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WHOLE BODY COMPOSITION AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASURED BY DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY IN YOUNG SWIMMERS

Year 2022, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 1 - 15, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1012472

Abstract

Weight-adjusted indexes that reflect muscularity and fatness have recently gained great momentum in exercise and sports sciences as it is considered that these indexes may more accurately predict general body composition (BC) status, compared to body mass index. To compare BC components and weight-adjusted indexes between young swimmers and non-athlete controls. Thirty-four young volunteers consisting of eighteen swimmers (male n=8; female n=10) and sixteen college students serving as a control group (male n=8; female n=8) participated in this study. BC and whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using DXA and height-normalized indices of fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) was calculated. Two-way (group*sex) ANOVA was used to compare the BC components within and between the groups. No difference in body mass index (BMI), age, body weight was observed between the groups (p>0.05). Swimmers had a greater LM, lean mass index (LMI), and lower total body fat mass percentage (FM%), fat mass index (FMI), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (p<0.01) compared to controls. BMD was similar in either group regardless of sex (p>0.05). Male swimmers had lower FM% and FMI and higher LM than female swimmers (p<0.001). BMD was correlated with BMI, LM, LMI, appendicular LMI (r=0.47, 0.55, 0.62, 0.60, respectively; p<0.001) and FM% (r=-0.35; p=0.04). Swimmers showed higher lean and lower fat mass and VAT compared to inactive college students at similar age. Accordingly, swimming improves BC components however, due to the reduced weight-bearing effect it does not seem to increase bone mineral density.

References

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  • Akgül, S., Kanbur, N., Cinemre, Ş. A., Karabulut, E., Derman, O. (2015). The effect of swimming and type of stroke on bone metabolism in competitiveadolescent swimmers: a pilot study. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 45, 827-832. doi:10.3906/sag-1408-9
  • Andreoli, A., Celi, M., Volpe, S. L., Sorge, R., Tarantino, U. (2012). Long-term effect of exercise on bone mineral density and body composition in post-menopausal ex-elite athletes: a retrospective study. Eur J Clin Nutr, 66(1), 69-74. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.104
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  • Knechtle, B., Dalamitros, A. A., Barbosa, T. M., Sousa, C. V., Rosemann, T., & Nikolaidis, P. T. (2020). Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines-Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming? Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(10). doi:10.3390/ijerph17103651
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WHOLE BODY COMPOSITION AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASURED BY DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY IN YOUNG SWIMMERS

Year 2022, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 1 - 15, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1012472

Abstract

Height-adjusted indexes that reflect muscularity and fatness have recently gained great momentum in exercise and sports sciences as these indexes are considered to more accurately predict general body composition (BC) status, compared to body mass index. The aim of the study was to compare BC components and height-adjusted indexes between young swimmers and non-athlete controls. Thirty-four young volunteers, consisting of eighteen swimmers (male n=8; female n=10) and sixteen college students serving as a control group (male n=8; female n=8), participated in this study. BC and whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using DXA and height-normalized indexes of fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) were calculated. Two-way (group*sex) ANOVA was used to compare the BC components within and between the groups. No differences in body mass index (BMI), age, and body weight were observed between the groups (p>0.05). Swimmers had greater LM and lean mass index (LMI), and lower total body fat mass percentage (FM%), fat mass index (FMI), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (p<0.01) compared to controls. BMD was similar in both groups regardless of sex (p>0.05). Male swimmers had lower FM% and FMI, and higher LM than female swimmers (p<0.001). BMD was correlated with BMI, LM, LMI, appendicular LMI (r=0.47, 0.55, 0.62, 0.60, respectively; p<0.001) and FM% (r=-0.35; p=0.04). Swimmers had higher lean and lower fat mass and VAT compared to inactive college students with similar age. Accordingly, swimming improves BC components; however, it does not seem to increase bone mineral density due to the reduced weight-bearing effect.

References

  • Abrahin, O., Rodrigues, R. P., Marcal, A. C., Alves, E. A., Figueiredo, R. C., de Sousa, E. C. (2016). Swimming and cycling do not cause positive effects on bone mineral density: a systematic review. Rev Bras Reumatol Engl Ed, 56(4), 345-351. doi:10.1016/j.rbre.2016.02.013
  • Akgül, S., Kanbur, N., Cinemre, Ş. A., Karabulut, E., Derman, O. (2015). The effect of swimming and type of stroke on bone metabolism in competitiveadolescent swimmers: a pilot study. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 45, 827-832. doi:10.3906/sag-1408-9
  • Andreoli, A., Celi, M., Volpe, S. L., Sorge, R., Tarantino, U. (2012). Long-term effect of exercise on bone mineral density and body composition in post-menopausal ex-elite athletes: a retrospective study. Eur J Clin Nutr, 66(1), 69-74. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.104
  • Atakan, M. M., Unver E, Demirci N, Cinemre A, Bulut S, Turnagol HH. (2017). Effect of body composition on fitness performance in young male football players. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 19(1), 54-59. doi:https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/300951
  • Avlonitou, E., Georgiou, E., Douskas, G., Louizi, A. (1997). Estimation of body composition in competitive swimmers by means of three different techniques. Int J Sports Med, 18(5), 363-368. doi:10.1055/s-2007-972647
  • Barr, S. I. (1991). Relationship of eating attitudes to anthropometric variable and dietary intakes of female collegiate swimmers. J Am Diet Assoc, 91(8), 976-977. Bolland, M. J., Grey, A. B., Ames, R. W., Horne, A. M., Gamble, G. D., Reid, I. R. (2006). Fat mass is an important predictor of parathyroid hormone levels in postmenopausal women. Bone, 38(3), 317-321. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2005.08.018
  • Bolland, M. J., Grey, A. B., Ames, R. W., Mason, B. H., Horne, A. M., Gamble, G. D., Reid, I. R. (2006). Determinants of vitamin D status in older men living in a subtropical climate. Osteoporos Int, 17(12), 1742-1748. doi:10.1007/s00198-006-0190-2
  • Borgard, C. P. (2010). Assessing body composition among male collegiate runners and swimmers using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): PhD thesis. Master of Science in Kinesiology, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, California, USA.
  • Braun, T., Schett, G. (2012). Pathways for bone loss in inflammatory disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep, 10(2), 101-108. doi:10.1007/s11914-012-0104-5
  • Bredella, M. A., Torriani, M., Ghomi, R. H., Thomas, B. J., Brick, D. J., Gerweck, A. V., Harrington, L. M., Breggia, A., Rosen, C. J., Miller, K. K. (2011). Determinants of bone mineral density in obese premenopausal women. Bone, 48(4), 748-754. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2010.12.011
  • Cao, J. J. (2011). Effects of obesity on bone metabolism. J Orthop Surg Res, 6, 30. doi:10.1186/1749-799x-6-30
  • Carbuhn, A. F., Fernandez, T. E., Bragg, A. F., Green, J. S., Crouse, S. F. (2010). Sport and training influence bone and body composition in women collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 24(7), 1710-1717. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d09eb3
  • Cheng, M.-F., Chen, Y.-Y., Jang, T.-R., Lin, W.-L., Chen, J., Hsieh, K.-C. (2016). Total body composition estimated by standing-posture 8-electrode bioelectrical impedance analysis in male wrestlers. Biology of Sport, 33(4), 399-405. doi:10.5604/20831862.1224097
  • Dave, P., Subhedar, R., Mishra, P., Sharma, D. (2016). Body composition parameter changes among young male and female competitive swimmers and nonswimmers. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health, 5(1), 85. doi:10.5455/ijmsph.2016.2905201520
  • Emslander, H. C., Sinaki, M., Muhs, J. M., Chao, E. Y., Wahner, H. W., Bryant, S. C., Riggs, B. L., Eastell, R. (1998). Bone mass and muscle strength in female college athletes (runners and swimmers). Mayo Clin Proc, 73(12), 1151-1160. doi:10.4065/73.12.1151
  • Gomez-Bruton, A., Gonzalez-Aguero, A., Gomez-Cabello, A., Casajus, J. A., Vicente-Rodriguez, G. (2013). Is bone tissue really affected by swimming? A systematic review. PLoS One, 8(8), e70119. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070119
  • Hassink, S. G., Sheslow, D. V., de Lancey, E., Opentanova, I., Considine, R. V., Caro, J. F. (1996). Serum leptin in children with obesity: relationship to gender and development. Pediatrics, 98(2 Pt 1), 201-203.
  • Hind, K., Gannon, L., Whatley, E., Cooke, C., Truscott, J. (2012). Bone cross-sectional geometry in male runners, gymnasts, swimmers and non-athletic controls: a hip-structural analysis study. Eur J Appl Physiol, 112(2), 535-541. doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2008-y
  • Ilka, L. J., FS. Kethy, G. (1994). The Effect of Varying Body Composition on Swimming Performance. J Strength Cond Res, 8(3), 149-154. doi: 10.1519/1533-4287.
  • Kirk L., S., Suzanne, H. (2012). Bone Health in Endurance Athletes: Runners, Cyclists, and Swimmers. American College of Sports Medicine., 11(6), 328-334. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3182779193.
  • Knechtle, B., Dalamitros, A. A., Barbosa, T. M., Sousa, C. V., Rosemann, T., & Nikolaidis, P. T. (2020). Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines-Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming? Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(10). doi:10.3390/ijerph17103651
  • Kosar, S. N. (2016). Associations of lean and fat mass measures with whole body bone mineral content and bone mineral density in female adolescent weightlifters and swimmers. Turk J Pediatr, 58(1), 79-85. doi: 10.24953/turkjped.2016.01.011.
  • Lahart, I. M., & Metsios, G. S. (2018). Chronic Physiological Effects of Swim Training Interventions in Non-Elite Swimmers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med, 48(2), 337-359. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0805-0
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Muhammed Mustafa Atakan 0000-0003-3196-6345

Necip Demirci 0000-0003-0147-8332

Yasemin Güzel 0000-0003-1831-2371

Nazan Koşar 0000-0002-4235-8364

Early Pub Date June 24, 2022
Publication Date June 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 20 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Atakan, M. M., Demirci, N., Güzel, Y., Koşar, N. (2022). WHOLE BODY COMPOSITION AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASURED BY DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY IN YOUNG SWIMMERS. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1012472

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