Hanehalkı Su Tüketimi ve Tarife Yapısı: Türkiye’de Üç Büyükşehir Üzerine Bir Analizi

Year 2024, Volume: 32 Issue: 59, 151 - 172, 31.01.2024

Mahmut Akif Güven , Alparslan Abdurrahman Başaran

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.01.07

Abstract

Kentsel su yönetimi analizleri birçok ülkede araştırma konusu olmuştur. Ancak Türkiye’de bu konuya olan ilgi sınırlı düzeydedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki yerel yönetimlerin kentsel su yönetimi politikaları açısından kritik bir araç olan su tarifelerinin analizine odaklanarak ilgili araştırma açığını ele almaktadır. Araştırmanın amacı, dünya genelinde yaygın olarak konu ile ilgili incelenen sorunları, Türkiye örneği çerçevesinde incelemektir. Çalışma, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) Hanehalkı Bütçe Araştırması 2015-2018 veri setini kullanmaktadır. Araştırma iki aşamadan oluşmaktadır. İlk olarak, hanehalkı su tarifeleri, ortalama su fiyatları, su tüketim düzeyleri ve hanehalkı özellikleri Türkiye’nin üç büyükşehri olan İstanbul, Ankara ve İzmir için ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Ardından, dünya genelinde farklı coğrafi bölgelerden derlenen su tüketim verileri ile Türkiye bulguları kıyaslanmaktadır. Bulgular, Türkiye’de özellikle düşük gelirli haneler için temiz suya erişimin ve temiz suyun hanehalkı bütçesi üzerindeki mali yükünün birçok gelişmiş ülkeye kıyasla oldukça dezavantajlı olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

Hanehalkı, Su Hizmetleri, Su Tarifeleri, Yerel Yönetim Politikaları

Household Water Consumption and Tariff Structure: The Analysis of Türkiye’s Three Metropolitan Cities

Abstract

Analysis of urban water management has been researched in several countries. However, the attention given to this subject in Türkiye remains limited. This study addresses this research gap by focusing on the analysis of water tariffs, a critical tool for urban water management policies of local governments in Türkiye. The research aim is to investigate issues related to the attributes widely studied globally when the Türkiye case is considered. The study utilises a dataset from the Household Budget Survey of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK) between 2015 and 2018. The research has two folds. First, household water tariffs, average water prices, water consumption levels, and household characteristics are comprehensively examined in three metropolitan cities of Türkiye, namely, İstanbul, Ankara, and İzmir. Secondly, water consumption data is compiled from diverse geographical regions worldwide and compared with the ones in Türkiye. The findings reveal that the accessibility to clean water and the financial burden of clean water on household budgets, particularly for low-income households in Türkiye, are notably disadvantaged compared to many developed countries.

Keywords

Household, Water Utilities, Water Tariff, Local Government Policy

References

• Arbués, F. & R. Barberán (2004), “Price impact on urban residential water demand: A dynamic panel data approach”, Water Resources Research, 40, 1-9.
• Arbués, F. et al. (2003), “Estimation of residential water demand: A state-of-the-art review”, Journal of Socio-Economics, 32(1), 81-102.
• Armstrong, M. et al. (1994), Regulatory Reform: Economic Analysis and British Experience, Cambridge, The MIT Press.
• Aubuchon, C.P. & J.A. Roberson (2012), “Price perception and nonprice controls under conservation rate structures”, Journal of American Water Works Association, 104(8), 446-456.
• Bağdadioğlu, N. vd. (2009), Kamu Kolaylıkları Yönetişiminde Yoksulluğun Dikkate Alınması, Ankara: UNDP.
• Barberán, R. et al. (2022), “The Perception of Residential Water Tariff, Consumption, and Cost: Evidence of its Determinants Using Survey Data”, Water Resources Management, 36(9), 2933-2952.
• Borenstein, S. (2009), To what electricity price do consumers respond? Residential demand elasticity under increasing-block pricing, Center for the Study of Energy Markets.
• Clarke, A.J. et al. (2017), “Household Water Demand Seasonal Elasticities: A Stone-Geary Model under an Increasing Block Rate Structure”, Land Economics, 93(4), 608-630.
• Dalhuisen, J. et al. (2003), “Price and Income Elasticities of Residential Water Demand: A Meta-Analysis”, Land Economics, 79(2), 292-308.
• Deoreo, W.B. et al. (2016), Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2, Water Research Foundation.
• Depoorter, B. (1999), “Regulation of Natural Monopoly”, in: Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, Part V.
• Diamond, R. & M. Moezzi (2000), “Changing trends: A brief history of the US household consumption of energy, water, food, beverages, and tobacco”, in: Proceedings of the ACEEE 2004 (10-12), Washington, D.C.
• Domene, E. & D. Saurí (2006), “Urbanisation and water consumption: Influencing factors in the metropolitan region of Barcelona”, Urban Studies, 43(9), 1605-1623.
• Gam, I. & J. Ben Rejeb (2021), “Micro-economic analysis of domestic water demand: application of the pseudo-panel approach”, Environmental Challenges, 4(March), 100118.
• Gaudin, S. (2006), “Effect of price information on residential water demand”, Applied Economics, 38(4), 383-393.
• Grafton, R.Q. et al. (2011), “Determinants of residential water consumption: Evidence and analysis from a 10-country household survey”, Water Resources Research, 47(8), 1-14.
• GWP (2000), “Integrated Water Resources Management”, in: Environmental Science and Engineering, No. 4, Technical Advisory Committee, Issue 4.
• Kenney, D.S. et al. (2008), “Residential water demand management: Lessons from Aurora, Colorado”, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 44(1), 192-207.
• Klassert, C. et al. (2018), “Increasing block tariffs in an arid developing country: A discrete / continuous choice model of residential water demand in Jordan”, Water, 10(3), 248.
• Martínez-Espiñeira, R. (2003), “Estimating Water Demand under Increasing-Block Tariffs Using Aggregate Data and Proportions of Users per Block”, Environmental and Resource Economics, 26(1), 5-23.
• Marzano, R. et al. (2018), “Determinants of the price response to residential water tariffs: Meta-analysis and beyond”, Environmental Modelling and Software, 101, 236-248.
• Massarutto, A. (2007), “Water pricing and full cost recovery of water services: Economic incentive or instrument of public finance?”, Water Policy, 9(6), 591-613.
• Mayer, P.W. et al. (1999), Residential End Uses of Water, American Water Works Association.
• Meran, G. et al. (2021), “The Economics of War”, in: New Perspectives Quarterly (Vol. 18, Issue 4), Springer.
• Nauges, C. & A. Thomas (2003), “Long-run Study of Residential Water Consumption”, Environmental and Resource Economics, 26, 25-43.
• Parker, J.M. & R.L. Wilby (2013), “Quantifying household water demand: a review of theory and practice in the UK”, Water Resources Management, 27(4), 981-1011.
• Pinto, F.S. & R.C. Marques (2015), “Tariff structures for water and sanitation urban households: A primer”, Water Policy, 17(6), 1108-1126.
• Puri, R. & A. Maas (2020), “Evaluating the Sensitivity of Residential Water Demand Estimation to Model Specification and Instrument Choices”, Water Resources Research, 56(1), 1-14.
• Ramulongo, L. et al. (2017), “The Nature of Urban Household Water Demand and Consumption in Makhado Local Municipality: A Case Study of Makhado Newtown”, Procedia Environmental Sciences, 37, 182-194.
• Renwick, M.E. & R.D. Green (2000), “Do residential water demand side management policies measure up? An analysis of eight California water agencies”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 40, 37-55.
• Reynaud, A. (2015), Modelling Household Water Demand in Europe, European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability.
• Rockaway, T.D. et al. (2011), “Residential water use trends in North America”, American Water Works Association, 103(2), 76-89.
• Rondinel-Oviedo, D.R. & J.M. Sarmiento-Pastor (2020), “Water: consumption, usage patterns, and residential infrastructure. A comparative analysis of three regions in the Lima metropolitan area”, Water International, 45(7-8), 824-846.
• Sebri, M. (2013), “Residential water industry in Tunisia a descriptive analysis”, The Journal of North African Studies, 18(2), 305-323.
• Timmins, C. (2003), “Demand-side technology standards under inefficient pricing regimes”, Environmental and Resource Economics, 26, 107-124.
• Tortajada, C. et al. (2019), “Water demand management strategies for water-scarce cities: The case of Spain”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 45(April 2018), 649-656.
• UHCHR & WHO (2010), “The Right to Water”, Fact Sheet No. 35. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, World Health Organization, 56.
• UNDP (2006), Human Development Report 2006: Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis, New York.
• Valo, M. (2023), “Macron’s water plan bets on innovation and restraint”, Le Monde, 31 March.
• Viscusi, W.K. et al. (2018), Economics of Regulation and Antitrust (Math 1151), MIT Press.
• Wichman, C.J. (2014), “Perceived price in residential water demand: Evidence from a natural experiment”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 107(PA), 308-323.
• World Bank (2003), The Water Resources Sector Strategy: An Overview, Washington, DC.
• World Meteorological Organization (1992), International Conference on Water and the Environment - the Dublin Conference, Geneva.
• Worthington, A.C. & M. Hoffman (2008), “An Empirical Survey of residential Water Demand Modelling”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(5), 842--871.
• Zetland, D. & C. Gasson (2013), “A global survey of urban water tariffs: are they sustainable, efficient and fair?”, Int. Journal of Water Resources Development, 29(3), 327-342.