Research Article
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Year 2019, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 135 - 153, 31.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.506090

Abstract

References

  • Andy M. (2004). Genetically Modified Athletes–Biomedical Ethics, Gene Doping, And Sport. Routledge, London
  • Ajzen I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior And Human Decision Processes 50, 179-211.
  • Ajzen I. (2005). Attitudes, Personality And Behavior (2nd. Edition). Mcgraw- Hill, Milton- Keynes, England: Open University Press.
  • Angela J., Theodore F. (2006). Gene doping in sports: the science and ethics of genetically modified athletes. Adv Genet, 51:1-110.
  • Archer J.R., Dargan P.I., Lostia A.M., Van Der Walt J., Henderson K., Drake N., Kicman A.T. (2015). Running an unknown risk: a marathon death associated with the use of 1, 3-dimethylamylamine (dmaa). Drug Testing And Analysis, 7(5), 433-438.
  • Associated Press. (2017). 10 visually impaired russian athletes banned for doping. Erişim: [http://olympics.nbcsports.com/2017/07/07/blind-athletes-russian-doping-powerlifters/]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2018
  • Backhouse S.H., Whitaker L., Patterson L., Erickson K., Mckenna J. (2016). Social Psychology of Doping in Sport: A Mixed Studies Narrative Synthesis. Leed Beckett University Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure. [https://www.wada- ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/literature_review_update__final_2016.pdf]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2018.
  • Bavlı Ö., Erkan E. (2007). Sporda ani ölüm, Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 21 (3), 149-152.
  • Bhambhani Y., Mactavish J., Warren S., ThompsonWr., Webborn A., Bressan E., De MelloMt., Tweedy S., Malone L., Frojd K., Van De Vliet P., Vanlandewijck Y. (2010). Boosting in athletes with high-level spinal cordinjury: knowledge, incidence and attitudes of athletes in paralympic sport. Disability And Rehabilitation, 32, 2172– 2190.
  • Bourdon P.C., Cardinale M., Murray A., Gastin P., Kellmann M., Varley M.C., Gabbett T.J., Coutts A.J., Burgess J. D, Gregson W, Cable N. T. (2017). Monitoring athlete training loads: consensus statement. International Journal Of Sports Physicology And Performance, 12(2), 2-161.
  • Börjesson A., Gårevik N., Dahl M., Rane E., Kström L. (2016). Recruitment To Doping And Help-Seeking Behavior Of Eight Female AAS Users. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 11: 11.
  • Braun V., Clarke V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
  • Crookers Del. (2015). What does ‘doping’ mean in athletics and why do athletes take banned substances? Erişim: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/33755488/what-does-doping-mean-in-athletics-and-why-do-athletes-take-banned-substances]. Erişim Tarihi: 30. Ocak. 2018
  • Çınar V., Şebin K., Öztürk M.E. (2005). Doping ve sporcularda kullanımı, Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(4). 27-31.
  • Demirbilek Celal. (2013). ‘Dinamit’le ölüme. Erişim: [http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dinamitle-olume-24940541]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2018
  • Dinçer N. (2010). Elit sporcuların doping hakkındaki bilgi düzeylerinin belirlenmesi (Doktora Tezi), Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Donovan R.J., Egger G., Kapernick V., Mendoza J. (2002). A conceptual framework for achieving performance enhancing drug compliance in sport. Sports Medicine, 32(4), 269-284.
  • Efverström A., Bäckström Å., Ahmadi N., Hoff D. (2016). Contexts and conditions for a level playing field: elite athletes’ perspectives on anti-doping in practice. Performance Enhancement &Health, 5(2), 77-85.
  • Erkiner K. (2004). Dünya’da Spor Hukuku Ve Dopingin Yeri, TFF Yayınları. s.137-163
  • Ferraresi C., Bertucci R. D. (2016). Strength Training: Methods, Health Benefits And Doping. Nova Science Publisher, USA.
  • Flaherty G., O'connor R., Johnston N. (2016). Altitude training for elite endurance athletes: a review for the travel medicine practitioner. Travel Medicine And infectious Disease, 1(3), 200-211.
  • Ghobain M A. (2017). The use of performance enhancing substances (doping) by athletes in saudiarabia. J Family Community Med. 24(3), 151-155.
  • Güner R. (2004). Doping Madde Ve Yöntemlerinin Etki Ve Yan Etkileri. Doping Ve Futbolda Performans Artırma Yöntemleri, Ed.: T. Atasü, İ. Yücesir, Form Reklam Hizmetleri. 413-423.
  • Hon O., Bottenburg M. (2017). True do persornegligent athletes? an analysis of anti-doping rule violations reported to the world anti-doping agency 2010–2012, Substance Use And Misuse, 52(14), 1932-1936.
  • Jayaseelan G., Bennett P.N., Bradshaw W., Wang W., Rawson H. (2018). Exercise benefits and barriers: the perceptions of people receiving hemodialysis. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 45(2), 185-219.
  • Karataş M., Karataş Ö., Çevrim H. (2012). Beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin doping kullanımına bakışları ve etik. Düzce Tıp Dergisi, 14(3). 28-31.
  • Khan B, Ahmed A, Abid G. (2016). Using the ‘Big-Five’ for Assessing Personality Traits of the Champions: An Insinuation for the Sports Industry.
  • Khing T. (2014). Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports. Abdo Publishing Company. USA.
  • Küçük E. (2011). Planlanmış davranış teorisi çerçevesinde mali müşavir (smmm) olma niyetinin altında yatan faktörlerin analizi, ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(14), 145-162.
  • López B. (2014). Creating Fear: The ‘Doping Deaths’, Risk Communication And The Anti-Doping Campaign. International Journal of Sport Policy And Politics, 6(2), 213-225.
  • Loland S., Hopeller, H. (2012). Justifiying anti-doping: the fair opportunity principle and the biology of performance enhancement, European Journal of Sport Science, 12(4), 347-353.
  • Malcolm D., Waddington I. (2008). No systematic doping doping in football: A Ciritical Review, Soccer Society, 9(2), 198-214.
  • Mandarić S., Delibašić, V. (2014). Sanctions for doping in sport, Physical Culture, 68(1), 39-49.
  • Maquirriain J. (2010). Epidemiologic alanalysis of doping offences in the Professional tenis circuit, Journal Of Occupational Medicine And Toxicology, 5(30), 1-6.
  • Maquirriain J., Baglione R. (2016). Doping offences in male professional tennis: how does sanction affect players’ career?, SpringerPlus 5(1), 1-4.
  • Menicucci P. (2005). Judge investigates fiorentina deaths. Erişim: [https://www.theguardian. com/football/2005/mar/03/europeanfootball.sport]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06. 2018.
  • Mcrae D. (2010). Ben Johson: ‘My revelations will shock the sporting world’. Erişim: [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/oct/05/ben-johnson-drugs-olympics]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06. 2018.
  • Mcnamee M., Olivier S., Wainwright P. (2006). Research Ethics in Exercise, HealthAnd Sports Sciences. Routledge, s, 8, 135, 130.
  • Morentin B., Callado L.F., GarciaHernández S., Bodegas A., Lucena J. (2018). The role of toxic substances in sudden cardiac death. Spanish Journal Of Legal Medicine. 44(1), 18-23.
  • Møller V. (2009). The Ethics Of Doping And Anti-Doping: Redeeming The Soul Of Sport? Routledge, London. Montalvo A.M., Shaefer H., Rodriguez Li.T., Epnere K., Myer G.D. (2017). Retrospective injury epidemiology and risk factors for injury in crossfit. Journal Of Sports Science&Medicine, 16(1), 53.
  • Morente-Sánchez J., Leruit M., Mateo-March M., Zabala M. (2013). Attitudes towards doping Morente in spanish competitive female cyclists vs. triathletes. Journal Of Science and Cycling, 2(2), 40-48.
  • Özbek O. (1999). Sporda etik dışı davranış alanları ve etik ilkeler, Gazi Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4, 38-50.
  • Özbek, O., Doğaner, S. (2017). “Sporda Doping Kullanımına ve Etkilerine İlişkin Görüşlerin İncelenmesi” Sözel Bildiri, 15. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, 15-18 Kasım, Antalya.
  • Petróczi A., Aidman E. (2008). Psychological Drivers in Doping: The Life-Cycle Model of Performance Enhancement. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 3(7), 1-12.
  • Petróczi A. (2003). Exploring the doping dilemma in elite sport: can athletes' attitudes be responsible for doping. (doctorate thesis) University Of Northern Colorado, The Graduate School, UMI Number: 3071864. Erişim: [https://search.proquest.com/]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2018
  • Ring C., Kavussanu, M., Simms M., Mazanov J. (2018). Effects of situational costs and benefits on projected doping likelihood. Psychology Of Sport And Exercise, 34, 88-94.
  • Selenoğlu Murat. (2014). ‘Kas’ıtlı ölüm. Erişim: [https://www.aksam.com.tr/guncel/kasitli-olum/haber-305922]. Erişim Tarihi: 30. Haziran. 2018
  • Strelan P, Boeckmann R J (2003). A new model forunder standing performance-enhancing druguse by elite athletes. Journal of applied spor psychology, 15(2), 176-183.
  • World Anti Doping Agency. (2013). Anti-doping testing figures testing authority report 2013.
  • World Anti Doping Agency. (2014). Antidoping testing figures testing authority report 2014.
  • World Anti Doping Agency. (2015). Anti-doping testing figures testing authority report 2015.
  • World Anti Doping Agency. (2018). Who we are. Erişim: [https://www.wada-ama.org/en/who-we-are]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2018
  • World Anti Doping Agency. (2018). What we do. Erişim: [https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2018.
  • Wright H. (2009). Steroids in sports: the rise and fall of great athletes. Erişim: [https://bleacherreport.com/articles/209217-steroids-in-sports-the-rise-and-fall-of-great-athletes]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2018.
  • Yıldırım A., Şimşek H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara.

BEDENSEL ENGELLİ SPORCULARIN DOPİNGE İLİŞKİN GÖRÜŞLERİ

Year 2019, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 135 - 153, 31.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.506090

Abstract

Bu
çalışmada bedensel engelli sporcuların doping kullanımına ilişkin olan
görüşleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma grubu bedensel engelli spor branşlarında faal
olan yirmi sporcudan oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden,
maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama
aracı olarak yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Görüşmeler ve
elde edilen veriler not alınarak kaydedilmiştir ve daha sonra bilgisayar
ortamında hızlı bir şekilde aktarılarak tematik analiz yapılmıştır. Analiz
sonucu yedi tema altında elde edilen bulgular değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan tematik
analiz ile, bedensel engelli sporcuların doping kullanma nedenleri, dopingin
nasıl önlenebileceğine dair olan düşünceleri, dopingin sağlığa olan olumsuz
etkileri, spor etiği ile olan ilişkileri, doping kullanımından sakınan ve
dopingin karşısında olan ideal sporcu profili, yasal süreç ve yaptırımların
etkileri temaları altında görüşler elde edilmiştir. Dopingin kullanımın nedenleri
ve dopingin zararlarına ilişikn görüşler alanyazın ile örtüşmektedir.  Katılımcıların bazıları, Türkiye’deki
bedensel engelli sporcuların çevre baskısı ve ödüller nedeniyle doping kullanma
gereği duyduklarını, sporcu kişiliğinin de sporcuları doping kullanımına
yönelten etkenler arasında olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir. Katılımcılar, dopingin
asıl kullanım amacını, kazanma hırsı ve sporcunun performansını arttırma isteği
olarak ifade etmişlerdir.

References

  • Andy M. (2004). Genetically Modified Athletes–Biomedical Ethics, Gene Doping, And Sport. Routledge, London
  • Ajzen I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior And Human Decision Processes 50, 179-211.
  • Ajzen I. (2005). Attitudes, Personality And Behavior (2nd. Edition). Mcgraw- Hill, Milton- Keynes, England: Open University Press.
  • Angela J., Theodore F. (2006). Gene doping in sports: the science and ethics of genetically modified athletes. Adv Genet, 51:1-110.
  • Archer J.R., Dargan P.I., Lostia A.M., Van Der Walt J., Henderson K., Drake N., Kicman A.T. (2015). Running an unknown risk: a marathon death associated with the use of 1, 3-dimethylamylamine (dmaa). Drug Testing And Analysis, 7(5), 433-438.
  • Associated Press. (2017). 10 visually impaired russian athletes banned for doping. Erişim: [http://olympics.nbcsports.com/2017/07/07/blind-athletes-russian-doping-powerlifters/]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2018
  • Backhouse S.H., Whitaker L., Patterson L., Erickson K., Mckenna J. (2016). Social Psychology of Doping in Sport: A Mixed Studies Narrative Synthesis. Leed Beckett University Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure. [https://www.wada- ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/literature_review_update__final_2016.pdf]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2018.
  • Bavlı Ö., Erkan E. (2007). Sporda ani ölüm, Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 21 (3), 149-152.
  • Bhambhani Y., Mactavish J., Warren S., ThompsonWr., Webborn A., Bressan E., De MelloMt., Tweedy S., Malone L., Frojd K., Van De Vliet P., Vanlandewijck Y. (2010). Boosting in athletes with high-level spinal cordinjury: knowledge, incidence and attitudes of athletes in paralympic sport. Disability And Rehabilitation, 32, 2172– 2190.
  • Bourdon P.C., Cardinale M., Murray A., Gastin P., Kellmann M., Varley M.C., Gabbett T.J., Coutts A.J., Burgess J. D, Gregson W, Cable N. T. (2017). Monitoring athlete training loads: consensus statement. International Journal Of Sports Physicology And Performance, 12(2), 2-161.
  • Börjesson A., Gårevik N., Dahl M., Rane E., Kström L. (2016). Recruitment To Doping And Help-Seeking Behavior Of Eight Female AAS Users. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 11: 11.
  • Braun V., Clarke V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
  • Crookers Del. (2015). What does ‘doping’ mean in athletics and why do athletes take banned substances? Erişim: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/33755488/what-does-doping-mean-in-athletics-and-why-do-athletes-take-banned-substances]. Erişim Tarihi: 30. Ocak. 2018
  • Çınar V., Şebin K., Öztürk M.E. (2005). Doping ve sporcularda kullanımı, Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(4). 27-31.
  • Demirbilek Celal. (2013). ‘Dinamit’le ölüme. Erişim: [http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dinamitle-olume-24940541]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2018
  • Dinçer N. (2010). Elit sporcuların doping hakkındaki bilgi düzeylerinin belirlenmesi (Doktora Tezi), Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Donovan R.J., Egger G., Kapernick V., Mendoza J. (2002). A conceptual framework for achieving performance enhancing drug compliance in sport. Sports Medicine, 32(4), 269-284.
  • Efverström A., Bäckström Å., Ahmadi N., Hoff D. (2016). Contexts and conditions for a level playing field: elite athletes’ perspectives on anti-doping in practice. Performance Enhancement &Health, 5(2), 77-85.
  • Erkiner K. (2004). Dünya’da Spor Hukuku Ve Dopingin Yeri, TFF Yayınları. s.137-163
  • Ferraresi C., Bertucci R. D. (2016). Strength Training: Methods, Health Benefits And Doping. Nova Science Publisher, USA.
  • Flaherty G., O'connor R., Johnston N. (2016). Altitude training for elite endurance athletes: a review for the travel medicine practitioner. Travel Medicine And infectious Disease, 1(3), 200-211.
  • Ghobain M A. (2017). The use of performance enhancing substances (doping) by athletes in saudiarabia. J Family Community Med. 24(3), 151-155.
  • Güner R. (2004). Doping Madde Ve Yöntemlerinin Etki Ve Yan Etkileri. Doping Ve Futbolda Performans Artırma Yöntemleri, Ed.: T. Atasü, İ. Yücesir, Form Reklam Hizmetleri. 413-423.
  • Hon O., Bottenburg M. (2017). True do persornegligent athletes? an analysis of anti-doping rule violations reported to the world anti-doping agency 2010–2012, Substance Use And Misuse, 52(14), 1932-1936.
  • Jayaseelan G., Bennett P.N., Bradshaw W., Wang W., Rawson H. (2018). Exercise benefits and barriers: the perceptions of people receiving hemodialysis. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 45(2), 185-219.
  • Karataş M., Karataş Ö., Çevrim H. (2012). Beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin doping kullanımına bakışları ve etik. Düzce Tıp Dergisi, 14(3). 28-31.
  • Khan B, Ahmed A, Abid G. (2016). Using the ‘Big-Five’ for Assessing Personality Traits of the Champions: An Insinuation for the Sports Industry.
  • Khing T. (2014). Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports. Abdo Publishing Company. USA.
  • Küçük E. (2011). Planlanmış davranış teorisi çerçevesinde mali müşavir (smmm) olma niyetinin altında yatan faktörlerin analizi, ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(14), 145-162.
  • López B. (2014). Creating Fear: The ‘Doping Deaths’, Risk Communication And The Anti-Doping Campaign. International Journal of Sport Policy And Politics, 6(2), 213-225.
  • Loland S., Hopeller, H. (2012). Justifiying anti-doping: the fair opportunity principle and the biology of performance enhancement, European Journal of Sport Science, 12(4), 347-353.
  • Malcolm D., Waddington I. (2008). No systematic doping doping in football: A Ciritical Review, Soccer Society, 9(2), 198-214.
  • Mandarić S., Delibašić, V. (2014). Sanctions for doping in sport, Physical Culture, 68(1), 39-49.
  • Maquirriain J. (2010). Epidemiologic alanalysis of doping offences in the Professional tenis circuit, Journal Of Occupational Medicine And Toxicology, 5(30), 1-6.
  • Maquirriain J., Baglione R. (2016). Doping offences in male professional tennis: how does sanction affect players’ career?, SpringerPlus 5(1), 1-4.
  • Menicucci P. (2005). Judge investigates fiorentina deaths. Erişim: [https://www.theguardian. com/football/2005/mar/03/europeanfootball.sport]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06. 2018.
  • Mcrae D. (2010). Ben Johson: ‘My revelations will shock the sporting world’. Erişim: [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/oct/05/ben-johnson-drugs-olympics]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06. 2018.
  • Mcnamee M., Olivier S., Wainwright P. (2006). Research Ethics in Exercise, HealthAnd Sports Sciences. Routledge, s, 8, 135, 130.
  • Morentin B., Callado L.F., GarciaHernández S., Bodegas A., Lucena J. (2018). The role of toxic substances in sudden cardiac death. Spanish Journal Of Legal Medicine. 44(1), 18-23.
  • Møller V. (2009). The Ethics Of Doping And Anti-Doping: Redeeming The Soul Of Sport? Routledge, London. Montalvo A.M., Shaefer H., Rodriguez Li.T., Epnere K., Myer G.D. (2017). Retrospective injury epidemiology and risk factors for injury in crossfit. Journal Of Sports Science&Medicine, 16(1), 53.
  • Morente-Sánchez J., Leruit M., Mateo-March M., Zabala M. (2013). Attitudes towards doping Morente in spanish competitive female cyclists vs. triathletes. Journal Of Science and Cycling, 2(2), 40-48.
  • Özbek O. (1999). Sporda etik dışı davranış alanları ve etik ilkeler, Gazi Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4, 38-50.
  • Özbek, O., Doğaner, S. (2017). “Sporda Doping Kullanımına ve Etkilerine İlişkin Görüşlerin İncelenmesi” Sözel Bildiri, 15. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, 15-18 Kasım, Antalya.
  • Petróczi A., Aidman E. (2008). Psychological Drivers in Doping: The Life-Cycle Model of Performance Enhancement. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 3(7), 1-12.
  • Petróczi A. (2003). Exploring the doping dilemma in elite sport: can athletes' attitudes be responsible for doping. (doctorate thesis) University Of Northern Colorado, The Graduate School, UMI Number: 3071864. Erişim: [https://search.proquest.com/]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2018
  • Ring C., Kavussanu, M., Simms M., Mazanov J. (2018). Effects of situational costs and benefits on projected doping likelihood. Psychology Of Sport And Exercise, 34, 88-94.
  • Selenoğlu Murat. (2014). ‘Kas’ıtlı ölüm. Erişim: [https://www.aksam.com.tr/guncel/kasitli-olum/haber-305922]. Erişim Tarihi: 30. Haziran. 2018
  • Strelan P, Boeckmann R J (2003). A new model forunder standing performance-enhancing druguse by elite athletes. Journal of applied spor psychology, 15(2), 176-183.
  • World Anti Doping Agency. (2013). Anti-doping testing figures testing authority report 2013.
  • World Anti Doping Agency. (2014). Antidoping testing figures testing authority report 2014.
  • World Anti Doping Agency. (2015). Anti-doping testing figures testing authority report 2015.
  • World Anti Doping Agency. (2018). Who we are. Erişim: [https://www.wada-ama.org/en/who-we-are]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2018
  • World Anti Doping Agency. (2018). What we do. Erişim: [https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2018.
  • Wright H. (2009). Steroids in sports: the rise and fall of great athletes. Erişim: [https://bleacherreport.com/articles/209217-steroids-in-sports-the-rise-and-fall-of-great-athletes]. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2018.
  • Yıldırım A., Şimşek H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hamza Uyar This is me 0000-0003-2405-1622

Oğuz Özbek 0000-0003-2405-1622

Publication Date March 31, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 17 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Uyar, H., & Özbek, O. (2019). BEDENSEL ENGELLİ SPORCULARIN DOPİNGE İLİŞKİN GÖRÜŞLERİ. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1), 135-153. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.506090

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