EFFECTS OF THE CHANGES, DUE TO SWIMMING, IN THE BODY WATER BALANCE ON SWIMMING PERFORMANCE

Year 2014, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 89 - 104, 01.08.2014

Dölek Burcu Ertaş İbrahim Yıldıran Mitat Koz

https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000257

Cited By: 2

Abstract

The purpose of this study, it has been aimed to find an answer to the question whether liquid is lost throughout these trainings and if it is, what are its effects on one’s performance. Totally 30 swimmers (age:15.36±1.03 year), 15 girls (age:15.0±0.84 year) and 15 boys (age:15.73±1.10 year), who ranked first five in their age group in Turkey championship, have taken part voluntarily in the study whose topic is “Effects of the changes, due to swimming, in the body water balance on swimming performance”. Years of experience of the swimmers are 8±1.16 year. Either sex group is composed of three swimmers of each style (butterfly, breaststroke, backstroke, free style and medley). Within the study, the measurements of blood hematocrit value, urine density, total body water percentage, body weight and 50m free style performance have been made. In the analyses of the data provided by our study, SPSS 15 program has been used and a cut of point in all the statistical analyses has been taken as 0.05. After the trainings which are done without water reinforcement, it has been observed that for either sex, hematocrit value and urine density increased (p<0.05), body weight and total body water percentage decreased (p<0.05) and the performance in 50m free style remained the same. However, after the trainings with water intake, it has been observed that the performance in 50m free style increased. Regarding swimming that is not considered to cause water loss as being performed in water, it has been determined that the water intake affects the performance. As the water that is consumed during the trainings which are done prior to a competition directly affects the race performance, water consumption is critically important as to the rankings.

Keywords

Body Water, Performance, Swimming, Water Balance.

YÜZMENİN NEDEN OLDUĞU VÜCUT SIVI DENGESİNDEKİ DEĞİŞİMLERİN YÜZME PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ

Abstract

Yapılan bu araştırmanın amacı; yüzme antrenmanları boyunca sıvı kaybedilip kaybedilmediğini ve eğer sıvı kaybediliyorsa performansa etkilerinin nasıl olduğunun cevabını bulmaktır. Yüzmenin neden olduğu vücut sıvı dengesindeki değişimlerin yüzme performansına etkileri konulu çalışmaya, Türkiye Şampiyonası sonucunda kendi yaş gruplarında ilk 5 içerisinde yer alan 15 kız (Myaş:15.0, SD:0.84) ve 15 erkek (Myaş:15.73, SD:1.10) toplam 30 yüzücü (Myaş:15.36, SD:1.03) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Yüzücülerin spor yaşları spor yaşı 8±1.16 yıldır. Her iki cinsiyette de her branştan (kelebek, sırtüstü, kurbağalama, serbest ve karışık) 3’er yüzücü bulunmaktadır. Çalışmada, kan hematokrit değeri, idrar yoğunluğu, toplam vücut sıvı yüzdesi, vücut ağırlığı ve 50m serbest yüzme performansı ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Çalışmamızdan elde edilen verilerin analizinde SPSS 15.0 programı (Lisans No: 9888978) kullanılmış ve kesim noktası tüm istatistiksel analizlerde 0.05 olarak alınmıştır. Su takviyesiz yapılan antrenman sonrasında, her iki cinsiyette de, hematokrit değerinin ve idrar yoğunluğunun arttığı (p<0.05), vücut ağırlığının ve toplam vücut sıvı yüzdesinin azaldığı (p<0.05) gözlemlenmiş ve 50m serbest yüzme performansında bir değişiklik bulunamamıştır. Fakat su tüketilen antrenman sonrasında, yüzücülerin 50m serbest yüzme performanslarında iyileşme gözlemlenmiştir (p<0.05). Su içerisinde yapıldığı için sıvı kaybının olduğu düşünülmediği yüzme sporunda, antrenman sırasında sıvı tüketiminin performansı etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Özellikle, yarışma öncesinde yapılan antrenmanlar sırasında tüketilen sıvı, yarışma performansını doğrudan etkileyeceğinden, yarışmada alınacak sonuçlar açısından sıvı tüketimi çok fazla önem taşımaktadır

Keywords

Performans, Sıvı Dengesi, Vücut sıvısı, Yüzme

References

• Kocatürk, U. (2000): Açıklamalı Tıp Terimleri Sözlüğü, Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul.
• Guyton AC, Hall JE. (2001); Medical Physiology. Çavuşoğlu H (Çev), 1. Baskı. Ankara: Nobel Yayı- nevi.
• Maughan RJ, Nadel ER, (2005): Temperature Regulation and Fluid and Elektrolyte Balance. In: Maughan Massachustts: Blackwell Publishing Company; Chapter 15. Nutrition in Sport.
• Kleiner SM. (1999):Water: An Essential But Overlooked Nutrient. J Am Diet Assoc.:99.200–206.
• Paker HS. (1996): Sporda Beslenme. Ankara.
• Grubb PB. (2007): The Fainting Phenomenon. 2nd Edition. New York: Blackwell Publishing.
• Position of Dietitians of Canada, The American Dietetic Assosiation, and The American Collage of Sports Medicine (2000): Nutrition and Athletic Per- formance, Endorced by the Coaching Assosiation of Canada. Can J Diet Prac Res;61:176–192.
• Maughan RJ. (2003): Impact of Mild Dehydration on Wellness and on Exercise Performance. Eur J Clin Nutr.;57:19–23.
• Yıldız SA, Arzuman P.( 2009): Sıcak Ortamda Egzersiz. İstanbul Tabip Odası Klinik Gelişim Dergisi;22:10–15.
• Maresh CM, Bergeron ME, Kenefick RW, Castellani JW, Hoffman JR, Armstrong LE. (2001): Effect of Overhydration on Time-Trial Swim Per- formance. J Strength and Conditioning Re- search.;154:514–518.
• Samadi M. (2007): Fluid and Electrolyte Require- ments of Soccer Players, J Sports Sci Med:10;159.
• Quinn J. (2007): Relationship of Pre-Match Hydra- tion Status to Match Performance, Injury and Bady Mass Chances in Elite Australian Rules Football. J Sports Sci Med:10;161.
• Bergeron MF, Waller JL, Marinik EL. (2006): Voluntary Fluid Intake and Core Temperature Re- sponses in Adolescent Tennis Players: Sports Bevarage Versus Water. Br. J Sports Med;40:406– 410.
• Shirreffs SM, Aragon-Vargas LF, Chammaro M, Moughan RJ, Serratosa L, Zachweija JJ. (2005): The Sweating Response of Elite Professional Soc- cer Players to Training in the Heat. Int J of Sports Med;26:90–95.
• Al-Jasser TA, Hasan AA. (2006): Fluid Loss and Body Composition of Elite Kuwaiti Soccer Players During a Soccer Match. J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 46:281–285.
• Al-Jasser TA, Hasan AA. (2005): Fluid Loss and Body M, Moughan RJ, Serratosa L, Zachweija JJ. The Sweating Response of Elite Professional Soc- cer Players to Training in the Heat. Int J of Sports Med;26:90–95.
• Siegler JC, Mermier CM, Amorim FT, Lovell RJ, McNaughton LR, Robergs RA. (2008): Hydration, Thermoregulation, and Performance Effects of Two Sport Drinks During Soccer Training Sessions. J Strenght and Conditioning Research.;22:1394– 1401.
• American College of Sports Medicine. (1996): Position Stand on Exercise and Fluid Replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc;28:1–7.
• Casa DJ, Armstrong NE, Hillman SE, Montain SJ, Reiff RV, Rich BSE, Roberts WO, Stone JA. (2000): National Athletic Trainers’ Association Pozition Statement: Fluid Replacement for Athletes, J Athletic Training.;35:212–224.
• Vlastos GA, Tangney CC, Rosenson SR. (2003): Effects of Hydration on Blood Rheology. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculaton.;28:41–49.
• Hohenegger M, Laminger O, Om P, Sadjak A, Gutmann K, Vermes M. (1986): Metabolic Effects of Water Deprivation. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem.;24:277–282.
• Ganong FW. (1996): Tıbbi Fizyoloji. Doğan A. (Çev). 17.Baskı. İstanbul: Barış Kitabevi.
• Astrand PO, Cuddy TE, Saltin B, Stenberg J. (1964): Cardiac Output During Submaximal and Maximal Work, J. Appl. Phisiol;:19:26–74.
• Günay M, Cicioğlu İ. (2001): Spor Fizyolojisi. 1.Baskı. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
• Claybaugh JR, Sato AK, Croswhite LK, Hassell LH. (2000): Effects of Time and Day, Gender and Menstrual Cycle Phase on The Human Response to a Water Load. American J Physiology. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.;279:966–973.
• Stover EA, Zachwieja J, Stofan J, Murray R, Horswill CA. (2006): Consistently High Urine Spe- cific Gravity in Adolescent American Football Players and The Impact of an Acute Drinking Strat- egy. Int J Sports Med;27:330–335.
• Shirreffs SM, Taylor AJ, Leiper JM, Maughan RJ. (1996): Post-Exercise Rehydration in Man: Effects of Volume Consumed and Drink Sodium Content. Med Sci Sports Exerc.;28:1260–1271.
• Wyndham CH, Morrison JF, Williams CG. (1965): Heat Reactions of Male and Female Caucasians. J Appl Physiology.;20:357–364.
• Meyer F, Bar-Or O, Macdougall D, Heigenhauser GJF. (1992.): Sweat Electrolyte Loss During Exer- cise in the Heat: Effects of Gender and Maturation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.;24: 776–781.
• Bar-Or O.(1989): Temperature Regulation During Exercise in Children and Adolescents. In Perspec- tives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine. Vol. 2. Youth, Exercise and Sport (ed. Gisolfi CV, Lamp DR.). Benchmark Pres, Indianapolis, IN.
• Rowland TW. (1990): Exercise and Children’s Health. Champaigh, IL: Human Kinetics.
• Rowland TW. (2005): Children’s Exercise Physiol- ogy, Second Edition, USA: Human Kinetics.
• Craig FV, Cammings EG. (1966): Dehydration and Muscular Work. J Appl Physiol.; 21:670–674.
• Soler R, Echegaray M, Rivera MA. (2003): Ther- mal Responses and Body Fluid Balance of Compet- itive Male Swimmers During a Training Session. J Strenght and Conditioning Research,;17:362–367.
• Tikuisis P, Jacobs I, Moraz D, Vallerand AL, Martineu L. (2000): Comparison of Thermoregula- tory Responses Between Men and Women in Cold Water. J. Appl Physiol;89:1403–1411.
• Flynn MG, Costill DL, Kirwan JP, Mitchell JB, Houward JA, Fink WJ. (1996). Fat Storage in Ath- letes: Metabolic and Hormonal Responses to Swimming Med.;11:433–440. Int. J. Sports
• Larsen M, Karpersen AF. (1991): Infrared Tympan- ic Thermography. A comparison of Body Tempera- ture Measured Rectally and From the Tympanic Membrane Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen.;111:2542– 2543.
• Khorshid L, Eser İ, Zaybak A, Yapucu Ü. (2005): Comparing Mercury-in-Glass, Tympanic and Dis- posable Thermometers in Measuring Body Temper- ature in Healthy Young People. J Clinical Nursing.; 14:496–500.
• Bodur A, Uğuz MA. (2007): 11–15 Yaş Çocuklarda Vücut Yağ Yüzdesinin Beden Kütle İndeksi ve Biyoelektriksel Değerlendirilmesi. Genel Tıp Dergisi.;171:21–27.
• Nicklas B. (2002): Editor. Endurance Exercise and Adipose Tissue. CRC Press LLC, USA.
• Novak LP, Woodward WA, Bestit C, Mellerowicz H. (1977): Working Capacity, Body Composition and Anthropometry of Olympic Female Athletes. J Sports Medicine.; 17: 275–283.
• Thorland WG, Johnson GO, Housh TJ, Refsell MJ. (1983): Anthropometric Characteristics of Elite Adolescent Competetive Swimmers. Human Biolo- gy.; 55:735–748.
• Understanding Your Body Fat Percentage [Online]. [Cited http://www.healthchecksystems.com/bodyfat.htm from: URL: A., Kapsokefalou, ME.(2013):
• Cosgrove, SD., Love TD., Brown RC., Baker,DF., Howe, AS., Black, KE. (2014): “Fluid and Electrolyte Balance During two Different Preseason Training Sessions In Elite Rugby Union Players” Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research: 28(2), 520-528.