NON-SPECIFIC CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN: WHICH EXERCISE?

Abstract

Low back pain, one of the skeletal and muscular system problems, is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. Chronic low back pain is an important disorder that affects the daily, social, and work-life of individuals. The majority of people experience low back pain at least once in their life. The majority of people experience low back pain at least once in their life. In this sense, it affects both social and economic life. Low back pain can be acute or chronic, depending on the duration of the syndrome. Low back pain can be acute or chronic, depending on the duration of the syndrome. Interventional, medication, rehabilitation, and exercise methods can be used in the treatment of chronic low back pain. In this study, it was investigated which exercise among the exercise models was more effective in the treatment of non-specific chronic low back pain. “Exercise” and “Chronic low back pain” were used as keywords in database searches. As treatment approaches, the effects of Abdominal Hypopressive exercise, Pilates, Yoga, Tai Chi, McKenzie, Gait, Dynamic and Static Stabilization Exercises, Motor Control and Gradual Activity Exercises in patients with low back pain were investigated. It has been determined that all the exercise models investigated reduce non-specific chronic low back pain and positively affect the mental state and quality of life of the patients. The fact remains that, it can be said that Pilates exercises come into prominence more than other exercises in terms of the stated effects.

Keywords

• Low back pain
• Exercise methods
• Health

NON-SPECIFIC CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN: WHICH EXERCISE?

Öz

Low back pain, one of the skeletal and muscular system problems, is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. Chronic low back pain is an important disorder that affects the daily, social, and work-life of individuals. The majority of people experience low back pain at least once in their life. In this sense, it affects both social and economic life. Low back pain can be acute or chronic, depending on the duration of the syndrome. Interventional, medication, rehabilitation, and exercise methods can be used in the treatment of chronic low back pain. In this study, it was investigated which exercise among the exercise models was more effective in the treatment of non-specific chronic low back pain. “Exercise” and “Chronic low back pain” were used as keywords in database searches. As treatment approaches, the effects of Abdominal Hypopressive exercise, Pilates, Yoga, Tai Chi, McKenzie, Gait, Dynamic and Static Stabilization Exercises, Motor Control and Gradual Activity Exercises in patients with low back pain were investigated. It has been determined that all the exercise models investigated reduce non-specific chronic low back pain and positively affect the mental state and quality of life of the patients. The fact remains that, it can be said that Pilates exercises come into prominence more than other exercises in terms of the stated effects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bel ağrısı
• Egzersiz metotları
• Sağlık

References

1. Agarwal, S.K. (2013). Evidence based medical benefits of yoga. Indian journal of science, 2(3), 1-4.
2. Aladro-Gonzalvo, A.R., Araya-Vargas, G.A., Machado-Díaz, M., Salazar-Rojas, W. (2013). Pilates-based exercise for persistent, non-specific low back pain and associated functional disability: a meta-analysis with meta-regression. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies, 17(1), 125-136.
3. Alhakami, A.M., Davis, S., Qasheesh, M., Shaphe, A., Chahal, A. (2019). Effects of McKenzie and stabilization exercises in reducing pain intensity and functional disability in individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review. Journal of physical therapy science, 31(7), 590-597.
4. Andersson, G.B. (1999). Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain. The Lancet, 354(9178), 581-585.
5. Atılgan, E., Erbahçeci, F. (2018). Kronik bel ağrılı bireylerde yoga ve fizyoterapi programının yaşam kalitesi, denge, ağrı düzeyi ve uyku kalitesi üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırılması. Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation, 5(3), 158-166.
6. Balthazard, P., de Goumoens, P., Rivier, G., Demeulenaere, P., Ballabeni, P., Dériaz, O. (2012). Manual therapy followed by specific active exercises versus a placebo followed by specific active exercises on the improvement of functional disability in patients with chronic non specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 13(1), 1-11.
7. Bellido-Fernández, L., Jiménez-Rejano, J.J., Chillón-Martínez, R., Gómez-Benítez, M.A., De-La-Casa-Almeida, M., Rebollo-Salas, M. (2018). Effectiveness of Massage Therapy and Abdominal Hypopressive Gymnastics in Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, eCam, 2018, 3684194.
8. Bhadauria, E.A., Gurudut, P. (2017). Comparative effectiveness of lumbar stabilization, dynamic strengthening, and Pilates on chronic low back pain: randomized clinical trial. Journal of exercise rehabilitation, (4), 477.

9. Bressler, H.B., Keyes, W.J., Rochon, P.A., Badley, E. (1999). The prevalence of low back pain in the elderly: a systematic review of the literature. Spine, 24(17), 1813.
10. Carey, T.S., Garrett, J.M., Jackman, A.M. (2000). Beyond the good prognosis: examination of an inception cohort of patients with chronic low back pain. Spine, 25(1), 115.
11. Chang, D.G., Holt, J.A., Sklar, M., Groessl, E.J. (2016). Yoga as a treatment for chronic low back pain: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of orthopedics and rheumatology, 3(1), 1.
12. Cho, Y. (2014). Effects of tai chi on pain and muscle activity in young males with acute low back pain. Journal of physical therapy science, 26(5), 679-681.
13. Coşkun, G., Can, F. (2012). Kronik bel ağrısında dinamik ve statik stabilizasyon egzersizlerinin ağrı ve fonksiyonel düzeye etkileri. Physiotherapy Rehabilitation, 23(2), 65-72.
14. Costa, L.O., Maher, C.G., Latimer, J., Hodges, P.W., Herbert, R.D., Refshauge, K.M., et al. (2009). Motor control exercise for chronic low back pain: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Physical therapy, 89(12), 1275-1286.
15. Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Haller, H., Dobos, G. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis of yoga for low back pain. The Clinical journal of pain, 29(5), 450-460.
16. Ferreira, M.L., Ferreira, P.H., Latimer, J., Herbert, R.D., Hodges, P.W., Jennings, M.D., et al. (2007). Comparison of general exercise, motor control exercise and spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized trial. Pain, 131(1-2), 31-37.
17. Ferreira, M.L. (2006). The McKenzie Method for Low Back Pain. Spine, 31(9), E254-E262.
18. Foster, N.E. (2011). Barriers and progress in the treatment of low back pain. BMC medicine, 9(1), 1-5.
19. Gatantino, M.L., Bzdewka, T.M., Eissler-Rnsso, J.L., Holbrook, M.L., Mogck, E.P., Geigle, P., et al. (2004). The impact of modified Hatha yoga on chronic low back pain: a pilot study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 10(2), 56-59.
20. Gündüz, O.H., Erçalık, T. (2014). Kronik bel ağrısında egzersiz reçeteleme. Turk J Phys Med Rehab, 60(supp 2), 25-30.
21. Haldeman, S., Dagenais, S. (2008). What have we learned about the evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain?. The Spine Journal, 8(1), 266-277.
22. Hall, A.M., Kamper, S.J., Emsley, R., Maher, C.G. (2016). Does pain-catastrophising mediate the effect of tai chi on treatment outcomes for people with low back pain?. Complementary therapies in medicine, 25, 61-66.
23. Hall, A.M., Maher, C.G., Lam, P., Ferreira, M., Latimer, J. (2011). Tai chi exercise for treatment of pain and disability in people with persistent low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis care and research, 63(11), 1576-1583.
24. Halliday, M.H., Pappas, E., Hancock, M.J., Clare, H.A., Pinto, R.Z., Robertson, G., et al. (2016). A randomized controlled trial comparing the McKenzie method to motor control exercises in people with chronic low back pain and a directional preference. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 46(7), 514-522.
25. Hasanpour-Dehkordi, A., Dehghani, A., Solati, K. (2017). A comparison of the effects of Pilates and McKenzie training on pain and general health in men with chronic low back pain: a randomized trial. Indian journal of palliative care, 23(1), 36.
26. Highland, K.B., Schoomaker, A., Rojas, W., Suen, J., Ahmed, A., Zhang, Z., et al. (2018). Benefits of the restorative exercise and strength training for operational resilience and excellence yoga program for chronic low back pain in service members: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 99(1), 91-98.
27. Hosseinifar, M., Akbari, M., Behtash, H., Amiri, M., Sarrafzadeh, J. (2013). The effects of stabilization and McKenzie exercises on transverse abdominis and multifidus muscle thickness, pain, and disability: a randomized controlled trial in nonspecific chronic low back pain. Journal of physical therapy science, 25(12), 1541-1545.
28. Hurwitz, E.L., Morgenstern, H., Chiao, C. (2005). Effects of recreational physical activity and back exercises on low back pain and psychological distress: findings from the UCLA Low Back Pain Study. American Journal of Public Health, 95(10), 1817-1824.
29. İri, R., Ersoy, A., İri, R. (2010). Yürüyüş egzersizinin bayanların aerobik kapasitelerine ve bazı kan değerlerine etkisi. International journal of human sciences, 7(2), 505-514.
30. Lim, E.C.W., Poh, R.L.C., Low, A.Y., Wong, W.P. (2011). Effects of Pilates-based exercises on pain and disability in individuals with persistent nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 41(2), 70-80.
31. Lin, H.T., Hung, W.C., Hung, J.L., Wu, P.S., Liaw, L.J., Chang, J.H. (2016). Effects of Pilates on patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: a systematic review. Journal of physical therapy science, 28(10), 2961-2969.
32. Linek, P., Noormohammadpour, P., Mansournia, M.A., Wolny, T., Sikora, D. (2020). Morphological changes of the lateral abdominal muscles in adolescent soccer players with low back pain: A prospective cohort study. J Sport Health Sci, 9(6), 614-619.
33. Logghe, I.H., Verhagen, A.P., Rademaker, A.C., Bierma-Zeinstra, S.M., van Rossum, E., Faber, M.J., et al. (2010). The effects of Tai Chi on fall prevention fear of falling and balance in older people: a meta-analysis. Preventive medicine, 51(3-4), 222-227.
34. Maher, C., Underwood, M., Buchbinder, R. (2017). Non-specific low back pain. The Lancet, 389(10070), 736-747.
35. McKenzie, R.A., May, S. (2003). The lumbar spine: mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Waikanae, New Zealand: Spinal Publications.
36. Miyamoto, G.C., Costa, L.O., Cabral, C. (2013). Efficacy of the Pilates method for pain and disability in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Brazilian journal of physical therapy, 17(6), 517-532.
37. Moon, H.J., Choi, K.H., Kim, D.H., Kim, H.J., Cho, Y.K., Lee, K.H., et al. (2013). Effect of lumbar stabilization and dynamic lumbar strengthening exercises in patients with chronic low back pain. Annals of rehabilitation medicine, 37(1), 110.
38. Neyaz, O., Sumila, L., Nanda, S., Wadhwa, S. (2019). Effectiveness of hatha yoga versus conventional therapeutic exercises for chronic nonspecific low-back pain. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 25(9), 938-945.
39. Oesch, P., Kool, J., Hagen, K.B., Bachmann, S. (2010). Effectiveness of exercise on work disability in patients with non-acute non-specific low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 42(3), 193-205.
40. Ostelo, R.W., Deyo, R.A., Stratford, P., Waddell, G., Croft, P., Von Korff, M., et al. (2008). Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. Spine, 33(1), 90-94.
41. Parkhurst, T.M., Burnett, C.N. (1994). Injury and proprioception in the lower back. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 19(5), 282-295.
42. Patti, A., Bianco, A., Paoli, A., Messina, G., Montalto, M.A., Bellafiore, M., et al. (2016). Pain perception and stabilometric parameters in people with chronic low back pain after a pilates exercise program: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine, 95(2).
43. Petersen, T., Kryger, P., Ekdahl, C., Olsen, S., Jacobsen, S. (2002). The effect of McKenzie therapy as compared with that of intensive strengthening training for the treatment of patients with subacute or chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine, 27(16), 1702-1709.
44. Rydeard, R., Leger, A., Smith, D. (2006). Pilates-based therapeutic exercise: effect on subjects with nonspecific chronic low back pain and functional disability: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 36(7), 472-484.
45. Shamsi, M., Sarrafzadeh, J., Jamshidi, A., Arjmand, N., Ghezelbash, F. (2017). Comparison of spinal stability following motor control and general exercises in nonspecific chronic low back pain patients. Clinical Biomechanics, 48, 42-48.
46. Shnayderman, I., Katz-Leurer, M. (2013). An aerobic walking programme versus muscle strengthening programme for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical rehabilitation, 27(3), 207-214.
47. Suh, J.H., Kim, H., Jung, G.P., Ko, J.Y., Ryu, J.S. (2019). The effect of lumbar stabilization and walking exercises on chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine, 98(26).
48. The McKenzie Institute International [Internet]. https://mckenzieinstitute.org/patients/what-is-the-mckenzie-method/ (accessed 24 September 2020).
49. Udermann, B.E., Mayer, J.M., Donelson, R.G., Graves, J.E., Murray, S.R. (2004). Combining lumbar extension training with McKenzie therapy: effects on pain, disability, and psychosocial functioning in chronic low back pain patients. Gundersen Lutheran Med J, 3(2), 7-12.
50. Van Middelkoop, M., Rubinstein, S.M., Verhagen, A.P., Ostelo, R.W., Koes, B.W., Van Tulder, M.W. (2010). Exercise therapy for chronic nonspecific low-back pain. Best practice and research Clinical rheumatology. 24(2), 193-204.
51. Van Tulder, M., Becker, A., Bekkering, T., Breen, A., del Real, M.T.G, Hutchinson, A., et al. (2006). European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. European spine journal. 15(Suppl 2), 169.
52. Vanti, C., Andreatta, S., Borghi, S., Guccione, A.A., Pillastrini, P., Bertozzi, L. (2019). The effectiveness of walking versus exercise on pain and function in chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Disability and rehabilitation, 41(6), 622-632.
53. Vezina, M.J., Hubley-Kozey, C.L. (2000). Muscle activation in therapeutic exercises to improve trunk stability. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 81(10), 1370-1379.
54. Wang, X.Q., Gu, W., Chen, B.L., Wang, X., Hu, H.Y., Zheng, Y.L., et al. (2019). Effects of whole-body vibration exercise for non-specific chronic low back pain: an assessor-blind, randomized controlled trial. Clinical rehabilitation, 33(9), 1445-1457.
55. Weifen, W., Muheremu, A., Chaohui, C., MD Wenge, L., Lei, S. (2013). Effectiveness of tai chi practice for non-specific chronic low back pain on retired athletes: a randomized controlled study. Journal of musculoskeletal pain, 21(1), 37-45.
56. Wells, C., Kolt, G.S., Bialocerkowski, A. (2012). Defining Pilates exercise: a systematic review. Complementary therapies in medicine, 20(4), 253-262.
57. Wells, C., Kolt, G.S., Marshall, P., Hill, B., Bialocerkowski, A. (2014). The effectiveness of Pilates exercise in people with chronic low back pain: a systematic review. Plos one, 9(7), e100402.
58. Yılmaz, Ö., Eroğlu, P., Yurdakul, F.G., Çimen, Y., Eser, F., Alhan, A., et al. (2015). Kronik mekanik bel ağrısı olan hastalarda egzersizle beraber fizik tedavi uygulamalarının sadece egzersiz tedavisi ile karşılaştırılması. Turk J osteoporosis, 21(2), 73-78.
59. Zamani, A.S., Ghasemi, G.A., Karimi, A., Salehi, H. (2011). Pilates exercise effect on pain and general health of female patients with chronic low back pain. Journal of research in rehabilitation sciences, 7(1).