EVLİLİK İLE ÇOCUK SAHİBİ OLMAYA İLİŞKİN SOSYAL SAAT ALGISI VE EVLİLİK DOYUMU

Year 2019, Issue: 42, 183 - 219, 29.03.2019

Nilay Pekel Uludağlı , Gülçin Akbaş

https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.546772

Abstract

Günümüz toplumlarında bireylerin evlenme ve çocuk sahibi olma yaşlarının giderek arttığı

görülmektedir. İlgili yazında ise bireylerin evlenme ve çocuk sahibi olma zamanlamalarındaki

farklılıkların, evlilik yaşantılarının kalitesiyle ilişkili olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Bu kapsamda

yapılan bu çalışmanın amacı, günümüz Türkiye’sindeki genç yetişkinlerin, evlenme ve ilk kez

çocuk sahibi olmalarındaki zamanlamalarının, evlilik doyumlarıyla ilişkisini incelemektir.

Çalışmaya 24-41 yaşları arasında 445 evli birey katılmıştır. Katılımcılar, kendi evlenme ve

çocuk sahibi olma yaşları ile ideal gördükleri evlenme ve çocuk sahibi olma yaşları temelinde;

erken, zamanında ve geç olarak gruplandırılarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Eğitim ve gelirin olası etkisi

kontrol edilerek yapılan kovaryans analizlerinde evlenme açısından sosyal saatini zamanında

algılayan bireylerin, erken ve geç algılayan bireylere göre daha yüksek evlilik doyumuna sahip

oldukları bulunmuştur. Çocuk sahibi olma açısından sosyal saat grupları, eğitim ve gelirin

olası etkisi kontrol edilerek karşılaştırıldığında, erken gruptaki bireylerin, zamanında ve geç

gruptaki bireylere göre daha düşük evlilik doyumuna sahip oldukları görülmüştür. Araştırma

bulguları evlenme ve çocuk sahibi olmadaki zamanlamanın evlilik doyumu ile ilişkili olduğunu

göstermiştir.

Keywords

Evlilik doyumu, sosyal saat, evlenme, çocuk sahibi olma, yetişkin rolleri

References

• Aitken, Z., Hewitt, B., Keogh, L., LaMontagne, A. D., Bentley, R., & Kavanagh, A. M. (2016). Young maternal age at first birth and mental health later in life: Does the association vary by birth cohort? Social Science & Medicine, 157, 9-17. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.037
• Amato, P. R., Johnson, D. R., Booth, A., & Rogers, S. J. (2003). Continuity and change in marital quality between 1980 and 2000. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00001.x
• Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Kimmel, J. (2005). The motherhood wage gap for women in the United States: The importance of college and fertility delay. Review of Economics of the Household, 3(1), 17–48.
• Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. http://dx.doi. org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
• Arnett, J. J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from adolescence through midlife. Journal of Adult Development, 8(2), 133–143.
• Arshad, M., Mohsin, M. N., & Mahmood, K. (2014). Marital adjustment and life satisfaction among early and late marriages. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(17), 83-90.
• Becker, G. S., Landes, E. M., & Michael, R. T. (1977). An economic analysis of marital instability. Journal of Political Economy, 85(6), 1141-1187.
• Bell, S., & Lee, C. (2006). Does timing and sequencing of transitions to adulthood make a difference? Stress, smoking, and physical activity among young Australian women. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13(3), 265–274.
• Benzies, K., Tough, S., Tofflemire, K., Frick, C., Faber, A., & Newburn‐Cook, C. (2006). Factors influencing women’s decisions about timing of motherhood. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 35(5), 625-633. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1552-6909.2006.00079.x
• Bhagat, R. B. (2016). The practice of early marriages among females in India: Persistence and change. International Institute for Population Sciences Working Paper, (10).
• Bilen, M. (1983). Ailede, kurumlarda ve toplumda sağlıklı insan ilişkileri. Ankara: Teknik Basım Sanayi Matbaası.
• Bilici, Z. (2009). Çocuk sahibi olan ve olmayan ailelerin problem çözme becerilerinin ve yaşam doyumlarının karşılaştırılması (Master thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
• Bongaarts, J., Mensch, B. S., & Blanc, A. K. (2017). Trends in the age at reproductive transitions in the developing world: The role of education. Population Studies, 71(2), 139-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2017.1291986
• Bouchard, G., Lachance-Grzela, M., & Goguen, A. (2008). Timing of the transition to motherhood and union. Personal Relationships, 15(1), 71–80. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00185.x
• Bufano, S. (1993). Selected psychological factors related to parenting: Differences between delayed and typical-tyming parents. (Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, Indiana, USA). Available from ProOuest Dissertations and Theses database.
• Bulanda, R. E., & Lippmann, S. (2012). The timing of childbirth and family-to-work conflict. Sociological Focus, 45(3), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237. 2012.686090
• Cabrera, N., Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S., Bradley, R. H., Hofferth, S., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Fatherhood in the twenty‐first century. Child Development, 71(1), 127-136. https:// doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00126
• Canada Statistics (2015). Live births by geography: Age of mother. Retrieved April 17, 2017, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/84f0210x/2009000/t003-eng.htm
• Carolan, M. (2005). “Doing it properly”: The experience of first mothering over 35 years. Health Care for Women International, 26(9), 764-787. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 07399330500230987
• Carlson, D. (2011). Explaining the curvilinear relationship between age at first birth and depression among women. Social Science & Medicine, 72(4), 494–503. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.12.001
• Casad, B. J., Marcus-Newhall, A., Nakawaki, B., Kasabian, A. S., & LeMaster, J. (2012). Younger age at first childbirth predicts mothers’ lower economic and psychological well-being later in life. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 33(4), 421–435.
• Chen, H., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., Johnson, J. G., Ehrensaft, M., & Gordon, K. (2006). Predicting conflict within romantic relationships during the transition to adulthood. Personal Relationships, 13(4), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00127.x
• Cinamon, R. G., & Rich, Y. (2002). Gender differences in the importance of work and family roles: Implications for work–family conflict. Sex Roles, 47(11), 531–541.
• Coltrane, S. (1990). Birth timing and the division of labor in dual-earner families: Exploratory findings and suggestions for future research. Journal of Family Issues, 11(2), 157-181.
• Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin, M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 685-704. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x
• Cooney, T. M., Pedersen, F. A., Indelicato, S., & Palkovitz, R. (1993). Timing of fatherhood: Is «on-time» optimal? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55(1), 205-215.
• Deitch, K. V. (1992). The consequence of delayed childbearing: A social time model. (Doctoral dissertation, Claremont Graduate University, California, USA). Available from ProOuest Dissertations and Theses database.
• Demir, E. (2014). Farklı denetim odağına sahip evli bireylerin evlilik doyumunun incelenmesi. (Master thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
• East-West Center (2002). The future of population in Asia. Hawaii: The East-West Center. Elder, G. H. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06128.x
• Elliott, M. (1996). Impact of work, family, and welfare receipt on women’s self-esteem in young adulthood. Social Psychology Quarterly, 59(1), 80–95.
• Engelhardt, H., & Schreyer, J. (2014). Timing of first birth and well-being in later life. Journal of Family Research, 26(3), 331–346. https://doi.org/10.3224/zff.v26i3.18991
• Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
• Ermisch, J., & Pevalin, D. J. (2005). Early motherhood and later partnerships. Journal of Population Economics, 18(3), 469-489. doi:10.1007/s00148-004-0216-z
• Evenson, R. J., & Simon, R. W. (2005). Clarifying the relationship between parenthood and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46(4), 341-358. https://doi. org/10.1177/002214650504600403
• Falci, C. D., Mortimer, J. T., & Noel, H. J. (2010). Parental timing and depressive symptoms in early adulthood. Advances in Life Course Research, 15(1), 1–10. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.alcr.2010.05.001
• Furstenberg, F. F. (2009). If Moynihan had only known: Race, class, and family change in the late twentieth century. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 621(1), 94-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716208324866
• Garrison, M. B., Blalock, L. B., Zarski, J. J., & Merritt, P. B. (1997). Delayed parenthood: An exploratory study of family functioning. Family Relations, 46(3), 281-290.
• Gaunt, R., & Scott, J. (2017). Gender differences in identities and their sociostructural correlates: How gendered lives shape parental and work identities. Journal of Family Issues, 38(13), 1852-1877. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X16629182
• Gezici, M. (2002). Çalışan kadınların ve ev kadınlarının benlik-algısı, benlik-kurgusu ve merkezi kimlik tanımı açısından karşılaştırılması (Master thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
• Glenn, N. D., Uecker, J. E., & Love, R. W. (2010). Later first marriage and marital success. Social Science Research, 39(5), 787-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ssresearch.2010.06.002
• Goldberg, W. A. (2014). Father time: The social clock and the timing of fatherhood. NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
• Grundy, E., & Foverskov, E. (2016). Age at first birth and later life health in Western and Eastern Europe. Population and Development Review, 42(2), 245-269. https://doi. org/ 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00128.x
• Guedes, M., & Canavarro, M. C. (2016). Perceptions of influencing factors and satisfaction with the timing of first childbirth among women of advanced age and their partners. Journal of Family Issues, 37(13), 1797-1816. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14566621
• Heath, D. T. (1994). The impact of delayed fatherhood on the father-child relationship. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 155(4), 511-530.
• Helbig, S., Lampert, T., Klose, M., & Jacobi, F. (2006). Is parenthood associated with mental health? Findings from an epidemiological community survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(11), 889-896.
• Helms-Erikson, H. (2001). Marital quality ten years after the transition to parenthood: Implications of the timing of parenthood and the division of housework. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4), 1099-1110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17413737.2001. 01099.x
• Henretta, J. C., Grundy, E. M., Okell, L. C., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2008). Early motherhood and mental health in midlife: A study of British and American cohorts. Aging and Mental Health, 12(5), 605-614. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860802343084
• Heuvel, A. V. (1988). The timing of parenthood and intergenerational relations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50(2), 483-491.
• Hoffnung, M. (2004). Wanting it all: Career, marriage, and motherhood during collegeeducated women’s 20s. Sex Roles, 50(9), 711–723.
• Iacovou, M., & Tavares, L. P. (2011). Yearning, learning, and conceding: Reasons men and women change their childbearing intentions. Population and Development Review, 37(1), 89–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00391.x
• IMFC, Institute of Marriage and Family Canada (2009). Cohabitation statistics. Retrieved February 7, 2018, from http://www. imfcanada.org/ sites/default/files/Canadian%20 Cohabitation%20Statistics.pdf
• Jansen, N. W., Kant, I., Kristensen, T. S., & Nijhuis, F. J. (2003). Antecedents and consequences of work–family conflict: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(5), 479-491. https:// doi: 10.1097/01. jom.0000063626.37065.e8
• Joseph, K. S., Allen, A. C., Dodds, L., Turner, L. A., Scott, H., & Liston, R. (2005). The perinatal effects of delayed childbearing. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 105(6), 1410- 1418. https://doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000163256.83313.36
• Kabasakal, H., Aycan, Z., & Karakaş, F. (2004). Women in management in Turkey. In M. J. Davidson & R. J. Burke (Eds.), Women in Management Worldwide: Facts, Figures and Analysis (pp. 273-293). Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
• Karacan, E. (2007). Effects of parenting on adult development and generativity (Master thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye). Retrieved from https:// tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
• Kendig, H., Dykstra, P. A., van Gaalen, R. I., & Melkas, T. (2007). Health of aging parents and childless individuals. Journal of Family Issues, 28(11), 1457-1486. https://doi. org/10.1177/0192513X07303896
• Koropeckyj-Cox, K., Pienta, A. M., & Brown, T. H. (2007). Women of the 1950s and the “normative” life course: The implications of childlessness, fertility timing, and marital status for psychological well-being in late midlife. Journal of Aging and Human Development, 64(4), 299–330. https://doi:10.2190/8PTL-P745-58U1-3330
• Lee, G. R. (1977). Age at marriage and marital satisfaction: A multivariate analysis with implications for marital stability. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 39(3), 493-504.
• Lehrer, E. L. (2008). Age at marriage and marital instability: Revisiting the Becker–
• Landes–Michael hypothesis. Journal of Population Economics, 21(2), 463-484. https://doi:10.1007/s00148-006-0092-9
• Lehrer, E. L., & Chen, Y. (2013). Delayed entry into first marriage and marital stability: Further evidence on the Becker-Landes-Michael hypothesis. Demographic Research, 29(20), 521-541. https://doi:10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.20
• Lightbody, T. K. (2011). Implications of delayed parenthood for individuals and families. Canadian Social Work, 13(1), 56–73.
• Lundberg, S., Pollak, R. A., & Stearns, J. (2016). Family inequality: Diverging patterns in marriage, cohabitation, and childbearing. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(2), 79-102.
• Lutz, W., Skirbekk V., & Testa, M. R. (2006). The low-fertility trap hypothesis: Forces that may lead to further postponement and fewer births in Europe. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 4, 167-192.
• Manning, W. D., Brown, S. L., & Payne, K. K. (2014). Two decades of stability and change in age at first union formation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(2), 247-260. https://doi:10.1111/jomf.12090
• McCarthy, K. L. (1986). The timing of parenthood: An analysis of marital satisfaction and role structure (Doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, Berkeley, USA). Available from ProOuest Dissertations and Theses database.
• McDonough, P., Walters, V., & Strohschein, L. (2002). Chronic stress and the social patterning of women’s health in Canada. Social Science & Medicine, 54(5), 767–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00108-3
• McLanahan, S., & Adams, J. (1987). Parenthood and psychological well-being. Annual Review of Sociology, 13(1), 237-257.
• McMahon, C. A., Boivin, J., Gibson, F. L., Hammarberg, K., Wynter, K., Saunders, D., & Fisher, J. (2011). Age at first birth, mode of conception and psychological wellbeing in pregnancy: Findings from the parental age and transition to parenthood Australia (PATPA) study. Human Reproduction, 26(6), 1389-1398. https://doi.org/10.1093/ humrep/der076
• Mensch, B. S., Singh, S., & Casterline, J. B. (2005). Trends in the timing of first marriage among men and women in the developing world. In C. B. Lloyd, J. R. Behrman, N. P. Stromquist, & B. Cohen (Eds.), The changing transitions to adulthood in developing countries: Selected studies (pp. 118-71). New York: Population Council.
• Miller, A. R. (2011). The effects of motherhood timing on career path. Journal of Population Economics, 24(3), 1071-1100.
• Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2002). Depression, parenthood, and age at first birth. Social Science & Medicine, 54(8), 1281-1298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277- 9536(01)00096X
• Moffitt, T. E., & E-Risk Study Team (2002). Teen-aged mothers in contemporary Britain. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 43(6), 727-742. https://doi.org/10.1111/ 1469-7610.00082
• Myers, D., & G. Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x
• Neugarten, B. L. (1979). Time, age, and the life cycle. American Journal of Psychiatry,136(7), 887–894.
• Neugarten, B.L., Moore, J.W., & Lowe, J.C. (1965). Age norms, age constraints, and adult socialization. American Journal of Sociology, 70(6), 710-717. Neugarten, B. L., & Neugarten, D. A. (1986). Age in the aging society. Daedalus, 115(1), 31-49.
• Niedhammer, I., Kerrad, S., Schütte, S., Chastang, J. F., & Kelleher, C. C. (2013). Material, psychosocial and behavioural factors associated with self-reported health in the Republic of Ireland: Cross-sectional results from the SLAN survey. BMJ open, 3(5), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002797
• Oppenheimer, V. K. (1988). A theory of marriage timing. American Journal of Sociology, 94(3), 563-591.
• Orbuch, T. L., House, J. S., Mero, R. P., & Webster, P. S. (1996). Marital quality over the life course. Social Psychology Quarterly, 59(2), 162-171.
• Peake, A., & Harris, K. L. (2002). Young adults’ attitudes toward multiple role planning: The influence of gender, career traditionality, and marriage plans. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 405–421. https://doi:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1840
• Pekel-Uludağlı, N., & Akbaş, G. (2018). Young adults’ perceptions of social clock and adulthood roles in the Turkish population. Journal of Adult Development. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10804-018-9298-9
• Pınar, G., Taşkın, L., & Eroğlu, K. (2008). Başkent Üniversitesi öğrenci yurdunda kalan gençlerin toplumsal cinsiyet rol kaliplarina ilişkin tutumları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Hemşirelik Dergisi, 15(1), 47-57.
• Ragozin, A. S., Basham, R. B., Crnic, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., & Robinson, N. M. (1982). Effects of maternal age on parenting role. Developmental Psychology, 18(4), 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.4.627
• Rook, K. S., Catalano, R., & Dooley, D. (1989). The timing of major life events: Effects of departing from the social clock. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17(2), 233–258.
• Roosa, M. W. (1988). The effect of age in the transition to parenthood: Are delayed childbearers a unique group? Family Relations, 37(3), 322-327. https:// doi:10.2307/584570
• Ross, C. E., Mirowsky, J., & Goldsteen, K. (1990). The impact of the family on health: The decade in review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(4), 1059–1078.
• Samad, M. (2015). Marriage in changing family pattern of Bangladesh: The present trends. International Journal of Social Work and Human Services Practice, 3(4), 155-161.
• Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life-span development (13th ed.). NY: McGraw Hill.
• Spence, N. J. (2008). The long-term consequences of childbearing: Physical and psychological well-being of mothers in later life. Research on Aging, 30(6), 722-751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027508322575
• Sweeney, M. M., Castro-Martin, T., & Mills, M. (2015). The reproductive context of cohabitation in comparative perspective: Contraceptive use in the United States, Spain, and France. Demographic Research, 32, 147-182.
• Şendil, G., & Korkut, Y. (2008). Çift uyumu ve evlilik çatışmasının demografik özellikler açısından incelenmesi. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 28, 15-34.
• Şener, A., & Terzioğlu, G., (2008). Bazı sosyo-ekonomik ve demografik değişkenler ile iletişimin eşler arası uyuma etkisinin araştırılması. Aile ve Toplum, 4(13), 7-20.
• Tabet, M., Flick, L. H., Cook, C. A., Xian, H., & Chang, J. J. (2016). Age at first birth and psychiatric disorders in low-income pregnant women. Journal of Women’s Health, 25(8), 810-817. https://doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5236
• Tezer, E. (1986). Evli eşler arasındaki çatışma davranışları: Algılama ve doyum (Doctoral dissertation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok. gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
• TÜİK (2010). Evlenme ve boşanma istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara. Retrieved July 1, 2015, from http://www.TÜİK.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=8534
• TÜİK (2012). İşgücü istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara. Retrieved July 1, 2015, from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13455
• TÜİK (2013). Doğum istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara. Retrieved July 1, 2015, from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16048
• TÜİK (2016a). Evlenme ve boşanma istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara. Retrieved February 7, 2018, from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id= 24642
• TÜİK (2016b). Aile yapısı araştırması. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara. Retrieved February 7, 2018, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=21869
• TÜİK (2016c). Doğum istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara. Retrieved February 7, 2018, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24647
• TÜİK (2017a). İşgücü istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara. Retrieved February 7, 2018, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/HbGetirHTML.do?id=27691
• TÜİK (2017b). Evlenme ve boşanma istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara. Retrieved February 7, 2018, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27593
• Umberson, D., Pudrovska, T., & Reczek, C. (2010). Parenthood, childlessness, and wellbeing: A life course perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 612-629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00721.x
• UNECE, The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2015). Regional divide in women’s mean age at first marriage. Retrieved November 11, 2015 from http:// www.unece.org/news/women_first_marriage.html.
• Waite, L. J. (1995). Does marriage matter? Demography, 32(4), 483–507.
• Westoff, C.F. (2010). Desired number of children: 2000-2008. DHS Comparative Report No. 25. Calverton, MD: ICF Macro. Retrieved October 16, 2017, from https://www. dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/CR25/CR25.pdf
• Wilson VanVoorhis, C. R. & Morgan, B. L. (2007). Understanding power and rules of thumb for determining sample sizes. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 3(2), 43-50. doi: 10.20982/tqmp.03.2.p043.
• Wolfe, J. D. (2009). Age at first birth and alcohol use. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(4), 395-409. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650905000402
• Yount, K. M., VanderEnde, K. E., Dodell, S., & Cheong, Y. F. (2016). Measurement of women’s agency in Egypt: A national validation study. Social Indicators Research, 128(3), 1171-1192. https://doi:10.1007/s11205-015-1074-7
• Yount, K. M., Crandall, A., & Cheong, Y. K. (2018). Women’s age at first marriage and long-term economic empowerment in Egypt. World Development, 102, 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.09.013