “Küresel Finansal Krizinin Devlet Borçlarına Etkisi: Gelişmiş Ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Açısından Bir Değerlendirme”. Sosyoekonomi 24, no. 29 (July 2016): 225-55. https://doi.org/10.17233/se.2016.07.003.
EndNote Karakurt B, Akdemir T (July 1, 2016) Küresel Finansal Krizinin Devlet Borçlarına Etkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Açısından Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyoekonomi 24 29 225–255.
IEEE B. Karakurt and T. Akdemir, “Küresel Finansal Krizinin Devlet Borçlarına Etkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Açısından Bir Değerlendirme”, Sosyoekonomi, vol. 24, no. 29, pp. 225–255, 2016, doi: 10.17233/se.2016.07.003.
ISNAD Karakurt, Birol - Akdemir, Tekin. “Küresel Finansal Krizinin Devlet Borçlarına Etkisi: Gelişmiş Ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Açısından Bir Değerlendirme”. Sosyoekonomi 24/29 (July 2016), 225-255. https://doi.org/10.17233/se.2016.07.003.
JAMA Karakurt B, Akdemir T. Küresel Finansal Krizinin Devlet Borçlarına Etkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Açısından Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyoekonomi. 2016;24:225–255.
MLA Karakurt, Birol and Tekin Akdemir. “Küresel Finansal Krizinin Devlet Borçlarına Etkisi: Gelişmiş Ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Açısından Bir Değerlendirme”. Sosyoekonomi, vol. 24, no. 29, 2016, pp. 225-5, doi:10.17233/se.2016.07.003.
Vancouver Karakurt B, Akdemir T. Küresel Finansal Krizinin Devlet Borçlarına Etkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Açısından Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyoekonomi. 2016;24(29):225-5.

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