VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY OF THE EMOTIONAL COMMITMENT TO SPORTS TEAM SCALE

Year 2021, Volume: 19 Issue: 4, 192 - 207, 30.12.2021

Ali Erdoğan , Erkan Faruk Şirin

https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.946677

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to adapt the Emotional Commitment to the Sports Team Scale (ECSTS), which was developed by Dwyer, Mudrick, Greenhalgh, LeCrom, and Drayer (2015) to determine the sports fans' emotional commitment to their teams. The sample of the study consists of 320 people who are fans of Besiktas, Fenerbahce, Galatasaray and Trabzonspor. The scale adaptation stage was carried out by following a series of steps. In the first stage, the original version of the scale was translated into Turkish, and support was received from the faculty members working at the school of foreign languages and having experience abroad. The compatibility of the ECSTS structure in the sample of fans of sports teams in Turkey was tested with the first and second level confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).As a result of CFA, the original structure of the scale, which consists of seven items and two sub-dimensions, was found to be suitable for Turkish culture. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the item loads of the scale varied between .80 and .97 values, and the obtained fit index values were calculated to be χ2/sd = 2.98, p<.01, GFI = .97, CFI = .99, IFI = .99, AGFI = .93, RMSEA = .079, SMRM = .013. In addition, the scale scores of the Cognitive investment and Emotional investment sub-dimensions were ordered from the lowest value to the highest value in order to determine the item discrimination of the scale items. Those entering the 27th percentile from the top were determined as the upper group, while those entering the 27th percentile from the bottom were determined as the sub group. Then, the differences of the items between the groups (sub-group and upper group) were examined with the t test, and the t values were found to be significant. As a result of this study, it can be said that the Turkish form of STBLQ can be used as a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine the emotional commitment of the fans.

Keywords

Emotional commitment, Scale adaptation, Commitment to the sports team

SPOR TAKIMINA DUYGUSAL BAĞLILIK ÖLÇEĞİNİN TÜRKÇE FORMUNUN GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Abstract

Bu araştırmada Dwyer, Mudrick, Greenhalgh, LeCrom ve Drayer (2015) tarafından taraftarların takımlarına olan duygusal bağlılıklarını belirlemek amacıyla geliştirilen Spor Takımına Duygusal Bağlılık Ölçeği’nin (STDBÖ) Türkçeye adaptasyonunun yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray ve Trabzonspor taraftarı olan 320 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Ölçek uyarlama aşaması bir dizi adımlar izlenerek gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlk aşamada ölçeğin orijinal halinin Türkçeye çeviri çalışması yapılmış ve bu aşamada yabancı diller yüksekokulunda görevli ve yurt dışı tecrübesi olan öğretim üyelerinden destek alınmıştır. STDBÖ yapısının Türkiye’deki spor takımları taraftarı örnekleminde uyumlu olup olmadığını birinci ve ikinci düzey doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ile test edilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen DFA sonucu yedi unsur ve iki faktörden meydana gelen ölçeğin orijinal yapısı Türk kültürü içinde uygun olduğu görülmüştür. Analiz sonucu elde edilen uyum indeksi değerleri de bunu desteklemektedir. Ayrıca ölçek maddelerinin, madde ayırt ediciliğinin tespit edilebilmesi için Bilişsel yatırım ve Duygusal yatırım alt boyutlarına ait ölçek puanları en düşük değerden en büyük değere doğru sıralanmıştır. Üstten %27’lik dilime girenler üst grup, alttan %27’lik dilime girenler alt grup olarak belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra maddelerin gruplar arasında (alt grup ile üst grup) farklılıkları t testi ile incelenmiş ve t değerlerinin anlamlı bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma sonucunda STDBÖ Türkçe formunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olarak taraftarların duygusal bağlılıklarını belirlemede kullanılabileceği söylenebilir.

Keywords

Duygusal Bağlılık, Ölçek Uyarlama, Spor Takımına Bağlılık

References

• Akoglu, H. E., Özbek, O. (2021). The effect of brand experiences on brand loyalty through perceived quality and brand trust: a study on sports consumers. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print.
• Allison, P.D. (2003). Missing data techniques for structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 4(1), 545-557.
• Alpar, R. (2006). Spor bilimlerinde uygulamalı istatistik. Nobel yayınları.
• Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., Yıldırım, E. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri spss uygulamalı. (6. baskı), İstanbul: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
• Bagozzi, R.P., Gopinath, M., Nyer, P.U. (1999). The role of emotions in marketing. Journal of theacademy of marketing science, 27(2), 184-206.
• Bozgeyikli, H., Taşğın, Ö., Eroğlu, S.E. (2018). Taraftar Psikolojik Bağlılık Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(16), 481-497.
• Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London, Tavistock publications limited.
• Brislin, R.W., LonnerWalter, J., Thorndike R.M. (1973). Cross Cultural Research Methods. New York, John Wiley - SonsPub.
• Browne, M.W., Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage Focus Editions, 154, 136-136.
• Buchanan, T. (1985). Commitment and leisure behavior: A theoretical perspective. Leisure science, 7(4), 401-418.
• Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2. bas.). New York: Taylor and Francis
• Churchill G.A., Moschis G.P. (1979). Television and ınterpersonel ınfluences on adolescent consumer learning. The Journal of Consumer Research, 6, 23- 35.
• Cialdini, R.B., Borden, R.J., Thome, A., Walker, M.R., Freeman, S., Sloan, L.R. (1976). Basking in reflectiveglory: Three (football) fieldstudies. Journal of personality and social psychology, 34, 366–375.
• Crosby, L.A., Taylor, J.R. (1983). Psychological commitment and its effects on post decision evaluation and preference stability among voters. Journal of consumer research, 9, 413-431.
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik spss ve lısrel uygulamaları (2. basım). Pegem yayınları, Ankara.
• Davis, L.L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5, 194-197.
• Dwyer, B., Greenhalgh, G.P., LeCrom, C.W. (2015). Exploring fan behavior: developing a scale to measure sport eFANgelism. Journal of Sport Management, 29, 642–656.
• Erdoğan, A., Şirin, E.F. (2021). Adaptatıon of sport fanatıcism scale into Turkish. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 23(2), 141-149.
• Erdoğan, A., Öztaş, M., Şirin, E. F. (2021). Futbol taraftarlarının seyircilik durumları ile spor takımı evangelizm (efangelizm) ilişkisi üzerine ampirik bir araştırma. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(1), 476-484 . DOI: 10.33206/mjss.681321
• Erkuş, A. (2003). Psikometri üzerine yazılar: ölçme ve psikometrinin tarihsel kökenleri, güvenirlik, geçerlik, madde analizi, tutumlar; bileşenleri ve ölçülmesi. 1. baskı, Ankara: Türk psikologlar derneği yayınları, 24, 34-148.
• Eskiler, E., Sarı, İ., Soyer, F. (2011). Takıma psikolojik bağlılık ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 1428-1440.
• Fedorikhin, Alexander., Whan Park, C., Matthew., T. (2008), Beyond fit and attitude: the effect of emotional attachment on consumer responses to brand extensions. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 18 (October), 281-91.
• Fink, J.S., Parker, H.M., Brett, M., Higgins, J. (2009). Off-field behavior of athletes and fan identification. The mitigating effects of team response. Journal of Sport Management, 23, 142–155.
• Fraenkel, Wallen., Hyun, (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. (Eighth Edition) Published by McGraw-Hill. New York.
• Funk, D.C., Pastore, D.L. (2000). Equating attitudes to allegiance: the usefulness of selected attitudinal ınformation in segmenting loyalty to Professional sports teams. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9, 175-184. Funk, D.C., James, J. (2001). The psychological continuum model: a conceptual framework for understanding an ındividual’s psychological connection to sport. Sport Management Review, 4(1), 119-150.
• Gahwiler, P., Havitz, M.E. (1998). Toward a relational understanding of leisure social worlds, involvement, psychological commitment, and behavioral loyalty. Leisure Sciences, 20(1), 1-23.
• Gantz, W., Wenner, L.A. (1995). Fanship and the television sports viewing experience. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 56–72.
• Giulianotti, R. (2002). Supporters, followers, fans, and flaneurs: A taxonomy of spectator identities in football. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 26, 25–46.
• Gladden, J.M., Funk, D.C. (2002). Developing an understanding of brand associations in team sport: Empirical evidence from consumers of Professional sport. Journal of Sport Management, 16(1), 54-81.
• Hair Jr., J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. Anderson, R.E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective, pearson education, Upper saddle river.
• Hallberg, G. (2004). Is your loyalty amme success. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 12, 231–241.
• Harrington, C.L., Bielby, D.D. (1995). Where did you heart hat? Technology and the social organization of gossip. The Sociological Quarterly, 36, 1001-1022.
• Hasançelebi, B., Terzi, Y., Küçük, Z. (2020). Madde güçlük indeksi ve madde ayırt edicilik indeksine dayalı çeldirici analizi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(1), 224-240.
• Heath, R. (2012). Seducing the subconscious. New York: Wiley Publishing.
• Heere, B. Dickson, G. (2008). Measuring attitudinal loyalty: Separating theerms of affective commitment and attitudinal loyalty. Journal of Sport Management. 22, 227-239.
• Hirt, E.R., Zillman, D., Erickson, G.A., Kennedy, C. (1992). Costs and benefits of allegiance: Changes in fans’ self-ascribed competencies after team victory versus defeat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 724–738.
• Hu, L.T. Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indeχes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
• Huang, M.H. (2001). The theory of emotions in marketing. Journal of Business Psychology, 16, 239–247.
• Iwasaki, Y., Havitz, M.E. (2004). Examining relationships between leisure involvement, psychological commitment and loyalty to a recreation agency. Journal of leisure research, 36(1), 45-72.
• James, J.D. (1997). Becoming a sports fan: Understanding cognitive development and socialization in the development of fan loyalty. Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio StateUniversity.
• Kazan, M., Akoğlu, H. E., Polat, E. (2020). Spor tüketicilerinin marka tatmini ve marka sadakati ilişkisi: Marka güveni, marka duygusu ve marka imajının aracılık etkisi. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 21(47), 156-172.
• Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guil ford Press.
• Knobloch-Westerwick, S., David, P., Eastin, M.S., Tamborini, R., Greenwood, D. (2009). Sports spectators’ suspense: Affect and uncertainty in sports entertainment. Journal of Communication, 59, 750–767.
• Kolbe, R.H. James, J.D. (2000). An ıdentification and examination of ınfluences that shape the creation of a Professional team fan. International journal of Sports Marketing &Sponsorship, 2, 21-37.
• Koo, G.Y., Hardin, R. (2008). Difference in interrelationship between spectators’ motives and behavioral intentions based on emotional attachment. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17, 30–43.
• Kwon, H.H., Armstrong, K.L. (2004). An exploration of the construct of psychological attachment to a sport team among college students: A multi dimensional approach. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 13, 94–103.
• Kwon, H.H., Trail, G.T. (2003). A Reexamination of the construct and concurrent validity of the psychological commitment to team scale. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(2).
• Kwon, H.H., Trail, G.T. Anderson, D. (2005). Are multiple points of attachment necessary to predict cognitive, affective, conative, or behavioral loyalty? Sport Management Review, 8(3), 255-270. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70041-3.
• Landis, J.R., Koch, G.G. (1977). An application of hierarchical kappa-type statistics in the assessment of majority agreement among multiple observers. Biometrics, 363-374.
• Mahony, D.F., Madrigal, R. Howard, D. (2000). Using the psychological commitment to team (PCT) scale to segment sport consumers based on loyalty. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(1), 15-25.
• Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P.R. (2005). Mental representation of attachment security: Theoretical foundation for a positive social psycahology. Interpersonal Cognition, MW Bladwin (ed), The Guil ford Press, London, s: 233-267.
• Nunnaly, J., Bernstein, I. (1994). Factor analysis: The general model and variance. Psychometric theory: McGraw-Hill, 447-490.
• Osborne, J.W. (2013). Best practices in data cleaning. California: Sage Publication, Inc.
• Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival guide. Crow's Nest, NSW: Allen&Unwin.
• Passikoff, R. (2014). Brand and marketing trends for 2015. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertpassikoff/2014/12/15/ brand-and-marketing-trends-for-2015/
• Pigott, T.D. (2001). A review of methods for missing data. Educational Resarch and Evaluation, 7(1), 353-383.
• Pritchard, M.P., Havitz, M.E., Howard, D.R. (1999). Analyzing the commitment-loyalty link in service contexts. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(3), 333-48.
• Robinson, J.P., Shaver, P.R., Wrightsman, L.S. (1991). Criteria for scale selection and evaluation. Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes, 1(3), 1-16.
• Robinson, M.J. Trail, G.T. (2005). Relationships among spectator gender, motives, points of attachment, and sport preference. Journal of Sport Management, 19(1), 58-80. doi:DOI 10.1123/jsm.19.1.58.
• Robinson, M.J., Trail, G.T. Kwon, H. (2004). Motives and points of attachment of professional golf spectators. Sport Management Review, 7(2), 167-192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70049-2.
• Savaşır, I. (1994). Ölçek uyarlamasındaki bazı sorunlar ve çözüm yolları. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 33(9), 27-32.
• Seçer, İ. (2018). Psikolojik test geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci; Spss ve Lisrel uygulamaları (Psychological test development and adaptation process; Spss and Lisrel applications) (2nd ed.). Ankara: Anı Publishing.
• Tabachnick, B.G., Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
• Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve spss ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
• Tezbaşaran, A.A. (1997). Likert tipi ölçek geliştirme kılavuzu, 2. Baskı, Türk psikologlar derneği yayınları, Ankara.
• Trail, G.T., James, J.D. (2001). The motivation scale for sport consumption: Assessment of the scale's psychometric properties. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(1), 108-127.
• Trail, G.T., Robinson, M. J., Dick, R.J. Gillentine, A.J. (2003). Motives and points of attachment: Fans versus spectators in intercollegiate athletics. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(4), 217–227.
• Yüksekbilgili, Z. (2017). Spor Takımı Evangelizmi (eFANgelizm) Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 959-969.
• Wakefield, K.L., Sloan, H.J. (1995). The effects of team loyalty and selected stadium factors on spectator attendance. Journal of Sport Management, 9(2), 153-172.