Good and Bad Jobs in Turkey: An Analysis on Young Employees

Year 2022, Volume: 30 Issue: 51, 427 - 447, 31.01.2022

Gülbin Erdem Karahanoğlu Handan Kumaş

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.01.21

Abstract

Young people are at a disadvantage in terms of work and working conditions compared to adult workers in Turkey as in the rest of the world. This study analyses the quality of the jobs that young people are employed in through the “Labour Market Segmentation Theory” and assesses the factors affecting this situation. This framework divided jobs into 'good' and 'bad' jobs following the relevant theory. The 2019 TUIK Household Labour Force Survey Micro Data Set (HIAMVS) is utilized in the analysis. The young population range is a 15-29 age group, similar to ILO's “Global Employment Trends for Youth” reports. Probit model results indicate that jobs are segmented, supporting the theory. According to the findings, the socio-demographic characteristics of young people, the sector they work in, their occupation, and the region they live in significantly affect the probability of employment in a good job.

Keywords

Quality of Jobs, Young Employees, Segmented Labour Market Theory

Türkiye’de İyi ve Kötü İşler: Genç Çalışanlar Üzerinden Bir Analiz

Abstract

Dünya geneline benzer biçimde Türkiye’de de yetişkin çalışanlara göre gençler, iş ve çalışma koşulları açısından dezavantajlı durumdadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, gençlerin çalıştıkları işlerin kalitesini “Tabakalı İşgücü Piyasası Kuramı” üzerinden analiz etmek ve bir durum tespiti yapmaktır. Araştırmada, ilgili kurama uygun biçimde işler ‘iyi ve kötü iş’ olarak ayrılmış, analizler 2019 TÜİK Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi Mikro Veri Seti (HİAMVS)’nden yararlanılarak yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, genç nüfus ILO’nun “Gençler için Küresel İstihdam Eğilimi Raporları”na benzer biçimde, 15-29 yaş olarak belirlenmiştir. Probit model bulguları, kuramı destekleyecek biçimde işlerin tabakalaştığını göstermektedir. Bulgulara göre, gençlerin sosyo-demografik özellikleri, çalıştıkları sektör, meslekleri, yaşadıkları bölge iyi işte çalışma olasılığını anlamlı düzeyde etkilemektedir.

Keywords

İşin Niteliği, Genç Çalışanlar, Tabakalı İşgücü Piyasası Kuramı

References

• Anderson, K. et al. (1987), “Labour Market Segmentation: A Cluster Analysis of Job Groupings and Barriers to Entry”, Southern Economic Journal, 53(3), 571- 590.
• Anselme, M. & R. Weisz (1985), “Good jobs and Bad: A Differentiated Structuring of the Labour Market”, Acta Sociologica, 28(1), 35-53.
• Ashton, D. et al. (1990), The Segmentation of the Youth Labour Market, Cambridge: Cambridge Studies in Sociology.
• Averitt, R.T. (1968), The Dual Economy: The Dynamics of American Industry Structure, New York: Norton.
• Aydın, E. (2009), “Formel ve Enformel Sektör Ücret Farklılıkları: Katmanlı İşgücü Piyasası Kuramının Türkiye Emek Piyasasına Uygulanması”, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Bauder, H. (2001), “Culture in The Labour Market: Segmentation Theory and Perspectives of Place”, Progress in Human Geography, 25(1), 37-52.
• Berndt, C. (2014), “Labour Market Segmentation”, in: The Wiley-AAG International Encyclopaedia of Geography, <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263444678_Berndt_C_2014_Labor_Market_Segmentation_Submitted_for_publication_in_The_Wiley-AAG_International_Encyclopedia_of_Geography>, 15.04.2021.
• Bosanquet, N. (1987), “Internal Labour Markets and Education”, in: G. Psacharopoulos (ed.), Economics of Education Research and Studies (164-166), Oxford, New York: Pergamon.
• Cain, G.G. (1976), “The Challenge of Segmented Labour Market Theories to Orthodox Theory: A Survey”, Journal of Economic Literature, 14, 1215-1257.
• Daw, J. & J.H. Hardie (2012), “Compensating Differentials, Labour Market Segmentation, and Wage Inequality”, Social Science Research, 41(5), 1179-1197.
• Dickens, W.T. & K. Lang (1988), “The Reemergence of Segmented Labour Market Theory”, American Economic Review, 78(2), 129-134.
• Dickens, W.T. & K. Lang, (1992), “Labour Market Segmentation Theory: Reconsidering the Evidence”, NBER Working Paper No. 4087, Cambridge.
• Doeringer, P.B. & M.J. Piore (1970), Internal Labour Markets and Manpower Analysis, USA Department of Labour: Eric.
• Eriksson, T. & A. Werwatz, (2005), The Prevalence of Internal Labour Markets- New Evidence from Panel Data, <https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7107253.pdf>, 10.04.2021.
• Fishman, E. & A. Kimhi (2013), “Is the Israeli Labour Market Segmented?”, Taub Centre for Social Policy Studies in Israel Research Paper Series, No:13.01.
• Hodson, R. & R.L. Kaufman (1982), “Economic Dualism: A Critical Review”, American Sociological Review, (47), 727-739.
• Horn, R.N. (1980), “A Case Study of the Dual Labour Market Hypothesis”, Journal of Economic Issues, 14(3), 615-630.
• Hudson, K. (2007), “The New Labour Market Segmentation: Labour Market Dualism in the New Economy”, Social Science Research, 36, 286-312.
• ILO (2016) Non-Standard Employment Around the World: Understanding Challenges, Shaping Prospects, <https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_534326.pdf>, 03.12.2021.
• ILO (2017) Global Employment Trends for Youth 2017- Paths to a Better Working Future, <https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_598669.pdf>, 15.03.2021.
• ILO (2020), Global Employment Trends for Youth 2020 Technology and the Future of Jobs, <https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_737648/lang--en/index.htm>, 18.03.2021.
• ILO (2021a), Employment Security, Labour Market Segmentation, <http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-security/labour-market-segmentation/lang--en/index.htm>, 16.03.2021.
• ILO (2021b), Youth and COVID-19: Access to Decent Jobs amid the Pandemic, <https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-ankara/documents/publication/wcms_771428.pdf>, 04.04.2021.
• ILO (N/A), ILO Glossary of Statistical Terms, <https://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/Statistical%20Glossary.pdf>, 03.12.2021.
• İnan, F. & G. Aşık (2015) Making Economies Work for Women: Female Labour Force Participation in Turkey, Ankara: TEPAV.
• Jakštienė S. (2010), “Labour Market Segmentation: Theoretical Aspect”, Ekonomika ir Vadyba: Aktualijos ir Perspektyvos, 4(20), 53-63.
• Kalleberg, A.L. & S. Vaisey (2005), “Pathways to a Good Job: Perceived Work Quality among the Machinists in North America”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 43(3), 431-454.
• Kalleberg, A.L. (2003), “Flexible Firms and Labour Market Segmentation”, Work and Occupations, 30(2), 154-175.
• Kalleberg, A.L. (2012), “Job Quality and Precarious Work: Clarifications, Controversies, and Challenges”, Work and Occupations, 39(4), 427-448.
• Kalleberg, A.L. et al. (1981), “Economic Segmentation, Worker Power, and Income Inequality”, American Journal of Sociology, 87(3), 651-683.
• Kalleberg, A.L. et al. (2000), “Bad Jobs in America: Standard and Nonstandard Employment Relations and Job Quality in the United States”, American Sociological Review, 65(2), 256-278.
• Kalleberg, A.L. et al. (2009), “Is Participation Good or Bad for Workers? Effects of Autonomy, Consultation and Teamwork on Stress Among Workers in Norway”, Acta Sociologica, 52(2), 99-116.
• Karaalp-Orhan, H.S. & D. Aksoylu (2018), “Ücret Farklılıklarına Neden Olan Faktörler ve İşgücü Piyasasında Tabakalaşma: Ankara İli İnşaat Sektörü Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmalar Dergisi, 16(2), 1-20.
• Kumaş, H. & A. Çağlar (2017), “Tabakalı İşgücü Piyasası Teorisine Göre Türkiye’de Özel-Hizmet Sektöründe İstihdamın Kalitesi”, İş, Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 19(1), 53-86.
• Kumaş, H. et al. (2014), “Firm Size and Labour Market Segmentation Theory: Evidence from Turkish Micro Data”, 10th International Strategic Management Conference, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, (150), 360-373.
• Lamotte, B. & J.B. Zubiri-Rey (2008), “New Forms of Labour Market Segmentation, Insecurity and Professional Relations”, The 29th Conference of the International Working Party on Labour Market Segmentation, Faculty of Economics University of Porto, 8-10 September, Porto.
• Lazear, E.P. & P. Oyer (2004), “Internal and External Labour Markets: A Personnel Economics Approach”, Labour Economics, 11(5), 527-554.
• Leontaridi, M. (1998), “Segmented Labour Markets: Theory and Evidence”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 12(1), 63-101.
• López‑Roldán P. & S. Fachelli (2020), “Measuring Labour Market Segmentation for a Comparative Analysis Among Countries”, Social Indicators Research, 154, 857-892.
• López-Roldán, P. et al. (2021), “Comparing Inequalities in the Labour Market from a Segmentation Perspective”, in: P. López‑Roldán & S. Fachelli (eds.), Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America (65-104), Switzerland: Springer.
• Loveridge, R. & A. Mok (1980), “Theoretical Approaches to Segmented Labour Markets”, International Journal of Social Economics, 7(7), 376-411.
• Lukac, M. et al. (2019), “Developing a Cross‑National Comparative Framework for Studying Labour Market Segmentation: Measurement Equivalence with Latent Class Analysis”, Social Indicators Research, 145, 233-255.
• Marshall, A. (2013), Principles of Economics, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
• McNabb, R. (1987), “Testing for Labour Segmentation in Britain”, The Manchester School, 55(3), 257-273.
• Osterman, P. (1975), “An Empirical Study of Labour Market Segmentation”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 28(4), 508-523.
• Pagés, C. & M. Stampini (2009), “No Education, No Good Jobs? Evidence on the Relationship between Education and Labour Market Segmentation”, Journal of Comparative Economics, 37(3), 387-401.
• Piore, M.J. (1972), Notes for A Theory of Labour Market Stratification, <https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/64001/notesfortheoryof00pior.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y>, 14.03.2021.
• Rebitzer, J.B. & M.D. Robinson (1991), “Employer Size and Dual Labour Markets”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 73(4), 710-715.
• Reich, M. et al. (1973), “Dual Labour Markets: A Theory of Labour Market Segmentation”, American Economic Review, 2, 359-365.
• Şenel, D. (2021), “İnşaat Sektöründe Tabakalı İşgücü Piyasasının İncelenmesi: Denizli İli Örneği”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 76(1), 349-385.
• Smith, A. (1997), Ulusların Zenginliği, (Çev. A. Yunus), İstanbul: Alan Yayıncılık.
• Smith, D.R. & E. Noma (1985), “Scaling Labour Markets: An Approach to Segmentation Research”, Sociological Perspectives, 28(2), 145-173.
• Stavik, T. & T. Hammer (2020), Unemployment in a Segmented Labour Market? A Study of Youth Unemployment in Norway, NOVA - Norwegian Social Research, <https://fagarkivet.oslomet.no/bitstream/handle/20.500.12199/5138/4379_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y>, 07.12.2020.
• Taubman, P. & M.L. Watcher (1986), “Segmented Labour Markets”, in: O.C. Ashenfelter & R. Layard (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics Vol. 1 (1183-1217), Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Wachter, M.L. (1974), “Primary and Secondary Labour Markets: A Critique of The Dual Approach”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 3, 637-693.