What Determines Labour Movement from Turkey to Europe? Extent of the Situation and Implications

Meltem İnce Yenilmez

doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.288875

Research Article

What Determines Labour Movement from Turkey to Europe? Extent of the Situation and Implications

Year 2017, Volume: 25 Issue: 31, 167 - 189, 31.01.2017

Meltem İnce Yenilmez

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.288875

Abstract

There are several different issues affecting migration on the global scale, which are commonly interconnected. These include work migration, lifestyle migration, ecological migration, workers’ wages abroad, transit migration, irregular global migration, forced and forced humanitarian migration, human trafficking, refugees, and the safety of displaced populations. This study analyzes causation and consequences of Turkish workforce migration. Aim: Bu çalışma hayatlarını iyileştirmek amacıyla kuraldışı göçmen işgücünün Avrupa’ya göç etmesiyle birlikte yükselen sorunlara odaklanmaktadır. Methodology: Social and cultural discourse analysis are used in the study. It is preferable to investigate the macroeconomic factors of each country, in order to assess the economic implications of immigration. The present study looks at immigration from an economic, as well as a cultural and social point of view. Findings: Apparently, immigration policies are unable to achieve their prespecified demographic targets, at least under most circumstances, because controlling the synthesis and volume of net migration poses a remarkable challenge. Apart from the economic crisis, certain factors that are unique to Turkey lately, such as social-legislative problems and unemployment, push large segments of the population to migrate to other countries, raising the fraction of immigration therefore. Results: Demographic circumstances and effects of relevant policies work in tandem, and their combined influence alters the volume and makeup of the workforce in complex ways. Moreover, any undertaking to pinpoint the needs of the future work market in a decisive way, regarding immigration, and to optimize immigration strategies, appears to have modest results as well.

Keywords

Labour Migration, Informal Labour Markets, Labour Mobility, Labour Force Standards

References

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Akçapar, Ş. (2009), “Turkish Brain Drain to the USA”, in: A. İçduygu & K. Kirişci (eds. 109-248), Lands of Diverse Migration, Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Akkoyunlu, S. & B. Silverstovs (2009), “Migration and Trade: Complements or Substitutes: Evidence from Turkish Migration to Germany”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 45(5), 47-61.
Altug, S. & A. Filiztekin & S. Pamuk (2007), “The Sources of Long-Term Economic Growth for Turkey: 1880-2005”, Discussion Paper No. 6463, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
Anagnostou, D. (2005), “Deepening Democracy or Defending the Nation: the Europeanization of minority Rights and Greek Citizenship”, West European Politics, 28(2), 338.
Antoniou, D. (2005), “Western Thracian Muslims in Athens”, Balkanologie, IX (1-2).
Arendt, H. (2007), The Jewish Writings, New York: Schockenbooks.
Atilgan, C. (2002), Türkische Diaspora in Deutschland: Chance oder Risiko für die deutschtürkischen Beziehungen, Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut.
Avcı, G. (2006), “Determinants of integration: comparing integration policies and outcomes: Turks in the Netherlands and Germany”, Turkish Studies, 7(1), 45-76.
Aydin, Y. (2016), “The Germany-Turkey migration corridor: Reffiting policies for a transnational age”, Transatlantic Council on Migration, A Project of Migration Policy Institute, 1-22.
BAMF (2014), Abwanderung von Türkkeistammigen: Wer verlasst Deutschland und warum?, <www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Publikationen/Beitragsreihe/beitrag-band-6-abwanderung-tuerkeistaemmiger.html>, (Nuremberg: BAMF, 2014), 28.11.2015.
Becker, J. & R. Behnisch (2002), “Vorwort”, in: Z. Autonomie & T. Gängelung (eds. 7-13); Türkische Medienkultur in Deutschland II. Rehburg, Loccum: Evangelische Akademie Loccum.
Bellamy, R. & D. Schecter (1993), Gramsci and Italian state, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Bolz, K. (1974), “Guest Workers and East-West Cooperation”, Intereconomics, 9(9), 266-76.
Boeri, T. & H. Brücker (1999), The Impact of Eastern Enlargement on Employment und Wages in the EU Member States - Manuscript, European Integration Consortium, Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW.
Castles, S. & G. Kosach (1985), Immigrant workers and class structures in Western Europe, London: Oxford University Press.
Castles, S. (2013), “The Forces Driving Global Migration”, Journal of Intercultural Studies, 34(2), 122-140.
Eichengreen, B. & A.O. Ritschl (2009), “Understanding West German Economic Growth in the 1950s”, Cliometrica, Published online.
Eissel, D. (2011), “The German Economy”, in: R. Seidelmann (eds. 77-102), The New Germany - History, Economy and Policy, Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Erzan, R. & U. Kuzubaş & N. Yildiz (2004), “Growth and immigration Scenarios for Turkey and the EU”, CEPS EU-Turkey Working Papers, No. 13.
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Faist, T. (1995), Social Citizenship for Whom: Young Turks in Germany and Mexican Americans in the United States, Aldershot: Avebury.
Faini, R.J. & J. De Melo & K.F. Zimmermann (1999), Migration. The Controversies and the Evidence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Featherstone, K. & M. Radaelli (2003), The Politics of Europeanization, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Felbermayr, G. & M. Larch & W. Lechthaler (2012), “Labour Market Reforms in a Globalized World”, Intereconomics, 5(47), 307-312.
Frey, M. & M. Ulrich (1996), Impact of Migration in Receiving Countries: Germany, Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
Gitmez, A. (1983), Yurtdışına İşçi Göçü ve Geri Dönüşler, Istanbul: Alan Yayıncılık.
Gitmez, A. (1989), “Turkish Experience of Work Emigration: Economic Development or Individual Well-Being”, Yapı Kredi: Economic Review, III(4), 3-27.
Glazar, O. & W. Strielkowski (2010), “Turkey and the European Union: Possible Incidence of the EU Accession on Migration Flows”, Prague Economic Papers, 3, 218-235.
Goffman, D. (2002), The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gramsci, A. (1917), “The Revolution against Capital”, in: A. Gramsci & R. Bellamy (eds.), Preprison writings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gurak, D.T. & F. Caces (1992), “Migration networks and the shaping of migration systems”, in: M. Kritz & L.L. Lim & H. Zlotnik (eds. 150-176), International Migration Systems: A Global Approach, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hansen, R. & P. Weil (2001), Towards a European Nationality: Citizenship, Immigration and Nationality Law in the EU, Houndmills: Basingstoke.
Hein de Haas (2015), “Why The Debate over Europe’s Migration Crisis is Full of Myths”, The Huffington Post, <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/europe-migrant-crisis-myths facts_55df64e5e4b08dc09486d510>, 08.12.2015.
Herzfeld, M. (2002), The Idea of Europe: Rethinking an Attitude, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hönekopp, E. (1997), “The New Labor Migration as an Instrument of German Foreign Policy”, in: R. Münz & M. Weiner (eds. 165-182), Migrants, Refugees and Foreign Policy: U.S. and German Policies Toward Countries of Origin, Providence, RI: Berghahn Books.
İçduygu, A. & K. Kirişçi (2009), Land of Diverse Migrations, Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press.
İçduygu, A. (2010), “International Migration and Turkey”, Istanbul: 2010 OECD SOPEMI Report.
IMF (2008), IMF Executive Board Concludes Ex Post Assessment of Longer-Term Program Engagement and Ex Post Evaluation of Exceptional Access for Turkey, Public Information Notice No. 08/100.
IOM (2005), World Migration 2005: Costs and Benefits of International Migration, International Organization for Migration.
Kaiser, B. (2003), “Life Worlds of EU Immigrants in Turkey”, in: E. Zeybekoğlu & B. Johansson (eds.) Migration and Labour in Europe: Views from Turkey and Sweden, Istanbul: Murcir ve Niwl.
Kaldor, N. (1945), “The German War Economy”, The Review of Economic Studies, 13(1), 33-52.
Kiray, M. (1976), “The Family of the Immigrant Worker”, in: N. Abadan-Unat (ed.) Turkish Workers in Europe, Bill: Leiden.
Kirişçi, K. (2003), Turkey: A Transformation from Emigration to Immigration, Migration Information Source, <http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?id=176>, 02.11.2015.
Korfalı, K. & A. Üstübici & H. De Clerck (2014), “Turkey Country and Research Areas Report”, MiReKoç Project Reports 2/2014 EUMAGINE, <https://mirekoc.ku.edu.tr/sites/mirekoc.ku.edu.tr/files/PP5%20- %20Turkey%20Country%20and%20Research%20Areas%20Report.pdf>, 10.10.2015.
Krane, R.E. (1975), Manpower Mobility across Cultural Boundaries: Social, Economic and Legal Aspects: The Case of Turkey and West Germany, Brill: Leiden.
Lewis, H. & P. Dwyer & S. Hodkinson & L. Waite (2014), “Hyper-precarious lives: Migrants, Work and Forced Labour in the Global North”, Progress in Human Geography, September, 1- 21.
Martin, P.L. & M.J. Miller (1980), “Guest workers: Lessons from Western Europe”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 33(3), 315-330.
Martin, P. (1997), “Guest worker policies for the twenty-first century”, New Community, 23(4), 483- 494.
Martin, P. (2012), “Turkey-EU Migration: The Road Ahead”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Special Issue: 50 years of Migration from Turkey to Germany: Current Perspectives and Historical Background, 17, 125-131.
Metcalfe-Hough, V. (2015), “The migration crisis? Facts, challenges and possible solutions”, Briefing, Shaping Policy for Development: 1-6.
Münz, R. & R. Ulrich (1997), “Changing Patterns of German Immigration, 1945-1994”, in: K.J. Bade & M. Weiner (eds.), Migration Past, Migration Future: Germany and the United States, New York: Berghahn Books.
Narayanan, G. & A.A. Badri & R. McDougall (2012), Global Trade, Assistance, and Production: The GTAP 8 Data Base, Purdue University: Center for Global Trade Analysis; <https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/v7/v7_doco.asp>, 18.12.2015.
Neal, L. (2007), The Economics of Europe and the European Union, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paine, S. (1974), Exporting Workers: The Turkish Case, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paque, K. (1987), “Labour Surplus and Capital Shortage: German Unemployment in the First Decade after the Currency Reform”, Kiel Working Papers (No: 290), Kiel Institute of World Economics.
Penninx, R. (1982), “A Critical review of Theory and Practice: The Case of Turkey”, International Migration Review, 16, 781-818.
Pischke, J.S. & J. Velling (1997), “Employment effects of immigration to Germany: An Analysis Based on Local Labour Markets”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(4), 594-604.
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Sen, F. (1994), “The Economic, Social and Political Impact of Turkish Migration”, in: S. Spencer, Immigration as an Economic Asset: The German Experience, Stoke-on-Trent: IPPR/Trentham Books, 93-106.
Sirkeci, I. (2015), Politics and Law in Turkish Migration, London: Transnational Press.
Stalker, P. (2002), “Migration Trends and Migration Policy in Europe”, International Migration, 40(5), 151-179.
Straubhaar, T. (1992), “Allocational and Distributional Aspects of Future Immigration to Western Europe”, International Migration Review, 26(2), 462-83.
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Türkiye’den Avrupa’ya İşçi Göçünü Neler Etkilemektedir? Olayın Kapsamı ve Sonuçları

Year 2017, Volume: 25 Issue: 31, 167 - 189, 31.01.2017

Meltem İnce Yenilmez

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.288875

Abstract

Birbirine bağlı olan küresel ölçekte göçü etkileyen birkaç farklı konu bulunmaktadır. Bunlar arasında iş göçü, yaşam tarzı göçü, ekolojik göç, yurtdışında çalışanların ücretleri, transit göç, kuraldışı küresel göç, zorla çalıştırılan ve zorla insani yardım göçü, insan kaçakçılığı, mülteciler ve yerinden edilmiş nüfusların güvenliği sayılabilir. Bu çalışma, Türk göçmen işçilerinin nedenselliğini ve sonuçlarını analiz etmektedir. Hedef: Bu araştırma özellikle iş pazarında bulunan ve geçimlerini sağlamak üzere Avrupa’ya gittikçe artan oranlarda gelen düzensiz göçmenlerin durumu üzerine yoğunlaşacak. Yöntem: Çalışmada sosyal ve kültürel söylem analizi kullanılmıştır. Göçün ekonomik etkilerini değerlendirmek için, her ülkenin makroekonomik faktörlerini araştırmak tercih edilir. Bu
çalışma,göç olgusuna ekonomik, kültürel ve sosyal açıdan yaklaşmaktadır. Bulgular: Görünüşe göre,
göç politikaları, en azından çoğu durumda, önceden belirlenmiş demografik hedeflerine ulaşamıyor.
Bunun nedeni net göç sentezinin ve hacminin kontrol edilmesi dikkate değer bir zorluk oluşturmasıdır.
Ekonomik krizin yanı sıra, sosyal yasama sorunları ve işsizlik gibi son zamanlarda Türkiye’ye özgü
bazı faktörler, nüfusun büyük kesimlerini diğer ülkelere göç etmeye iterek göçün bir sonucunu
doğurarak itiyor. Sonuç: Demografik gelişimler yaklaşma tepkisiyle işbirliği içerisinde iş gücünün
boyut ve yapısını karmaşık olarak etkilemektedir. Bunun da ötesinde, iş pazarının gelecekteki
ihtiyaçlarını göç akımlarına göre kesin bir şekilde ayırt etmek ve göç politikalarını iyileştirmek için
yapılan girişimler de oldukça kısıtlı kalmaktadır

Keywords

İşçi Göçü, Kayıt Dışı Emek Piyasası, Emeğin Hareketliliği, İşgücü Standartları

References

Abadan-Unat, N. (1986), “Turkish migration to Europe and the Middle East: Its impact on the Social Structure and Social Legislation”, in: L. Michalak & J. Salacuse (eds. 325-69), Social legislation in the Contemporary Middle East, California, Berkeley: Institute of International Studies.
Akçapar, Ş. (2009), “Turkish Brain Drain to the USA”, in: A. İçduygu & K. Kirişci (eds. 109-248), Lands of Diverse Migration, Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Akkoyunlu, S. & B. Silverstovs (2009), “Migration and Trade: Complements or Substitutes: Evidence from Turkish Migration to Germany”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 45(5), 47-61.
Altug, S. & A. Filiztekin & S. Pamuk (2007), “The Sources of Long-Term Economic Growth for Turkey: 1880-2005”, Discussion Paper No. 6463, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
Anagnostou, D. (2005), “Deepening Democracy or Defending the Nation: the Europeanization of minority Rights and Greek Citizenship”, West European Politics, 28(2), 338.
Antoniou, D. (2005), “Western Thracian Muslims in Athens”, Balkanologie, IX (1-2).
Arendt, H. (2007), The Jewish Writings, New York: Schockenbooks.
Atilgan, C. (2002), Türkische Diaspora in Deutschland: Chance oder Risiko für die deutschtürkischen Beziehungen, Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut.
Avcı, G. (2006), “Determinants of integration: comparing integration policies and outcomes: Turks in the Netherlands and Germany”, Turkish Studies, 7(1), 45-76.
Aydin, Y. (2016), “The Germany-Turkey migration corridor: Reffiting policies for a transnational age”, Transatlantic Council on Migration, A Project of Migration Policy Institute, 1-22.
BAMF (2014), Abwanderung von Türkkeistammigen: Wer verlasst Deutschland und warum?, <www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Publikationen/Beitragsreihe/beitrag-band-6-abwanderung-tuerkeistaemmiger.html>, (Nuremberg: BAMF, 2014), 28.11.2015.
Becker, J. & R. Behnisch (2002), “Vorwort”, in: Z. Autonomie & T. Gängelung (eds. 7-13); Türkische Medienkultur in Deutschland II. Rehburg, Loccum: Evangelische Akademie Loccum.
Bellamy, R. & D. Schecter (1993), Gramsci and Italian state, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Bolz, K. (1974), “Guest Workers and East-West Cooperation”, Intereconomics, 9(9), 266-76.
Boeri, T. & H. Brücker (1999), The Impact of Eastern Enlargement on Employment und Wages in the EU Member States - Manuscript, European Integration Consortium, Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW.
Castles, S. & G. Kosach (1985), Immigrant workers and class structures in Western Europe, London: Oxford University Press.
Castles, S. (2013), “The Forces Driving Global Migration”, Journal of Intercultural Studies, 34(2), 122-140.
Eichengreen, B. & A.O. Ritschl (2009), “Understanding West German Economic Growth in the 1950s”, Cliometrica, Published online.
Eissel, D. (2011), “The German Economy”, in: R. Seidelmann (eds. 77-102), The New Germany - History, Economy and Policy, Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Erzan, R. & U. Kuzubaş & N. Yildiz (2004), “Growth and immigration Scenarios for Turkey and the EU”, CEPS EU-Turkey Working Papers, No. 13.
Erzan, R. & U. Kuzubaş & N. Yıldız (2006), “Immigration Scenarios: Turkey-EU”, Turkish Studies, 7(1).
European Commission (2010), Migration, Employment and Labor Policies in the European Union, Belgium: International Organization for Migration. Eurostat Data (2012), <http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home/>, 06.12.2015.
Faist, T. (1995), Social Citizenship for Whom: Young Turks in Germany and Mexican Americans in the United States, Aldershot: Avebury.
Faini, R.J. & J. De Melo & K.F. Zimmermann (1999), Migration. The Controversies and the Evidence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Featherstone, K. & M. Radaelli (2003), The Politics of Europeanization, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Felbermayr, G. & M. Larch & W. Lechthaler (2012), “Labour Market Reforms in a Globalized World”, Intereconomics, 5(47), 307-312.
Frey, M. & M. Ulrich (1996), Impact of Migration in Receiving Countries: Germany, Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
Gitmez, A. (1983), Yurtdışına İşçi Göçü ve Geri Dönüşler, Istanbul: Alan Yayıncılık.
Gitmez, A. (1989), “Turkish Experience of Work Emigration: Economic Development or Individual Well-Being”, Yapı Kredi: Economic Review, III(4), 3-27.
Glazar, O. & W. Strielkowski (2010), “Turkey and the European Union: Possible Incidence of the EU Accession on Migration Flows”, Prague Economic Papers, 3, 218-235.
Goffman, D. (2002), The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gramsci, A. (1917), “The Revolution against Capital”, in: A. Gramsci & R. Bellamy (eds.), Preprison writings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gurak, D.T. & F. Caces (1992), “Migration networks and the shaping of migration systems”, in: M. Kritz & L.L. Lim & H. Zlotnik (eds. 150-176), International Migration Systems: A Global Approach, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hansen, R. & P. Weil (2001), Towards a European Nationality: Citizenship, Immigration and Nationality Law in the EU, Houndmills: Basingstoke.
Hein de Haas (2015), “Why The Debate over Europe’s Migration Crisis is Full of Myths”, The Huffington Post, <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/europe-migrant-crisis-myths facts_55df64e5e4b08dc09486d510>, 08.12.2015.
Herzfeld, M. (2002), The Idea of Europe: Rethinking an Attitude, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hönekopp, E. (1997), “The New Labor Migration as an Instrument of German Foreign Policy”, in: R. Münz & M. Weiner (eds. 165-182), Migrants, Refugees and Foreign Policy: U.S. and German Policies Toward Countries of Origin, Providence, RI: Berghahn Books.
İçduygu, A. & K. Kirişçi (2009), Land of Diverse Migrations, Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press.
İçduygu, A. (2010), “International Migration and Turkey”, Istanbul: 2010 OECD SOPEMI Report.
IMF (2008), IMF Executive Board Concludes Ex Post Assessment of Longer-Term Program Engagement and Ex Post Evaluation of Exceptional Access for Turkey, Public Information Notice No. 08/100.
IOM (2005), World Migration 2005: Costs and Benefits of International Migration, International Organization for Migration.
Kaiser, B. (2003), “Life Worlds of EU Immigrants in Turkey”, in: E. Zeybekoğlu & B. Johansson (eds.) Migration and Labour in Europe: Views from Turkey and Sweden, Istanbul: Murcir ve Niwl.
Kaldor, N. (1945), “The German War Economy”, The Review of Economic Studies, 13(1), 33-52.
Kiray, M. (1976), “The Family of the Immigrant Worker”, in: N. Abadan-Unat (ed.) Turkish Workers in Europe, Bill: Leiden.
Kirişçi, K. (2003), Turkey: A Transformation from Emigration to Immigration, Migration Information Source, <http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?id=176>, 02.11.2015.
Korfalı, K. & A. Üstübici & H. De Clerck (2014), “Turkey Country and Research Areas Report”, MiReKoç Project Reports 2/2014 EUMAGINE, <https://mirekoc.ku.edu.tr/sites/mirekoc.ku.edu.tr/files/PP5%20- %20Turkey%20Country%20and%20Research%20Areas%20Report.pdf>, 10.10.2015.
Krane, R.E. (1975), Manpower Mobility across Cultural Boundaries: Social, Economic and Legal Aspects: The Case of Turkey and West Germany, Brill: Leiden.
Lewis, H. & P. Dwyer & S. Hodkinson & L. Waite (2014), “Hyper-precarious lives: Migrants, Work and Forced Labour in the Global North”, Progress in Human Geography, September, 1- 21.
Martin, P.L. & M.J. Miller (1980), “Guest workers: Lessons from Western Europe”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 33(3), 315-330.
Martin, P. (1997), “Guest worker policies for the twenty-first century”, New Community, 23(4), 483- 494.
Martin, P. (2012), “Turkey-EU Migration: The Road Ahead”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Special Issue: 50 years of Migration from Turkey to Germany: Current Perspectives and Historical Background, 17, 125-131.
Metcalfe-Hough, V. (2015), “The migration crisis? Facts, challenges and possible solutions”, Briefing, Shaping Policy for Development: 1-6.
Münz, R. & R. Ulrich (1997), “Changing Patterns of German Immigration, 1945-1994”, in: K.J. Bade & M. Weiner (eds.), Migration Past, Migration Future: Germany and the United States, New York: Berghahn Books.
Narayanan, G. & A.A. Badri & R. McDougall (2012), Global Trade, Assistance, and Production: The GTAP 8 Data Base, Purdue University: Center for Global Trade Analysis; <https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/v7/v7_doco.asp>, 18.12.2015.
Neal, L. (2007), The Economics of Europe and the European Union, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paine, S. (1974), Exporting Workers: The Turkish Case, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paque, K. (1987), “Labour Surplus and Capital Shortage: German Unemployment in the First Decade after the Currency Reform”, Kiel Working Papers (No: 290), Kiel Institute of World Economics.
Penninx, R. (1982), “A Critical review of Theory and Practice: The Case of Turkey”, International Migration Review, 16, 781-818.
Pischke, J.S. & J. Velling (1997), “Employment effects of immigration to Germany: An Analysis Based on Local Labour Markets”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(4), 594-604.
OECD Data (2012), <http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode5MIG>, 03.12.2015.
OECD (2014), The OECD Employment Outlook 2014, Paris: OECD Publishing.
Østergard-Nielsen, E. (2003), Transnational Politics: Turks and Kurds in Germany, London: Routledge.
Rouleau, E. (2000), “Turkey’s Dream of Democracy”, Foreign Affairs, 79(6), 100-114.
Sachverständigenrat für Zuwanderung und Integration (2004), Migration und Integration - Erfahrungen nutzen, Neues wagen, Nürnberg: Jahresgutachen.
Sen, F. (1994), “The Economic, Social and Political Impact of Turkish Migration”, in: S. Spencer, Immigration as an Economic Asset: The German Experience, Stoke-on-Trent: IPPR/Trentham Books, 93-106.
Sirkeci, I. (2015), Politics and Law in Turkish Migration, London: Transnational Press.
Stalker, P. (2002), “Migration Trends and Migration Policy in Europe”, International Migration, 40(5), 151-179.
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Journal Section	Articles
Authors	Meltem İnce Yenilmez
Publication Date	January 31, 2017
Submission Date	January 30, 2017
Published in Issue	Year 2017 Volume: 25 Issue: 31

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APA	İnce Yenilmez, M. (2017). What Determines Labour Movement from Turkey to Europe? Extent of the Situation and Implications. Sosyoekonomi, 25(31), 167-189. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.288875
AMA	İnce Yenilmez M. What Determines Labour Movement from Turkey to Europe? Extent of the Situation and Implications. Sosyoekonomi. January 2017;25(31):167-189. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.288875
Chicago	İnce Yenilmez, Meltem. “What Determines Labour Movement from Turkey to Europe? Extent of the Situation and Implications”. Sosyoekonomi 25, no. 31 (January 2017): 167-89. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.288875.
EndNote	İnce Yenilmez M (January 1, 2017) What Determines Labour Movement from Turkey to Europe? Extent of the Situation and Implications. Sosyoekonomi 25 31 167–189.
IEEE	M. İnce Yenilmez, “What Determines Labour Movement from Turkey to Europe? Extent of the Situation and Implications”, Sosyoekonomi, vol. 25, no. 31, pp. 167–189, 2017, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.288875.
ISNAD	İnce Yenilmez, Meltem. “What Determines Labour Movement from Turkey to Europe? Extent of the Situation and Implications”. Sosyoekonomi 25/31 (January 2017), 167-189. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.288875.
JAMA	İnce Yenilmez M. What Determines Labour Movement from Turkey to Europe? Extent of the Situation and Implications. Sosyoekonomi. 2017;25:167–189.
MLA	İnce Yenilmez, Meltem. “What Determines Labour Movement from Turkey to Europe? Extent of the Situation and Implications”. Sosyoekonomi, vol. 25, no. 31, 2017, pp. 167-89, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.288875.
Vancouver	İnce Yenilmez M. What Determines Labour Movement from Turkey to Europe? Extent of the Situation and Implications. Sosyoekonomi. 2017;25(31):167-89.

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