Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Human Rights in The Afghanistan Constitution

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 12, 134 - 148, 08.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.25069/spmj.730983

Abstract

Abstract
The dimensions of the human rights issue in Afghanistan, especially after the events of September 11, are in the context of globalization. Six constitutional amendments occurred in Afghanistan between 1924-2004. The 2004 Constitution is an important turning point in the country’s legal history and is one of the leading figures in the Turkish and Islamic world. In addition to protecting civil and political rights, this constitution also supports social, economic and cultural rights in line with international conventions. In this context, the importance of human rights was emphasized at the 2001 Bonn Conference and required the new Afghanistan constitutional order to respect the human rights commission. In contrast, the activities of the commission, financed by the Western countries, were seen by the people of Afghanistan as a Western project and opposed the conservative Afghans. On the other hand, liberal Afghans accepted these developments as an important opportunity for social justice. In this article, the concept and development of human rights are summarized and the obstacles and challenges in Afghanistan are analyzed. In addition, with the development of human rights in Afghanistan, contributions are being explored since 2004, especially in the context of international agreements.

References

  • Afghan MPs Approve Law on Protection of Children (2019). Tolo News, 9 December, https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/afghan-mps-approve-law-protection-children , Erişim TArihi: 31.03.2020.
  • Afghanistan: Treaties, States Parties and Commentaries, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/vwTreatiesByCountrySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=AF&nv=4 , Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020. Başlar, Kemal (2001). İnsan Hakları ve Kamu Hürriyetleri, Ankara.
  • Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990). https://worddisk.com/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam/ , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020.
  • Clapham, Andrew (2006). Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors in Conflict Situations, Oxfort University Press. Concerning about Human Rights Situation in Afghanistan (2016), https://www.darivoa.com/a/concerning-about-human-rights-situation-in-afghanistan-/3630865.html , Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • Sima Samar: Fisad-ı idari âmil-i asli naks-ı hukuk-ı beşer dar Afğanistan ast (2016). Da Azadi Radio, 10 December, https://da.azadiradio.com/a/27422684.html , Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • Demirkaya, Yüksel (2018). Cumhurbaşlanlığı Hükümet Sistemi ve Kamu Yönetimi’nde Yeni Aktörler: Sivil Toplum Örgütleri, Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sistemi: Kamu Yönetiminde Değişim, Yüksel, Demirkaya, İstanbul: Hiperyayın, ss. 13-34.
  • Demokrasi ve İnsan haklarının Kavramsal Temelleri. http://www.edchreturkey-eu.coe.int/Source/Resources/Trainingset/Module3_ConceptualFrameworkofEDCHRE_tr.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020.
  • Doğan, İlyas (2016). Devletler Hukuku, 3. Baskı, Ankara: Astana Yayınları.
  • Erfani, Sayed Tahir, Sayed Ali, Mohtadi (2018). Cehani-sazi ve revand-i hukuk-ı beşer dar Afganistan, https://scs-center.com/767/ , Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • Gündüz, Aslan (2015). Milletlerarası Hukuk, Ed.: R.V.Günel. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Hoffmann, Rainer (1995). Minderheitenschutz in Europa, Berlin: Grb, Mann Verlag, Berlin.
  • Hoisington, Matthew (2012). International Law and Ungoverned Space, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tufts Universitesi, Boston.
  • Human Rights Toolkit (2009). https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/human_rights_toolkit_final.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966). https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&clang=_en , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020.
  • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966). https://indicators.ohchr.org/ , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020. Law on the Structure, Duties and Mandate of the AIHRC (2005). https://www.aihrc.org.af/media/files/Laws/Law_AIHRC.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • Mayer, Ann Elizabeth (2007). Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics, Cumnor Hill: Westview Press, Cumnor Hill.
  • Oates, Lauryn (2009). Afghanistan: A Closer Look – The Policy and Las-Making Process Behind the Shiite Personal Status Law, https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-closer-look-policy-and-law-making-process-behind-shiite-personal , Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2020.
  • Özkan, Behlül (2019). Relations between Turkey and Syria in the 1980’s and 1990’s: Political Islam, Muslim Brotherhood and Intelligence Wars, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 62: 5-25. Parlamenterler Meclisi Kararı 1031 (1994). Avrupa Konseyi'ne katılırken üye devletler tarafından girilen taahhütlerin yerine getirilmesi, http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-EN.asp?fileid=16442&lang=en , Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • Ratification Ratification of 18 International Human Rights Treaties, https://indicators.ohchr.org/ , Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2020.
  • Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [on the report of the Third Committee (A/57/556/Add.3)] 57/234, Question of human rights in Afghanistan, https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/57/234 , Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020.
  • Sarwari, Abdul Qader (2015). Tarihçe-yi Hukuk-ı Beşer, Kabil: Afganistan Bağımsız İnsan Hakları Komisyonu, https://www.aihrc.org.af/media/files/Sections/Education/Dari/Diary%20of%20Human%20Rights.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2020.
  • Summary of the Report on Human Rights Situation of Persons with Disabilities (2019). https://www.aihrc.org.af/home/daily_report/8768 , Erişim Tarihi: 31.03.2020. T.C. Adalet Bakanlığı (2001). Adalet Bakanlığı Personeli Görevde Yükselme Eğitimi Ders Notları, Ankara, http://www.edb.adalet.gov.tr/duyuruarsiv/2015/iimnotlar/insanhaklari.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • The Constitution of Afghanistan (2004). https://president.gov.af/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2017/01/TheConstitution.pdf-english.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2020.
  • Tibori-Szabo, Kinga (2016). The Unwilling or Unable Test and the Law of Self Defence, Fundemental Rights in International and European Law, Eds.: C.Pulussen, T.Amara, V.Lazic, B.V. Rompuy, The Hague: Springer (73-97).
  • Uluslararası Af Örgütü İngiltere (2018). Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Nedir, https://www.amnesty.org.uk/what-is-the-european-convention-on-human-rights , Erişim tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • Van Schendel, Willem (2002). Geographies of Knowing, Geographies of Ignorance: Jumping Scale in Southeast Asia, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 20(6): 647-668. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/d16s , Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2020.
  • What are human rights?. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020. What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/what-universal-declaration-human-rights , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020. Worldwide Governance Indicators, World Bank, https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/, Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2020.
  • Yalçınkaya, Alaeddin (2010). Türk-İslam Devletlerinde İnsan Hakları Konusunda Örnek Uygulamalar, Yalova Üniversitesi, SBE Dergisi, 1(1): 57-78.

Afganistan Anayasası’nda İnsan Hakları

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 12, 134 - 148, 08.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.25069/spmj.730983

Abstract

Afganistan'daki insan hakları konusunun, özellikle 11 Eylül olaylarından sonra, küreselleşme bağlamındaki boyutları söz konusudur. 1924-2004 arasında Afganistan'da altı anayasa değişikliği yaşanmıştır. 2004 Anayasası, ülkenin hukuk tarihinde önemli bir dönüm noktası olup Türk ve İslam dünyasında da önde gelenlerdendir. Bu anayasa, medeni ve siyasi hakları koruma yanında uluslararası sözleşmeler doğrultusunda sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel hakları da desteklemektedir. Bu bağlamda, 2001 Bonn Konferansı’nda insan haklarının önemi vurgulanmış ve yeni Afganistan anayasal düzeninin insan hakları komisyonuna saygı duymasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Buna karşın, Batılı ülkelerce finanse edilen komisyonun faaliyetleri, Afganistan halkı tarafından Batılı bir proje olarak görülmüş ve muhafazakar Afganların karşı çıkmıştır. Öte yandan liberal Afganlar ise bu gelişmeleri toplumsal adalet için önemli bir fırsat olarak kabul etmişlerdir. Bu makalede, insan hakları kavramı ve gelişimi özetlenerek bu konuda Afganistan'da görülen engelleri ve zorluklar analiz edilmektedir. Bunun yanında, insan haklarının Afganistan'daki gelişimi ile 2004’ten itibaren, özellikle uluslararası mutabakatlar kapsamında katkılar incelenmektedir.

References

  • Afghan MPs Approve Law on Protection of Children (2019). Tolo News, 9 December, https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/afghan-mps-approve-law-protection-children , Erişim TArihi: 31.03.2020.
  • Afghanistan: Treaties, States Parties and Commentaries, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/vwTreatiesByCountrySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=AF&nv=4 , Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020. Başlar, Kemal (2001). İnsan Hakları ve Kamu Hürriyetleri, Ankara.
  • Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990). https://worddisk.com/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam/ , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020.
  • Clapham, Andrew (2006). Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors in Conflict Situations, Oxfort University Press. Concerning about Human Rights Situation in Afghanistan (2016), https://www.darivoa.com/a/concerning-about-human-rights-situation-in-afghanistan-/3630865.html , Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • Sima Samar: Fisad-ı idari âmil-i asli naks-ı hukuk-ı beşer dar Afğanistan ast (2016). Da Azadi Radio, 10 December, https://da.azadiradio.com/a/27422684.html , Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • Demirkaya, Yüksel (2018). Cumhurbaşlanlığı Hükümet Sistemi ve Kamu Yönetimi’nde Yeni Aktörler: Sivil Toplum Örgütleri, Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sistemi: Kamu Yönetiminde Değişim, Yüksel, Demirkaya, İstanbul: Hiperyayın, ss. 13-34.
  • Demokrasi ve İnsan haklarının Kavramsal Temelleri. http://www.edchreturkey-eu.coe.int/Source/Resources/Trainingset/Module3_ConceptualFrameworkofEDCHRE_tr.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020.
  • Doğan, İlyas (2016). Devletler Hukuku, 3. Baskı, Ankara: Astana Yayınları.
  • Erfani, Sayed Tahir, Sayed Ali, Mohtadi (2018). Cehani-sazi ve revand-i hukuk-ı beşer dar Afganistan, https://scs-center.com/767/ , Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • Gündüz, Aslan (2015). Milletlerarası Hukuk, Ed.: R.V.Günel. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Hoffmann, Rainer (1995). Minderheitenschutz in Europa, Berlin: Grb, Mann Verlag, Berlin.
  • Hoisington, Matthew (2012). International Law and Ungoverned Space, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tufts Universitesi, Boston.
  • Human Rights Toolkit (2009). https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/human_rights_toolkit_final.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966). https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&clang=_en , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020.
  • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966). https://indicators.ohchr.org/ , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020. Law on the Structure, Duties and Mandate of the AIHRC (2005). https://www.aihrc.org.af/media/files/Laws/Law_AIHRC.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • Mayer, Ann Elizabeth (2007). Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics, Cumnor Hill: Westview Press, Cumnor Hill.
  • Oates, Lauryn (2009). Afghanistan: A Closer Look – The Policy and Las-Making Process Behind the Shiite Personal Status Law, https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-closer-look-policy-and-law-making-process-behind-shiite-personal , Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2020.
  • Özkan, Behlül (2019). Relations between Turkey and Syria in the 1980’s and 1990’s: Political Islam, Muslim Brotherhood and Intelligence Wars, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 62: 5-25. Parlamenterler Meclisi Kararı 1031 (1994). Avrupa Konseyi'ne katılırken üye devletler tarafından girilen taahhütlerin yerine getirilmesi, http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-EN.asp?fileid=16442&lang=en , Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • Ratification Ratification of 18 International Human Rights Treaties, https://indicators.ohchr.org/ , Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2020.
  • Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [on the report of the Third Committee (A/57/556/Add.3)] 57/234, Question of human rights in Afghanistan, https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/57/234 , Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020.
  • Sarwari, Abdul Qader (2015). Tarihçe-yi Hukuk-ı Beşer, Kabil: Afganistan Bağımsız İnsan Hakları Komisyonu, https://www.aihrc.org.af/media/files/Sections/Education/Dari/Diary%20of%20Human%20Rights.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2020.
  • Summary of the Report on Human Rights Situation of Persons with Disabilities (2019). https://www.aihrc.org.af/home/daily_report/8768 , Erişim Tarihi: 31.03.2020. T.C. Adalet Bakanlığı (2001). Adalet Bakanlığı Personeli Görevde Yükselme Eğitimi Ders Notları, Ankara, http://www.edb.adalet.gov.tr/duyuruarsiv/2015/iimnotlar/insanhaklari.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • The Constitution of Afghanistan (2004). https://president.gov.af/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2017/01/TheConstitution.pdf-english.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2020.
  • Tibori-Szabo, Kinga (2016). The Unwilling or Unable Test and the Law of Self Defence, Fundemental Rights in International and European Law, Eds.: C.Pulussen, T.Amara, V.Lazic, B.V. Rompuy, The Hague: Springer (73-97).
  • Uluslararası Af Örgütü İngiltere (2018). Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Nedir, https://www.amnesty.org.uk/what-is-the-european-convention-on-human-rights , Erişim tarihi: 25.12.2019.
  • Van Schendel, Willem (2002). Geographies of Knowing, Geographies of Ignorance: Jumping Scale in Southeast Asia, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 20(6): 647-668. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/d16s , Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2020.
  • What are human rights?. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020. What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/what-universal-declaration-human-rights , Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020. Worldwide Governance Indicators, World Bank, https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/, Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2020.
  • Yalçınkaya, Alaeddin (2010). Türk-İslam Devletlerinde İnsan Hakları Konusunda Örnek Uygulamalar, Yalova Üniversitesi, SBE Dergisi, 1(1): 57-78.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Alaeddin Yalçınkaya

Yasir Rashid

Publication Date December 8, 2020
Submission Date May 2, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 6 Issue: 12

Cite

APA Yalçınkaya, A., & Rashid, Y. (2020). Afganistan Anayasası’nda İnsan Hakları. Strategic Public Management Journal, 6(12), 134-148. https://doi.org/10.25069/spmj.730983

STRATEGIC PUBLIC MANAGEMENT JOURNAL © 2015 is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International