AKTİF SPORDAN EMEKLİLİĞE GEÇİŞ NEDENLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: SPORCULARIN EMEKLİLİK KARARI ENVANTERİNİN TÜRKÇE UYARLAMASI

Year 2024, Volume: 22 Issue: 3, 58 - 69, 30.09.2024

Birke Kıstak , Duygu Karadağ

https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1421612

Abstract

Çalışmada sporcuların, emeklilik kararı süreçlerini değerlendirmek amacıyla geliştirilen “Sporcuların Emeklilik Kararı Envanteri”nin Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda araştırmaya 18-32 yaş aralığında 65 kadın ve 144 erkek olmak üzere 10 farklı spor branşından toplam 209 (X ̅yaş =20,02±4,21) sporcu katılmıştır. Sporculara “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ve “Sporcuların Emeklilik Kararı Envanteri” uygulanmıştır. 39 madde, 5’li Likert tipi değerlendirmeye sahip olan Sporcuların Emeklilik Kararı Envanteri; emekliliğin iticiliği, emekliliğinin çekiciliği, spor kariyerinin çekiciliği ve spor kariyerinin iticiliği olmak üzere 4 alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliği için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi; yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerlikleri için Ortalama Açıklanan Varyans [Average Variance Extracted (AVE)], Maksimum Paylaşılan Varyansın Karesi [Maximum Squared Variance (MSV)] ve Paylaşılan Varyansın Karesinin Ortalaması [Average Shared Squared Variance (ASV)], Bileşik Güvenirlik [Composite Reliability (CR)] değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Ölçeğin güvenirliğini sınamak için ise Cronbach alfa iç tutarlık ve CR katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçlarına göre ölçekte yer alan maddelerin faktör yükleri 0,42 ile 0,87 aralığında değişmektedir. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre, madde 3’ün faktör yükü 0,30’un altında değer almıştır ve madde 3 modelden çıkarıldığında, modelin iyi uyum indeks değerlerine sahip olduğu görülmüştür (χ2/sd =1,97, CFI=0,92, TLI=0,91, IFI=0,96, SRMR=0,03, RMSEA=0,06). Bunun yanı sıra, envanterin hesaplanan MSV, ASV, AVE ve CR değerleri ölçeğin yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerliğini, Cronbach alfa ve CR katsayıları ise envanterin güvenirliğini desteklemektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, envanterin Türkçe versiyonunun sporcuların emeklilik kararı alma süreçlerini değerlendirmek amacıyla kullanılabileceği ortaya konmuştur.

Keywords

atletik emeklilik, kariyer geçişi, spor kariyerinin sona ermesi, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, güvenirlik ve geçerlik

EVALUATION OF THE REASONS FOR TRANSITION FROM ACTIVE SPORT TO RETIREMENT: THE TURKISH ADAPTATION OF ATHLETES’ RETIREMENT DECISION INVENTORY

Abstract

In the study, it was aimed examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish form of the “Athletes’ Retirement Decision Inventory” (ARDI), which was developed to evaluate the retirement decision processes of athletes. 209 (Mage=20,2; SD=4.21) athletes in total including 65 females and 144 males from 10 different sports branches participated in the study. “Personal Information Form” and “Athletes Retirement Decision Inventory” were applied to participants. ARDI has 39 items and 5-point Likert type evaluations; it consists of anti-pull, pull, anti-push and push subscales. Confirmatory factor analysis for the construct validity of the scale, Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Maximum Squared Variance (MSV) and Average Shared Squared Variance (ASV), Composite Reliability (CR) values were calculated for convergent and divergent validity. Cronbach alpha and CR coefficients were calculated to test the reliability of the scale. According to the confirmatory factor analysis results, the factor loads of the items in the scale were 0,42 and 0,87. According to the analysis results, the factor load of item 3 was below 0,30 and that excluded from the model, the acceptable fit index values were obtained (x2/df=1.97, CFI=0.92, TLI=0.91, IFI=0.96, SRMR=0.03, RMSEA=0.06). The MSV, ASV and AVE values calculated for both forms of the scale showed the convergent and divergent validity of the scale; Cronbach's alpha and CR coefficients supported the reliability of the inventory. The findings showed that the ARDI provides validity and reliability conditions for the evaluation of retirement decision making of athletes.

Keywords

Athletic retirement, career transition, sports career termination, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity

References

• Aksu, G., Eser, M.T., Güzeller, C. O. (2017). Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile yapısal eşitlik modeli uygulamaları. İstanbul: Detay Yayıncılık. Alfermann, D. (2000). Causes and consequences of sport career termination. In D. Lavallee, P. Wylleman (Eds.), Career Transitions in Sport: International Perspectives (pp. 45-58). Fitness Information Technology. Alfermann, D., Stambulova, N., Zemaityte, A. (2004). Reactions to sport career termination: a cross-national comparison of German, Lithuanian, and Russian athletes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 5(1), 61-75. doi:10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00050-X Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238.
• Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner, J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 137–164). Sage Publications, Inc.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve uygulamada eğitim yönetimi, 32(32), 470-483.
• Cecić Erpič, S. (2000). Konec vrhunske sˇportne kariere in napoved prilagoditve na posˇportno zˇivljenje [Elite sports career transition and prediction of the adaptation to the post-sports life] Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
• Cecić Erpič, S., Wylleman, P., Zupančič, M. (2004). The effect of athletic and non-athletic factors on the sports career termination process. Psychology of sport and exercise, 5(1), 45-59. doi:10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00046-8
• Crook, J. M., Robertson, S. E. (1991). Transitions out of elite sport. International journal of sport psychology, 22(2), 115–127.
• Fernandez, A., Stephan, Y., Fouquereau, E. (2006). Assessing reasons for sports career termination: Development of the Athletes' Retirement Decision Inventory (ARDI). Psychology of sport and exercise, 7(4), 407-421. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.11.001.
• Fornell, C., Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. doi:10.2307/3151312.
• Gall, T. L. ve Evans, D. R. (2016). Preretirement expectations and the quality of life of male retirees in later retirement. Canadian journal of behavioural science, 32(2), 187-197.
• George, D., Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference (14th ed.). New York: Routledge.
• Gliner, J. A., Morgan, G. A., Leech, N. L. (2017). Research methods in applied settings: An integrated approach to design and analysis. Routledge.
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River.
• Hu, L. T., Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118.
• Hu, Y., Yang, Y. (2013). Athletes’ retirement decision inventory: Chinese version revised and verified [Poster sunumu]. Issp 13th World Congress of Sport Psychology, Bei̇ji̇ng Sport Uni̇versi̇ty, Bei̇ji̇ng, Chi̇na.
• Kadlcik, J., Flemr, L. (2008). Athletic career termination model in the Czech Republic: A qualitative exploration. International Review for the Sociology of sport, 43(3), 251-269. doi: 10.1177/1012690208098544.
• Karasar, N. (1999). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
• Lally, P. (2007). Identity and athletic retirement: A prospective study. Psychology of sport and exercise, 8(1), 85-99. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.03.003.
• Martin, L. A., Fogarty, G. J., Albion, M. J. (2014). Changes in athletic identity and life satisfaction of elite athletes as a function of retirement status. Journal of applied sport psychology, 26(1), 96-110. doi: 10.1080/10413200.2013.798371.
• Salehi, H., Zandi mashhadi, N., Zolaktaf, V., Minasian, V. (2016). Reassessment of the Reliability and Factor Structure for the Athletes' Retirement Decision Inventory’: Analysis in a Sample of Iranian athletes. Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 13(26), 261-274. doi: 10.22080/jsmb.2018.6220.1871.
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
• Schumacker, R. E., Lomax, R. G. (2015). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (4th ed.) New York, NY: Routledge.
• Shultz, K. S., Morton, K. R., Weckerle, J. R. (1998). The influence of push and pull factors on voluntary and involuntary early retirees' retirement decision and adjustment. Journal of vocational behavior, 53(1), 45-57. doi: 10.1006/jvbe.1997.1610
• Sinclair, D. A., Orlick, T. (1993). Positive transitions from high-performance sport. The sport psychologist, 7(2), 138-150. doi: 10.1123/tsp.7.2.138
• Stambulova, N. B. (1994). Developmental sports career investigations in Russia: A post-perestroika analysis. The sport psychologist, 8(3), 221-237. doi: 10.1123/tsp.8.3.221
• Stambulova, N., Wylleman, P. (2014). Athletes' career development and transitions. In Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology (pp. 605-620). Routledge.
• Sterling, K. L. (2005). The influence of a like skills course on athletic identity and career decision self-efficacy of collegiate student athletes, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
• Takahashi, K., Shigeno, K. (2011). Career Transitions in the J-League: Theories and Practices of Career Support for Professional Football Players. Japan Labor Review, 8(4), 67-82.
• Taylor, J., Ogilvie, B. C. (1994). A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes. Journal of applied sport psychology, 6(1), 1-20. doi: 10.1080/10413209408406462
• Toyoda, N., Nakagomi, S. (2000). Discussion of identity reconfirmation with retiring athletes. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 45(3), 315-332.
• Tunçkol, H. M. (2007). Profesyonel futbolcuların futbolu bırakma yaşantılarını algılama üzerine bir çalışma, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Wylleman, P., Alfermann, D., Lavallee, D. (2004). Career transitions in sport: European perspectives. Psychology of sport and exercise, 5(1), 7-20. doi: 10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00049-3.
• Wylleman, P., Lavallee, D. (2004). A developmental perspective on transitions faced by athletes. Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective, 507-527. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Tec.
• Wylleman, P. (Ed.), Lavallee, D. (Ed.), Alfermann, D. (1999). Career transitions in competitive sports. (FEPSAC Monograph Series; No.1). FEPSAC.
• Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.