AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION CASE WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM: UNHCR

Abstract

Although international organizations emerging in 19th century purposed to restrict sovereignty areas of nation-states about solving international problems beginning from their establisment, they did not prevent themselves from impact of states. So, they have become a part of international problems mostly caused by states, supporting people suffering from these problems as emergency assistance institutions for a while.

Consequently, international organizations transform from position involved decision-maker, enforcement and legitimacy power against states to international assistance institutions that supporting states in social crisis on account of this impact. In parallel with this, their roles and capacities in solution of international problems also decrease. As a result of this transformation, they have to face more problems in financial and institutional areas. In this study, it is aimed to show this change of international organizations by examining United Nations High Commisioner of Refugees (UNHCR) case.

Keywords

• international organizations, UNHCR, refugees, international problems, national interests

ULUSLARARASI SİSTEM ÇERÇEVESİNDE BİR ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜT ÖRNEĞİ: BMMYK

Abstract

19. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmaya başlayan uluslararası örgütler kuruluşlarından itibaren uluslararası sorunların çözümü konusunda ulus devletlerin egemenlik alanlarını daraltmayı amaçlamış olmasına rağmen, devletlerin etkisinden kendilerini koruyamadılar. Bu nedenle, uluslararası örgütler, zamanla bu sorunlardan zarar gören insanlara acil yardım sağlayan kuruluşlar olarak çoğunlukla devletlerin sebep olduğu uluslararası sorunların birer parçası haline geldiler.

Sonuç olarak, uluslararası örgütler, devletlere karşı karar verici, yaptırım uygulayıcı ve hukuki güç sahibi olma pozisyonundan devletlerin etkisi nedeniyle yaşanan sosyal krizlerde onlara destek sağlayan uluslararası yardım kuruluşlarına dönüştüler. Buna paralel olarak, uluslararası problemlerin çözümündeki rolleri ve kapasiteleri de azaldı. Bu dönüşümün bir sonucu olarak ise, finansal ve kurumsal alanlarda daha fazla sorunla karşılaşmak zorunda kaldılar. Bu çalışmada, Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksel Komiserliği (BMMYK) örneği ele alınarak, uluslararası örgütlerin yaşadığı bu değişimin gösterilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

Keywords

• Uluslararası örgütler, BMMYK, mülteciler, uluslararası sorunlar, ulusal çıkarlar

References

1. Betts, A. and Loescher, G. (2011). Refugees in international relations. A. Betts and G. Loescher. (Ed.), In refugees in international relations (pp. 1-27). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Biehl Öztuzcu, K. S. (2008). Governing through uncertainty: ‘refugeeness’ in Turkey (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi: İstanbul.
3. Bull, H. (2011). Foreword. A. Betts and G. Loescher. (Ed.), In refugees in international relations (pp. vii-xiii). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4. Chimni, B. S. (2004). From resettlement to involuntary repatriation: towards a critical history of durable solutions to refugee problems. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 23(3), pp. 55-73.
5. Crisp, J. (1999). Policy challenges of the new diasporas: migrant networks and their impact on asylum flows and regimes. Geneva: UNHCR Policy Research Unit Press.
6. Dai, X. (2007). International institutions and national policies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Haas, E. B. (1990). When knowledge is power: three models of change in international organizations. California: University of California Press.
8. Haddad, E. (2008). The refugee in international society: Between sovereigns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

9. Hammerstad, A. (2011). UNHCR and the Securitization of Forced Migration. A. Betts and G. Loescher. (Ed.), In refugees in international relations (pp. 238-260). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10. Joachim, J., Reinalda, B. and Velbeek, B. (Ed.) (2008). International organizations and implementation: Enforcers, managers, authorities. New York: Routledge Taylor&Francis Group.
11. Kalınbayrak, B.N. (2013). A post-structuralist approach to the UN based international refugee regime (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Hacettepe Üniversitesi: Ankara.
12. Keskin, F. (2005). BM ve Türkiye: Uluslararası barış ve güvenliğe ilişkin sorunlar. Ankara: Ekin Yayınları.
13. Loescher, G. (2001). The UNHCR and the world politics: a perilous path. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14. Muravchik, J. (2005). The future of the united nations: Understanding the past to chart a way forward. Washington: The AEI Press.
15. Nyers, P. (2006). Rethinking refugees: beyond states of emergency. New York: Routledge Taylor&Francis Group.
16. UNHCR (2006). The state of the world’s refugees: Human displacement in the new millenium. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17. UNHCR (2011). Convention and protocol relating to the status of refugees. New York: UNHCR.
18. UNHCR (2014a). Global appeal 2015 update: Headquarters (operational support and management). Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/5461e60f0.pdf, on 20.12.2014.
19. UNHCR (2014b). UNHCR global appeal 2015 update: Turkey. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org/5461e60c52.html, on 20.12.2014.
20. UNHCR (2015a). A helping hand. Retrieved from www.unhcr.org.tr/?lang=en&page=59, on 07.04.2015.
21. UNHCR (2015b), A global humanitarian organization of humble origins. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646cbc.html, on 07.04.2015.
22. UNIHP (2005). Reflections on United Nations development ideas. Proceedings of the Conference (pp. 5-16). Geneva: UNIHP.
23. Whittaker, D. J. (2006). Asylum seekers and refugees in the comtemporary world. London: Routledge Taylor&Francis Group.