Postural kontrol ve spor: kassal yorgunluk ve postural kontrol ilişkisi

Abstract

Denge, atıcılık gibi statik spor branşlarında ve futbol, jimnastik, güreş gibi maksimum çeviklik gerektiren dinamik sporlarda, spor performansı açısından oldukça büyük öneme sahiptir. Denge, istemli hareket öncesinde, sırasında ve sonrasında postural ayarlamalar ile stabilite durumunu tekrar kazanmak için, stabilizasyonu bozan durumlara ve eksternal pertürbasyonlara karşı hızlı ve etkili bir şekilde reaksiyon gösterebilme yeteneği olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Ayrıca denge, içsel ve dışsal güçlerin ve çevreyi içeren faktörlerin dinamik integresyonu tarafından sürdürülmektedir. Dışsal (kaygan zemin üzerinde yürümek, ışık değişimi vb.) ve içsel denge perturbasyonlarına [kas sertliği (stiffness), kas iskelet yaralanmaları ve yorgunluk gibi] karşı dik duruş pozisyonunun devam ettirilebilmesi; sensör (somatosensör, görsel ve vestibular) ve motor sistemin entegresyonunu gerektirmektedir. İçsel perturbasyonlara maruz kalınan durumlarda postural salınımın belirlenmesine yönelik gerçekleştirilmiş çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmalar incelendiğinde en genel içsel perturbasyon postural kontrol paradigmaları; (a) başın hareketini, (b) gözlerin kapalı olduğu durumları, (c) içsel odaklanma durumunu ve (d) kassal yorgunluğu içermektedir. Egzersiz sonrasında dengeyi bozan ya da kötüleştiren temel faktör olarak ifade edilen yorgunluk; eklemlerin proprioseptif ve kinestetik özelliklerini zayıflatarak kas iğciğinin deşarj olma eşiğini arttırmaktadır. Bu durum afferent geribildirimi olumsuz etkileyerek eklem farkındalığında istenmeyen değişimlere neden olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, kassal yorgunluk; periferal proprioseptif sistemi, merkezi propriosepsiyon sürecini ve aynı zamanda kuvvet üretim kapasitesini değiştirdiği bilinen fiziksel, profesyonel ya da rekreasyonel aktivitelerin kaçınılmaz bir fenomenini sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, farklı egzersiz formlarının postural kontrol üzerinde ne gibi etkilerinin olduğunu ortaya koyan araştırmalara yer verilecektir

Keywords

• Postür, Postural Kontrol, Kassal Yorgunluk

POSTURAL CONTROL AND SPORT: MUSCULAR FATIGUE AND POSTURAL CONTROL RELATIONSHIP

Abstract

Balance is one of the most importante factors effecting static sport branches like shooting, archery etc. and dynamic sports branches such as football, gymnastics and wrestling that require agility. Balance is required to regain stability condition before, during and after voluntary movement with the postural adjustments. Therefore, balance has been defined as the ability to show quick and effective reactions against stabilization distorting and external perturbating situations. In addition, balance is carried out by dynamic integration of internal and external forces and factors, which is including the environment. The maintainance of the upright posture against to external (to walk on slippery floors, light replacement, etc.) and internal (such as; muscle stiffness, skeletal and muscle injuries, and fatigue) balance perturbations require the integration of sensors (somatosensory, visual and vestibular) and motor system. There have been some studies, which have been performed to investigate postural sway at internal perturbations situations. When these studies examined the general internal control of postural perturbation paradigms including: (a) the movement of head (b) eyes closed states, (c) the status of the internal focus, and (d) muscular fatigue. The fatigue, which is a disrupt or broke of balance after exercise increases of discharge threshold of muscle spindle to weakening proprioception and kinesthetic properties of joint, has been defined as a main factor on postural control. This situation leads to adverse changes from joint awareness of negatively affecting the afferent feedback. Also, muscular fatigue offers inevitable phenomenon of the physical, professional or recreational activities that are also known to alter peripheral proprioceptive system and the central process of proprioception and force production capacity. In this study, a literature review will be made on the effects of different forms of exercise on postural control

Keywords

• Posture, Postural Control, Muscular Fatigue

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