Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Suçun İktisadi Analizi: Türkiye ve Avrupa Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama

Year 2020, Volume: 28 Issue: 46, 349 - 370, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.16

Abstract

Suç hem mikro iktisadi açıdan hem de makro iktisadi açıdan toplumlar ve ekonomiler için önemli tehditler içermektedir. Mikro analizlerde gelir, işsizlik, eğitim, eşitsizlik gibi değişkenlerin suç üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmaktadır. Makro analizlerde ise suçun rekabet gücünü azaltacağı, yabancı yatırımcıları caydıracağı, özel ve kamu fonlarının suç önlemeye yönelik verimsiz alanlara aktarılmasına sebep olacağı değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışma Türkiye’nin dahil edildiği 25 Avrupa ülkesinde, suçun sosyoekonomik belirleyicilerini ve ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini analiz etmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar gelir, eğitim, refah düzeyinin suçları negatif; işsizlik, fiyat artışı ve eşitsizliğin ise suçları pozitif etkilediğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, sonuçlar suçun ekonomik büyüme üzerinde negatif etkiye sahip olduğunu doğrulamaktadır.

Supporting Institution

Erciyes Üniversitesi BAP Birimi

Project Number

SDK-2017-7228

References

  • Acemoglu, D. & S. Johnson (2003), Unbundling Institutions (No. 9934), <https://doi.org/10.3386/w9934>, 23.12.2019.
  • Altindag, D.T. (2012), “Crime and unemployment: Evidence from Europe”, International Review of Law and Economics, 32(1), 145-157.
  • Bai, J. & C. Kao & S. Ng (2009), “Panel cointegration with global stochastic trends”, Journal of Econometrics, 149(1), 82-99.
  • Bai, J. & C. Kao (2006), “Chapter 1 On the Estimation and Inference of a Panel Cointegration Model with Cross-Sectional Dependence”, Contributions to Economic Analysis, 274, 3-30.
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2006), “Estimating an economic model of crime using panel data from North Carolina”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 21(4), 543-547.
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2015), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (Fifth), New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Barro, R.J. (1990), “Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogeneous Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 103-125.
  • Becker, G.S. (1968), “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”, Journal of Political Economy, 76(2), 169-217.
  • Biagi, B. & C. Detotto (2014), “Crime as Tourism Externality”, Regional Studies, 48(4), 693-709.
  • Britt, C.L. (1997), “Reconsidering the Unemployment and Crime Relationship: Variation by Age Group and Historical Period”, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 13, 405-428.
  • Brush, J. (2007), “Does income inequality lead to more crime? A comparison of cross-sectional and time-series analyses of United States counties”, Economics Letters, 96(2), 264-268.
  • Burnham, R. & R.M. Feinberg & T.A. Husted (2004), “Central city crime and suburban economic growth”, Applied Economics, 36(9), 917-922.
  • Chintrakarn, P. & D. Herzer D. (2012), “More inequality, more crime? A panel cointegration analysis for the United States”, Economics Letters, 116(3), 389-391.
  • Choi, I. (2015), “Panel Cointegration”, içinde: B.H. Baltagi (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Panel Data, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 46-75.
  • Chukwudum, B. & O. Ifeanyi (2016), “Income Inequality: Impact of Inequality Measures on Crimes An Analysis of the State of New Jersey”, International Journal of Business and Social Research, 6(4), 12-27.
  • Cornwell, C. & W.N. Trumbull (1994), “Estimating the Economic Model of Crime with Panel Data”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 76(2), 360-366.
  • Deadman, D. & Z. MacDonald (2002), “Why has crime fallen? An economic perspective”, Economic Affairs, 22(3), 5-14.
  • Demombynes, G. & B. Özler (2005), “Crime and local inequality in South Africa”, Journal of Development Economics, 76(2), 265-292.
  • Detotto, C. & E. Otranto (2010), “Does crime affect economic growth?”, Kyklos, 63(3), 330-345.
  • Detotto, C. & M. Pulina (2013), “Does more crime mean fewer jobs and less economic growth?”, European Journal of Law and Economics, 36(1), 183-207.
  • Dritsakis, N. & A. Gkanas (2009), “The Effect of Socio-Economic Determinants on Crime Rates: An Empirical Research in the Case of Greece with Cointegration Analysis”, International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, 2(2), 51-64.
  • Ehrlich, I. (1975), “The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: A Question of Life and Death”, The American Economic Review, 65(3), 397-417.
  • Eide, E. & P.H. Rubin & J.M. Shepherd (2006), Economics of crime (Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics), Now Publishers.
  • Enamorado, T. & L.F. López-Calva & C. Rodríguez-Castelán & H. Winkler (2016), “Income inequality and violent crime: Evidence from Mexico’s drug war”, Journal of Development Economics, 120, 128-143.
  • Entorf, H. & H. Spengler (2000), “Socioeconomic and demographic factors of crime in Germany: Evidence from panel data of the German states”, International Review of Law and Economics, 20(1), 75-106.
  • Farrington, D.P. & B. Gallagher & L. Morley & R.J. Ledger & D.J. West (1986), “Unemployment, School Leaving, and Crime”, The British Journal of Criminology, 26(4), 335-356.
  • Feenstra, R.C. & R. Inklaar & M.P. Timmer (2015), “The Next Generation of the Penn World Table”, American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182.
  • FRA (2018), Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey - Being Black in the EU, < https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2018/eumidis-ii-being-black>, 23.12.2019.
  • Freeman, R.B. (1996), “Why Do So Many Young American Men Commit Crimes and What Might We Do About It?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(1), 25-42.
  • Giusti, G. & J.M. Raya (2019), “The effect of crime perception and information format on tourists’ willingness/intention to travel”, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 11, 101-107.
  • Glass, A. (2009), “Government expenditure on public order and safety, economic growth and private investment: Empirical evidence from the United States”, International Review of Law and Economics, 29(1), 29-37.
  • Goulas, E. & A. Zervoyianni (2013), “Economic growth and crime: does uncertainty matter?”, Applied Economics Letters, 20(5), 420-427.
  • Goulas, E. & A. Zervoyianni (2015), “Economic growth and crime: Is there an asymmetric relationship?”, Economic Modelling, 49, 286-295.
  • Gould, E.D. & B.A. Weinberg & D.B. Mustard (2002), “Crime Rates and Local Labor Market Opportunities in the United States: 1979-1997”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(1), 45-61.
  • Granger, C. & P. Newbold (1974), “Spurious regressions in econometrics”, Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111-120.
  • Greenbaum, R.T. & G.E. Tita (2004), “The Impact of Violence Surges on Neighbourhood Business Activity”, Urban Studies, 41(13), 2495-2514.
  • Gruszczyńska, B. & M. Heiskanen (2018), “Trends in Police-Recorded Offenses at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century in Europe”, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 24(1), 37-53.
  • Hale, C. & D. Sabbagh (1991), “Testing the Relationship Between Unemployment and Crime: A Methodological Comment and Empirical Analysis Using Time Series Data from England and Wales”, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 28(4), 400-417.
  • Hemley, D.D. & L.R. McPheters (1975), “Crime as an Externality of Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis”, The American Economist, 19(1), 45-47.
  • Jennings, W. & S. Farrall & S. Bevan (2012), “The economy, crime and time: An analysis of recorded property crime in England & Wales 1961-2006”, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 40(3), 192-210.
  • Kao, C. & M.-H. Chiang (2001), “On the estimation and inference of a cointegrated regression in panel data”, in: B.H. Baltagi & B.F. Thomas & R.C. Hill (eds.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels (Advances in Econometrics, Volume 15), 179-222.
  • Kiefer, N.M. & T.J. Vogelsang (2002), “Heteroskedasticity-Autocorrelation Robust Standard Errors Using the Bartlett Kernel without Truncation”, Econometrica, 70, 2093-2095.
  • Kizilgol, O. & S. Selim (2017), “Socio-economic and demographic determinants of crime by panel count data analysis: the case of EU 28 and Turkey”, Pressacademia, 6(1), 31-41.
  • Kumar, S. (2013), Crime and Economic Growth: Evidence from India (No. 48794), <http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/48794/>, 23.12.2019.
  • Lynch, C. (2010), “Racism is on the Increase in Europe and Ireland is no exception”, Irish Examiner, <http://enarireland.org/racism-is-on-the-increase-in-europe-and-ireland-is-no-exception/>, 23.12.2019.
  • Mankiw, N.G. & D. Romer & D.N. Weil (1992), “A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
  • Marvell, T.B. & C.E. Moody (1988), Crime and economic trend, Columbus, Ohio.
  • Mauro, L. & G. Carmeci (2007), “A Poverty Trap of Crime and Unemployment”, Review of Development Economics, 11(3), 450-462.
  • Melick, M.D. (2004), “The relationship between unemployment and crime”, The Park Place Economist, 6, 30-36.
  • Montolio, D. (2018), “The effects of local infrastructure investment on crime”, Labour Economics, 52, 210-230.
  • Narayan, P.K. & R. Smyth (2004), “Crime rates, male youth unemployment and real income in Australia: evidence from Granger causality tests”, Applied Economics, 36(18), 2079-2095.
  • Neanidis, K.C. & V. Papadopoulou (2013), “Crime, fertility, and economic growth: Theory and evidence”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 91, 101-121.
  • OECD (2016), States of Fragility 2016: Understanding Violence.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001a), “Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels”, içinde: B.H. Baltagi & T.B. Fomby & R.C. Hill (eds.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels (Advances in Econometrics, Volume 15), 93-130.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001b), “Purchasing Power Parity Tests in Cointegrated Panels”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 83, 727-731.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2006), “Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure”, Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2007), “A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross sectional dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • Reilly, B. & R. Witt (1996), “Crime, Deterrence And Unemployment in England and Wales: An Empirical Analysis”, Bulletin of Economic Research, 48(2), 137-159.
  • Scorcu, A.E. & R. Cellini (1998), “Economic activity and crime in the long run: an empirical investigation on aggregate data from Italy, 1951-1994”, International Review of Law and Economics, 18(3), 279-292.
  • Sjoquist, D.L. (1973), “Property Crime and Economic Behavior: Some Empirical Results”, The American Economic Review, 63(3), 439-446.
  • Smith, L.V. & S. Leybourne & T.-H. Kim & P. Newbold (2004), “More powerful panel data unit root tests with an application to mean reversion in real exchange rates”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19(2), 147-170.
  • Tang, C.F. & H.H. Lean (2007), “Will Inflation Increase Crime Rate? New Evidence from Bounds and Modified Wald Tests”, Global Crime, 8(4), 311-323.
  • Thornberry, T.P. & R.L. Christenson (1984), “Unemployment and Criminal Involvement: An Investigation of Reciprocal Causal Structures”, American Sociological Review, 49(3), 398-411.
  • Trickett, A. & D. Ellingworth & T. Hope & K. Pease (1995), “Crime Victimization in the Eighties - Changes in Area and Regional Inequality”, British Journal of Criminology, 35(3), 343-359.
  • Ulucak, R. & F. Bilgili (2018), “A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 188, 144-157.
  • UN (2015), 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
  • Westerlund, J. & D.L. Edgerton (2007), “A panel bootstrap cointegration test”, Economics Letters, 97(3), 185-190.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008), “Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-233.
  • Witt, R. & A. Clarke & N. Fielding (1999), “Crime and economic activity. A panel data approach”, British Journal of Criminology, 39(3), 391-400.
  • Witte, A.D. & H. Tauchen (1993), “Work and Crime: an Exploration Using Panel Data”, içinde: N.G. Fielding & A. Clarke & R. Witt (eds.), The Economic Dimensions of Crime, 176-191.
  • Witte, A.D. & R. Witt (2001), “Crime Causation: Economic Theories”, içinde: J. Dressler (ed.), Encyclopedia of Crime & Justice, <https://www.surrey.ac.uk/economics/files/apaperspdf/ECON 03-00.pdf>, 23.12.2019.

Economic Analysis of Crime: An Application on Turkey and European Countries

Year 2020, Volume: 28 Issue: 46, 349 - 370, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.16

Abstract

The crime creates important threats for societies and economies in terms of both microeconomic and macroeconomic theory. From the microeconomic perspective, the effects of variables such as income, unemployment, education, and inequality on crime are investigated while macroeconomic analyses focus on the negative effects of crime on economic growth since it decreases competitiveness, deters foreign investors, and increases inefficient public expenditures. This study analyses socioeconomic determinants of crime and the impact of crime on economic growth by using panel data techniques for the data of 25 European countries in which Turkey as well is included for the period 1993-2012. Empirical results indicate that income, education and welfare level rises decrease crime while unemployment, price level and inequality increase it. In addition, empirical results confirm that the crime has a negative impact on economic growth.

Project Number

SDK-2017-7228

References

  • Acemoglu, D. & S. Johnson (2003), Unbundling Institutions (No. 9934), <https://doi.org/10.3386/w9934>, 23.12.2019.
  • Altindag, D.T. (2012), “Crime and unemployment: Evidence from Europe”, International Review of Law and Economics, 32(1), 145-157.
  • Bai, J. & C. Kao & S. Ng (2009), “Panel cointegration with global stochastic trends”, Journal of Econometrics, 149(1), 82-99.
  • Bai, J. & C. Kao (2006), “Chapter 1 On the Estimation and Inference of a Panel Cointegration Model with Cross-Sectional Dependence”, Contributions to Economic Analysis, 274, 3-30.
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2006), “Estimating an economic model of crime using panel data from North Carolina”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 21(4), 543-547.
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2015), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (Fifth), New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Barro, R.J. (1990), “Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogeneous Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 103-125.
  • Becker, G.S. (1968), “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”, Journal of Political Economy, 76(2), 169-217.
  • Biagi, B. & C. Detotto (2014), “Crime as Tourism Externality”, Regional Studies, 48(4), 693-709.
  • Britt, C.L. (1997), “Reconsidering the Unemployment and Crime Relationship: Variation by Age Group and Historical Period”, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 13, 405-428.
  • Brush, J. (2007), “Does income inequality lead to more crime? A comparison of cross-sectional and time-series analyses of United States counties”, Economics Letters, 96(2), 264-268.
  • Burnham, R. & R.M. Feinberg & T.A. Husted (2004), “Central city crime and suburban economic growth”, Applied Economics, 36(9), 917-922.
  • Chintrakarn, P. & D. Herzer D. (2012), “More inequality, more crime? A panel cointegration analysis for the United States”, Economics Letters, 116(3), 389-391.
  • Choi, I. (2015), “Panel Cointegration”, içinde: B.H. Baltagi (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Panel Data, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 46-75.
  • Chukwudum, B. & O. Ifeanyi (2016), “Income Inequality: Impact of Inequality Measures on Crimes An Analysis of the State of New Jersey”, International Journal of Business and Social Research, 6(4), 12-27.
  • Cornwell, C. & W.N. Trumbull (1994), “Estimating the Economic Model of Crime with Panel Data”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 76(2), 360-366.
  • Deadman, D. & Z. MacDonald (2002), “Why has crime fallen? An economic perspective”, Economic Affairs, 22(3), 5-14.
  • Demombynes, G. & B. Özler (2005), “Crime and local inequality in South Africa”, Journal of Development Economics, 76(2), 265-292.
  • Detotto, C. & E. Otranto (2010), “Does crime affect economic growth?”, Kyklos, 63(3), 330-345.
  • Detotto, C. & M. Pulina (2013), “Does more crime mean fewer jobs and less economic growth?”, European Journal of Law and Economics, 36(1), 183-207.
  • Dritsakis, N. & A. Gkanas (2009), “The Effect of Socio-Economic Determinants on Crime Rates: An Empirical Research in the Case of Greece with Cointegration Analysis”, International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, 2(2), 51-64.
  • Ehrlich, I. (1975), “The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: A Question of Life and Death”, The American Economic Review, 65(3), 397-417.
  • Eide, E. & P.H. Rubin & J.M. Shepherd (2006), Economics of crime (Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics), Now Publishers.
  • Enamorado, T. & L.F. López-Calva & C. Rodríguez-Castelán & H. Winkler (2016), “Income inequality and violent crime: Evidence from Mexico’s drug war”, Journal of Development Economics, 120, 128-143.
  • Entorf, H. & H. Spengler (2000), “Socioeconomic and demographic factors of crime in Germany: Evidence from panel data of the German states”, International Review of Law and Economics, 20(1), 75-106.
  • Farrington, D.P. & B. Gallagher & L. Morley & R.J. Ledger & D.J. West (1986), “Unemployment, School Leaving, and Crime”, The British Journal of Criminology, 26(4), 335-356.
  • Feenstra, R.C. & R. Inklaar & M.P. Timmer (2015), “The Next Generation of the Penn World Table”, American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182.
  • FRA (2018), Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey - Being Black in the EU, < https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2018/eumidis-ii-being-black>, 23.12.2019.
  • Freeman, R.B. (1996), “Why Do So Many Young American Men Commit Crimes and What Might We Do About It?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(1), 25-42.
  • Giusti, G. & J.M. Raya (2019), “The effect of crime perception and information format on tourists’ willingness/intention to travel”, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 11, 101-107.
  • Glass, A. (2009), “Government expenditure on public order and safety, economic growth and private investment: Empirical evidence from the United States”, International Review of Law and Economics, 29(1), 29-37.
  • Goulas, E. & A. Zervoyianni (2013), “Economic growth and crime: does uncertainty matter?”, Applied Economics Letters, 20(5), 420-427.
  • Goulas, E. & A. Zervoyianni (2015), “Economic growth and crime: Is there an asymmetric relationship?”, Economic Modelling, 49, 286-295.
  • Gould, E.D. & B.A. Weinberg & D.B. Mustard (2002), “Crime Rates and Local Labor Market Opportunities in the United States: 1979-1997”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(1), 45-61.
  • Granger, C. & P. Newbold (1974), “Spurious regressions in econometrics”, Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111-120.
  • Greenbaum, R.T. & G.E. Tita (2004), “The Impact of Violence Surges on Neighbourhood Business Activity”, Urban Studies, 41(13), 2495-2514.
  • Gruszczyńska, B. & M. Heiskanen (2018), “Trends in Police-Recorded Offenses at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century in Europe”, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 24(1), 37-53.
  • Hale, C. & D. Sabbagh (1991), “Testing the Relationship Between Unemployment and Crime: A Methodological Comment and Empirical Analysis Using Time Series Data from England and Wales”, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 28(4), 400-417.
  • Hemley, D.D. & L.R. McPheters (1975), “Crime as an Externality of Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis”, The American Economist, 19(1), 45-47.
  • Jennings, W. & S. Farrall & S. Bevan (2012), “The economy, crime and time: An analysis of recorded property crime in England & Wales 1961-2006”, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 40(3), 192-210.
  • Kao, C. & M.-H. Chiang (2001), “On the estimation and inference of a cointegrated regression in panel data”, in: B.H. Baltagi & B.F. Thomas & R.C. Hill (eds.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels (Advances in Econometrics, Volume 15), 179-222.
  • Kiefer, N.M. & T.J. Vogelsang (2002), “Heteroskedasticity-Autocorrelation Robust Standard Errors Using the Bartlett Kernel without Truncation”, Econometrica, 70, 2093-2095.
  • Kizilgol, O. & S. Selim (2017), “Socio-economic and demographic determinants of crime by panel count data analysis: the case of EU 28 and Turkey”, Pressacademia, 6(1), 31-41.
  • Kumar, S. (2013), Crime and Economic Growth: Evidence from India (No. 48794), <http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/48794/>, 23.12.2019.
  • Lynch, C. (2010), “Racism is on the Increase in Europe and Ireland is no exception”, Irish Examiner, <http://enarireland.org/racism-is-on-the-increase-in-europe-and-ireland-is-no-exception/>, 23.12.2019.
  • Mankiw, N.G. & D. Romer & D.N. Weil (1992), “A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
  • Marvell, T.B. & C.E. Moody (1988), Crime and economic trend, Columbus, Ohio.
  • Mauro, L. & G. Carmeci (2007), “A Poverty Trap of Crime and Unemployment”, Review of Development Economics, 11(3), 450-462.
  • Melick, M.D. (2004), “The relationship between unemployment and crime”, The Park Place Economist, 6, 30-36.
  • Montolio, D. (2018), “The effects of local infrastructure investment on crime”, Labour Economics, 52, 210-230.
  • Narayan, P.K. & R. Smyth (2004), “Crime rates, male youth unemployment and real income in Australia: evidence from Granger causality tests”, Applied Economics, 36(18), 2079-2095.
  • Neanidis, K.C. & V. Papadopoulou (2013), “Crime, fertility, and economic growth: Theory and evidence”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 91, 101-121.
  • OECD (2016), States of Fragility 2016: Understanding Violence.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001a), “Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels”, içinde: B.H. Baltagi & T.B. Fomby & R.C. Hill (eds.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels (Advances in Econometrics, Volume 15), 93-130.
  • Pedroni, P. (2001b), “Purchasing Power Parity Tests in Cointegrated Panels”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 83, 727-731.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2006), “Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure”, Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2007), “A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross sectional dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • Reilly, B. & R. Witt (1996), “Crime, Deterrence And Unemployment in England and Wales: An Empirical Analysis”, Bulletin of Economic Research, 48(2), 137-159.
  • Scorcu, A.E. & R. Cellini (1998), “Economic activity and crime in the long run: an empirical investigation on aggregate data from Italy, 1951-1994”, International Review of Law and Economics, 18(3), 279-292.
  • Sjoquist, D.L. (1973), “Property Crime and Economic Behavior: Some Empirical Results”, The American Economic Review, 63(3), 439-446.
  • Smith, L.V. & S. Leybourne & T.-H. Kim & P. Newbold (2004), “More powerful panel data unit root tests with an application to mean reversion in real exchange rates”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19(2), 147-170.
  • Tang, C.F. & H.H. Lean (2007), “Will Inflation Increase Crime Rate? New Evidence from Bounds and Modified Wald Tests”, Global Crime, 8(4), 311-323.
  • Thornberry, T.P. & R.L. Christenson (1984), “Unemployment and Criminal Involvement: An Investigation of Reciprocal Causal Structures”, American Sociological Review, 49(3), 398-411.
  • Trickett, A. & D. Ellingworth & T. Hope & K. Pease (1995), “Crime Victimization in the Eighties - Changes in Area and Regional Inequality”, British Journal of Criminology, 35(3), 343-359.
  • Ulucak, R. & F. Bilgili (2018), “A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 188, 144-157.
  • UN (2015), 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
  • Westerlund, J. & D.L. Edgerton (2007), “A panel bootstrap cointegration test”, Economics Letters, 97(3), 185-190.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008), “Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-233.
  • Witt, R. & A. Clarke & N. Fielding (1999), “Crime and economic activity. A panel data approach”, British Journal of Criminology, 39(3), 391-400.
  • Witte, A.D. & H. Tauchen (1993), “Work and Crime: an Exploration Using Panel Data”, içinde: N.G. Fielding & A. Clarke & R. Witt (eds.), The Economic Dimensions of Crime, 176-191.
  • Witte, A.D. & R. Witt (2001), “Crime Causation: Economic Theories”, içinde: J. Dressler (ed.), Encyclopedia of Crime & Justice, <https://www.surrey.ac.uk/economics/files/apaperspdf/ECON 03-00.pdf>, 23.12.2019.
There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zübeyde Şentürk Ulucak 0000-0002-4592-1853

Faik Bilgili 0000-0003-4138-6897

Project Number SDK-2017-7228
Publication Date October 31, 2020
Submission Date February 5, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 28 Issue: 46

Cite

APA Şentürk Ulucak, Z., & Bilgili, F. (2020). Suçun İktisadi Analizi: Türkiye ve Avrupa Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Sosyoekonomi, 28(46), 349-370. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.16
AMA Şentürk Ulucak Z, Bilgili F. Suçun İktisadi Analizi: Türkiye ve Avrupa Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Sosyoekonomi. October 2020;28(46):349-370. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.16
Chicago Şentürk Ulucak, Zübeyde, and Faik Bilgili. “Suçun İktisadi Analizi: Türkiye Ve Avrupa Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama”. Sosyoekonomi 28, no. 46 (October 2020): 349-70. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.16.
EndNote Şentürk Ulucak Z, Bilgili F (October 1, 2020) Suçun İktisadi Analizi: Türkiye ve Avrupa Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Sosyoekonomi 28 46 349–370.
IEEE Z. Şentürk Ulucak and F. Bilgili, “Suçun İktisadi Analizi: Türkiye ve Avrupa Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, Sosyoekonomi, vol. 28, no. 46, pp. 349–370, 2020, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.16.
ISNAD Şentürk Ulucak, Zübeyde - Bilgili, Faik. “Suçun İktisadi Analizi: Türkiye Ve Avrupa Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama”. Sosyoekonomi 28/46 (October 2020), 349-370. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.16.
JAMA Şentürk Ulucak Z, Bilgili F. Suçun İktisadi Analizi: Türkiye ve Avrupa Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Sosyoekonomi. 2020;28:349–370.
MLA Şentürk Ulucak, Zübeyde and Faik Bilgili. “Suçun İktisadi Analizi: Türkiye Ve Avrupa Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama”. Sosyoekonomi, vol. 28, no. 46, 2020, pp. 349-70, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.16.
Vancouver Şentürk Ulucak Z, Bilgili F. Suçun İktisadi Analizi: Türkiye ve Avrupa Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Sosyoekonomi. 2020;28(46):349-70.